Carbon Disulfide Research Articles

Spectrophotometric determination of mercaptopurine and dimercaprol for use in physiological and environmental application

Mercaptopurine (MP) and dimercaprol (DMC) are mercaptons which are used to treat cancer and acute poisoning like arsenic, mercury, gold and lead respectively. The quality and quantity of these drugs in the marketed pharmaceutical formulations need to be ensured to reduce toxicity and to achieve a better therapeutic effect. The excessive exploitation of these drugs may exert harmful effects on human health. On the other hand, expiry date chemicals after thrown in water bodies are dangerous for environment. The quick determination of these drugs in pharmaceutical formulations, biological fluids and water samples is of great importance. Hence, simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for their determination. The reactions of compounds with carbon disulphide and copper(I) perchlorate were carried out in the presence of sodiumbicarbonate to form a yellow coloured copper(I) drug dithiocarbamate complex and it was investigated for the spectrophotometric determination of these drugs. The analysis was accomplished by measuring the intensity of yellow colour at 370 and 455nm respectively for mercaptopurine and DMC against a reagent blank. Under the optimized conditions, calibration graphs were linear in the ranges of 3.04-60.86 and 1.24-18.63 μg/mL with the detection limit (3.3 σ / s) of 0.7480 and 0.3227 μg/mL respectively. The high recoveries of the mercaptopurine and dimercaaprol drugs by the proposed method from respective pharmaceutical formulations (98.0-99.8 and 98.3-99.6), simulated biological fluids (87.0-95.2 and 87.5-94.5 %) and spiked water samples (88.3-95.5 and 87.5-95.1 %) indicate good accuracy and precision of the method.

Removal of Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate by Capacitive Deionization Process

This study investigated the removal of sodium isopropyl xanthate (SIPX) by capacitive deionization using ion exchange resin/PVDF electrode. The electrode was prepared by coating a layer of ion exchange resin (Amberlite FPA54) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) on the carbon electrode. Batch experiments showed that 96% of SIPX was removed via the electrosorption and electrochemical advanced oxidation processes at 1 V. Carbon disulfide (CS2) was generated as a by-product of the xanthate oxidation. Adsorption/desorption cycle tests revealed that the ion exchange resin/PVDF electrode has high adsorption capacity, and the maximum adsorption could not be achieved within 60 min of adsorption times. The total xanthate removed in the final adsorption stage of eight cycles was 323 mg/m2, corresponding to 34.1% of xanthate from a 20 mg/L xanthate solution that flowed 0.4 mL per min at 1 V for 60 min of adsorption. In the desorption stage, some of the adsorbed xanthate was released back into the solution and oxidized to CS2, which was adsorbed by the electrodes in the following adsorption stage.

Biodegradation of carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide using a moving bed biofilm reactor coupled with sulfur recycling: Performance, mechanism, and potential application

In this work, a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was equipped for simultaneous biodegradation of CS2 and H2S. MBBR was started up and operated with different inlet concentrations and retention time; results indicated that approximately 81.9% CS2 and 93.9% H2S could be degraded, and the maximum elimination capacities of 209.3 g/(m3·h) and 138.5 g/(m3·h) were achieved for CS2 and H2S, respectively. The biodegradation mechanisms, including mass transfer, kinetics, and electron transfer, were then investigated. The mass transfer fraction and the maximum degradation rate per unit filter volume were calculated for evaluating the characteristics of mass transfer in MBBR. The variations of extracellular polymeric substances secretion, electron transport system activity and ATP enzyme activity showed that MBBR had an excellent performance for waste gas purification. Subsequently, the recovery of sulfur was explored via morphology, crystal structure, and generation kinetics, indicating that a modified Gompertz model could precisely describe the kinetics of sulfur recovery, and the product selectivity of 51.7% was achieved for sulfur. The microbial community analysis suggested that the dominant genera for biodegradation and sulfur recovery were Acidithiobacillus and Mycobacterium. Finally, MBBR system was validated for treatment of actual waste gas; results indicated that maximum elimination capacities of 134.1 g/(m3·h) and 117.1 g/(m3·h) were obtained for CS2 and H2S, respectively, suggesting that MBBR had the potential for application.

