Changes In Capillary Permeability Research Articles

Blood volume regulation in dehydrated rodents: Plasma protein turnover and sedimentation coefficients

1. 1. Plasma albumin and globulin turnover, their sedimentation coefficients ( S 20) and total plasma protein were measured in dehydrated spiny mice ( Acomys cahirinus) and laboratory rats. 2. 2. Due to dehydration the incorporation of 14C-1-leucine into plasma proteins increased. The half-lives of the labelled fractions decreased by the same proportion and no change was found in S 20. Total plasma protein concentration increased. This is true for both species. 3. 3. The role of changes in plasma protein turnover vs changes in blood capillary permeability in relation to plasma protein and blood volume regulation in dehydrated rodents is discussed.

The perinecrotic zone in burns and its influence on healing

THREE well defined zones can be discerned in a typical thermal burn of the skin; these have been characterized by Sevitt (1949) and Jackson (1953). Contact of the skin with sources of heat frequently causes immediate coagulation of tissue protein (Moritz, 1947) and this zone of coagulation is surrounded by a region of capillary stasis and this, in turn, is bounded by an area of hyperaemia (Fig. 1); these zones which can often be discerned on the surface (Fig. 2) also occur in depth (Fig. 3). Heat coagulation of tissue protein due to burning