Ultra-broadband similariton generation in a carbon disulfide core photonic crystal fiber for wavelength division multiplexing technology

Ultra-broadband similariton generation in a carbon disulfide core photonic crystal fiber for wavelength division multiplexing technology

An experimental and mechanism study on the pyrolysis of sulfur mustard

Experimental studies on the pyrolysis of sulfur mustard (HD) were conducted from 673 to 1473 K using Py-GC/MS combined with two separate columns. The HD pyrolysis rate exceeded 99 % at a pyrolysis time of approximately 2 seconds above 1073 K. The pyrolysis products of HD mainly include ethylene, vinyl chloride, carbon disulfide, thiophene, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen sulfide. The main reaction mechanism of HD pyrolysis was investigated using quantum chemistry methods combined with the TST/VTST theory. At 673 K, the initial reaction pathway of HD primarily involves an intramolecular HCl elimination and the cleavage of the C-S bond. The radical reactions will dominate the pyrolysis of HD once radical pool is formed. The reaction pathways of the important radical intermediates were analyzed, and the formation mechanisms of the main pyrolysis products were investigated. Theoretically, the high-pressure limit rate constants for the major reactions were calculated. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the HD pyrolysis mechanism and provides a theoretical and data foundation for the destruction of HD.

A novel and convenient method for the synthesis of 1,2,4‐oxadiazole‐5‐thiones

AbstractA novel and convenient method for the synthesis of 1,2,4‐oxadiazole‐5‐thiones with carbon disulfide as effective C=S source has been developed in a super basic condition. The presented method has a broad substrate scope, and various corresponding 1,2,4‐oxadiazole‐5‐thiones have been obtained in good to excellent yields. This method allows to the gram‐scale synthesis of products. Under similar conditions, synthesis of diazole thione benzothioamide derivative from p‐cyanobenzamidoxime with CS2 has been successfully achieved.

Incorporation strategy for organic dyes into gold nanoparticle supercrystals.

Ordered arrays of plasmonic nanoparticles, supercrystals can lead to the formation of plasmon-polaritons. Coupling light emitters with plasmon polaritons might allow the formation of exciton-plasmon polaritons with properties tuneable by the supercrystal design. To construct such optically active materials, the inclusion of emitters is imperative. The addition of organic dyes without affecting the periodic order of the nanocrystals is difficult, as post-formation protocols might dissolve the supercrystals, and pre-formation addition might affect the self-assembly process. Here, we present an exemplary strategy to functionalize gold nanoparticles prior to self-assembly with a cyanine isothiocyanate dye that was obtained by a straightforward reaction of the amine functionalized dye with carbon disulfide. In the second step, the nanoparticles are functionalized with a thiol-terminated polystyrene, which stabilizes the nanoparticles and governs the self-assembly process. The dye can be integrated in a quantitative fashion, and the nanoparticles can be self-assembled into supercrystals. The strategy should be applicable in general for amine functionalized dyes, which is a common modification.

Design and optimization of a Cr(VI)-Selective Electrode based on a polymeric ß-cyclodextrin membrane modified with sulfur donor groups

This work presents the design and optimization of a new Cr(VI)-selective electrode. The new sensor is based on modifying a glassy carbon electrode with carbon quantum dots, ß-cyclodextrin, and carbon disulfide. The carbon quantum dots aided the electrical properties of the glassy carbon by improving charge transfer; the electropolymerization of ß-cyclodextrin resulted in a polymeric membrane that functions as a recognition element when modified by adding sulfur donor groups to its structure. Modifying the membrane with sulfur atoms gave the sensor excellent selectivity toward Cr(VI) ions. The electrode synthesis was optimized using a 23 factorial design; the factors studied were pH, the number of cycles in the electropolymerization, and the presence or absence of carbon nanoparticles. Eight different electrodes were constructed, and their potentiometric response to different concentrations of Cr(VI) was evaluated for all of them. The analysis of variance of the experimental design found no significant effect of any factor on the response. However, it suggests a strong interaction between the three factors studied. The sensor that presented the best analytical parameters was synthesized at pH 5 and 50 consecutive cycles in the presence of carbon quantum dots. This new electrode, with its response times of 40 s at different concentrations of the metal ion, exhibiting a slope of (66.0 ± 2.1) mV decade−1 and a detection limit of (5.2 ± 0.1)x10−7 mol L−1, can be used at pH between 0 and 3 without the effect of hydronium ions. The proposed electrode has good reproducibility and excellent selectivity against various metal ions and has significant advantages over other analysis methods. Its cost, ease of construction, easy handling, ease of operation, ease of storage and transportation, as well as good performance, short response time, and high selectivity make this electrode a valuable tool for easy, fast, and reliable monitoring of Cr(VI) in water samples, contributing to the safety and health of our environment.

Crystal Structure of Bis(1-butyl-1-methypyrrolidinium) Perthiodicarbonate Complex

Bis(1-butyl-1-methypyrrolidinium) perthiodicarbonate was obtained by the reaction of carbon disulfide with 1-butyl-1-methypyrrolidinium acetate ([BmPyrro][Ac]) in the liquid phase. Structural characterization of this original complex was achieved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) analysis. The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C2S6·2C9H20N, consisted of two crystallographically 1-methyl-1-butyl pyrrolidinium cations and one perthiodicarbonate anion. The complex C2S6·2C9H20N crystallized in the monoclinic space group, C 2/c, and possessed the following cell parameters: a = 16.0970(10) Å, b = 14.7140(9) Å, c = 12.3280(8) Å, α = 90°, β = 112.3730(12)°, γ = 90°, V = 2700.11 Å3, and Z = 8, Z’ = 0.5.

Visible-Light-Driven Multicomponent Reactions for the Versatile Synthesis of Thioamides by Radical Thiocarbamoylation.

Thioamides are widely used structures in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, as well as important synthons for the construction of sulfur-containing heterocycles. This report presents a series of visible-light-driven multicomponent reactions of amines, carbon disulfide, and olefins for the mild and versatile synthesis of linear thioamides and cyclic thiolactams. The use of inexpensive and readily available carbon disulfide as the thiocarbonyl source in a radical pathway enables the facile assembly of structurally diverse amine moieties with non-nucleophilic carbon-based reaction partners. Radical thiocarbamoylative cyclization provides a practical protocol that complements traditional approaches to thiolactams relying on deoxythionation. Mechanistic studies reveal that direct photoexcitation of in situ formed dithiocarbamate anions as well as versatile photoinduced electron transfer with diverse electron acceptors are key to the reactions.

Visible‐Light‐Driven Multicomponent Reactions for the Versatile Synthesis of Thioamides by Radical Thiocarbamoylation

Thioamides are widely used structures in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, as well as important synthons for the construction of sulfur‐containing heterocycles. This report presents a series of visible‐light‐driven multicomponent reactions of amines, carbon disulfide, and olefins for the mild and versatile synthesis of linear thioamides and cyclic thiolactams. The use of inexpensive and readily available carbon disulfide as the thiocarbonyl source in a radical pathway enables the facile assembly of structurally diverse amine moieties with non‐nucleophilic carbon‐based reaction partners. Radical thiocarbamoylative cyclization provides a practical protocol that complements traditional approaches to thiolactams relying on deoxythionation. Mechanistic studies reveal that direct photoexcitation of in situ formed dithiocarbamate anions as well as versatile photoinduced electron transfer with diverse electron acceptors are key to the reactions.

O/S Exchange Reaction in Synthesizing Sulfur-Containing Polymers.

Using carbon disulfide (CS2) and carbonyl sulfide (COS) as sulfur-containing and one-carbon feedstocks to make value-added products is paramount for both pure and applied chemistry and environmental science. One of the practical strategies is to copolymerize these bulk chemicals with epoxides to produce sulfur-containing polymers. This approach contributes to improving the sustainability of polymer manufacturing, provides highly desired functional polymer materials, and has attracted much attention. However, these copolymerizations invariably exhibit the intensely complicated chemistry of O/S exchange reaction, leading to sulfur-containing polymers with diverse architectures. As the understanding of O/S exchange continues to deepen, recent efforts have guided significant advances in the synthesis of CS2- and COS-based polymers. This review examines the O/S exchange chemistry and summarizes the recent progress in this field to promote the further advance of synthesizing sulfur-containing polymers from CS2 and COS.

Picosecond Imaging Of Bubbly Flows

Despite their ubiquity, bubbly flows are notoriously challenging to instrument. In high-void fractions, most optical measurement techniques fail due to intense scattering and occlusion. Ultrafast imaging with picosecond exposure times offers an opportunity, allowing measurements before scattering obscures the field of view. Furthermore, detecting the time of arrival of photons allows measurement of bubble sizes, even for those partially occluded. Through implementing the Optical Kerr Effect (OKE), using a 70 fs 800 nm pulsed laser and a Carbon Disulfide cell, images are acquired with an exposure of 2.9 ps. Gating these images with an optical delay stage further allows the decomposition of scenes with 33 fs time increments. Proof of concept is demonstrated by applying this approach to static scenes of submerged bubbles at low and high void fractions. The experimental temporal decomposition shows the arrival of photons that travel through different media (air, water, and glass) and those scattered within the turbid media. A new visualization is presented to display this breakdown concisely, the Temporally Tagged Shadowgraph (TTS), presenting the time of arrival with the context of position and surroundings. Bubble sizes are measured using this temporal information and through edge detection, with good agreement for single unoccluded bubbles. With polydisperse bubble plumes, time delay-based measurements tend to overestimate bubble diameter; however, this could also be due to greater uncertainty in edge detection with occlusion. This demonstrates the potential of Ultrafast Imaging when it comes to probing high-void fraction flows. By further shortening exposure times and improving the robustness of processing algorithms, the scope of applicability of this technique can be widened.

Making waves: Xanthates on the radar – Environmental risks and water quality impact

Xanthates, derivatives of xanthic acid, are widely utilized across industries such as agrochemicals, rubber processing, pharmaceuticals, metallurgical, paper and mining to help separate metals from ore. Despite their prevalent use, many registered xanthates lack comprehensive information on potential risks to human health and the environment. The mining sector, a significant consumer of xanthates, drives demand. However, emissions into the environment remain poorly understood, especially concerning water quality. A recent EU parliamentary voting on water legislation highlights the urgency to address water pollution and the potential toxicity of xanthates. While limited data exist on xanthate presence in the environment, existing studies indicate their toxicity and contribution to environmental pollution, primarily due to carbon disulfide, a decomposition product. Concerns are mounting over the release of xanthates and carbon disulfide, particularly in mining areas near populated regions and river tributaries, raising questions about downstream impacts and public health risks. Proposed expansions of xanthate-reliant mining activities in Europe, heighten concerns about emissions and water quality impacts. Current databases lack xanthate-related monitoring data, hindering environmental and health risk assessments. Addressing this gap requires water sampling and chemical analysis and investigations into the use, occurrence, and potential impacts of xanthates from industrial activities on water bodies, including those used for drinking water production is imperative.

On the diffusive model of C<sub>60</sub> fullerene clusterization in liquids

Purpose of research. The purpose of the study is to explain the mechanisms of clustering of fullerene molecules in liquid media observed using various structural nuclear -physical methods, as well as the interpretation of experimental data within the framework of a microscopic diffusion model. Methods. The article gives a brief overview of the results of positron annihilation spectroscopy, small-angle neutron scattering, translucent electron microscopy, with which the geometric parameters of fullerene clusters in solutions were established. The theoretical method of research is the microscopic diffusion model “Limited diffusion aggregation”, which describes the kinetic processes of clusterization. Results. The diffusion limited aggregation model displays adequately the mechanism of formation of C60 molecules in the form of fractal units in the volume of fluid, observed in experiments on positron annihilation spectroscopy and small-angle neutron scattering. The structural indicators of aggregate fullerene particles in carbon disulfide, o-Xylene, toluene, water and other solvents are analyzed. The properties of various diffusion models (the reaction limited aggregation model and the diffusion limited aggregation model) are considered and their combination in relation to the assessmentsof the kinetics of fullerene aggregation in solutions. A quantitative comparison of the results of the discussed models was carried out using the example of carbon disulfide. Conclusion. The diffusion microscopic models adequately describe the phenomenon of fullerene aggregation in polar and non-polar solvents, which are recorded by various nuclear methods (positron annihilating spectroscopy and small-angle neutron scattering), the most reliable is the diffusion limited aggregation model, more than that, it is the basis of a numerical definition of structural structures parameters of units. Compared to neutron scattering, with the annihilation of positrons, in the aggregation of fullerene the [Ps–C60] molecular complexes participate in the clusterization, but this does not affect the change in the size of the cluster and the reliability of the results.

Nanotube-mediated storage of methane and hydrogen: Insights from molecular simulation

We investigate the storage of methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2) within single-walled nanotubes carbon, boron nitride (BN), and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanotubes using Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) algorithm. We observed that BN nanotubes exhibit the highest weight adsorption capacity for CH4 at 298 K, reaching up to 0.441 g/g at 8 MPa, closely aligning with the Department of Energy (DOE) target of 0.5 g/g. In contrast, MoS2 nanotubes, despite their larger radius, demonstrated the lowest weight adsorption capacity due to their higher atomic mass, with a value of 0.096 g/g at the same pressure. Volumetric adsorption capacity for CH4 was notably highest in (10,10) BN nanotubes, achieving 244 cm3/cm3 at 8 MPa, although this was still below the DOE target of 330 cm3/cm3. For hydrogen storage at 77 K, (30,30) BN nanotubes outperformed the 2025 DOE benchmarks of 5.5 wt% and 0.04 kg/L, with a weight adsorption of 12.19 wt% and a volumetric adsorption of 0.051 kg/L at 8 MPa, respectively. The adsorption heat within nanotubes showed a complex relationship with adsorption quantity, highlighting the interplay between fluid-wall and fluid-fluid interactions. The study also examines the impact of material structure on gas release, revealing a linear relationship between gas release and porosity or pore volume. The Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory (IAST) was validated for predicting CH4/H2 mixture separations on amorphous carbon materials, and further reveals that the (30,30) BN nanotubes identified as the most suitable candidate for CH4/H2 separation, offering a balance of high CH4 adsorption capacity (20.2 mmol/g) and selectivity of 15 at 8 MPa.

The Development of Organotin(IV) N-Ethyl-N-Benzyldithiocarbamate Complexes: A Study on Their Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytocidal Effects on A549 Cell Line.

Organotin(IV) complexes of dithiocarbamate are vital in medicinal chemistry, exhibiting potential in targeting cancer cells due to their unique properties that enhance targeted delivery. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize organotin(IV) N-ethyl-N-benzyldithiocarbamate complexes (ONBDCs) and evaluate their cytotoxicity against A549 cells, which are commonly used as a model for human lung cancer research. The two ONBDC derivatives - ONBDC 1 (dimethyltin(IV) N-ethyl-N-benzyldithiocarbamate) and ONBDC 2 (triphenyltin(IV) N-ethyl-N-benzyldithiocarbamate) - were synthesized via the reaction of tin(IV) chloride with N-ethylbenzylamine in the presence of carbon disulfide. A range of analytical techniques, including elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectrometry, TGA/DTA analysis, and X-ray crystallography, was conducted to characterize these compounds comprehensively. The cytotoxic effects of ONBDCs against A549 cells were evaluated using MTT assay. Both compounds were synthesized and characterized successfully via elemental and spectroscopies analysis. MTT assay revealed that ONBDC 2 demonstrated remarkable cytotoxicity towards A549 cells, with an IC50 value of 0.52 μM. Additionally, ONBDC 2 displayed significantly higher cytotoxic activity against the A549 cell line when compared to the commercially available chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin (IC50: 32 μM). Thus, it was shown that ONBDC 2 could have important anticancer properties and should be further explored as a top contender for creating improved and specialized cancer treatments.

Photocatalytic synthesis of (un)symmetrical ureas and benzimidazolones from amines and CS2

A novel photocatalytic urea synthesis strategy is proposed for the preparation of ureas from amines and carbon disulfide (CS2), with Rhodamine B utilized as the photocatalyst. Conducted under mild reaction conditions, this method does not require the use of extra oxidants and efficiently yields a series of (un)symmetrical ureas and benzimidazolones under blue light irradiation. Furthermore, control experiments with oxygen-18 labeling have been conducted, which demonstrate that the carbonyl oxygen in the urea products is predominantly derived from the oxygen in the air through an oxidative desulfurization process.

Synthesis and characterization of Xanthan Gum Xanthates and their application for toxic metal ion removal from synthetic wastewater

This study focuses on the synthesis of three grades of xanthates of natural polymeric material Xanthan gum (XG) by reacting it with Carbon disulfide (CS2) in basic medium at room temperature under inert atmosphere. The confirmation of the formation of Xanthan Gum Xanthates (XGX) has been done with the help of Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, point of zero-charge (PZC), Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) studies. DSC and XRD studies have been done to confirm the crystalline nature of the xanthates. The removal of Cu2+and Co2+ from the prepared grades was found to be 86.7%, 89.9% and 93.6% for Cu2+ and 86.1%, 88.8% and 93.1% for Co2+ respectively. Therefore, these xanthates can be employed for the eradication of such toxic metal ions from their synthetic solutions. The adsorption capacities of three grades of xanthates viz. XGX1, XGX2, and XGX3 were found to be 319.48, 303.03, and 325.73 mg/g for Cu(II) and 238.66, 246.91, and 230.41 mg/g and for Co(II) respectively, which are better than the adsorption capacities reported for various other adsorbents in literature.

Early Detection of Ventilator-associated Pneumonia From Exhaled Breath in Intensive Care Unit Patients.

Evaluate associations between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in heat and moisture exchange (HME) filters and the presence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Clinical diagnostic criteria for VAP have poor interobserver reliability, and cultures are slow to result. Exhaled breath contains VOCs related to gram-negative bacterial proliferation, the most identified organisms in VAP. We hypothesized that exhaled VOCs on HME filters can predict nascent VAP in mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze 111 HME filters from 12 intubated patients who developed VAP. Identities and relative amounts of VOCs were associated with dates of clinical suspicion and culture confirmation of VAP. Matched pairs t tests were performed to compare VOC abundances in HME filters collected within 3 days pre and postclinical suspicion of VAP (pneumonia days), versus outside of these days (non-pneumonia days). A receiver operating characteristic curve was generated to determine the diagnostic potential of VOCs. Carbon disulfide, associated with the proliferation of certain gram-negative bacteria, was found in samples collected during pneumonia days for 11 of 12 patients. Carbon disulfide levels were significantly greater ( P = 0.0163) for filters on pneumonia days. The Area Under the Curve of the Reciever Operating Characteristic curve (AUC ROC) for carbon disulfide was 0.649 (95% CI: 0.419-0.88). Carbon disulfide associated with gram-negative VAP can be identified on HME filters up to 3 days before the initial clinical suspicion, and approximately a week before culture confirmation. This suggests VOC sensors may have potential as an adjunctive method for early detection of VAP.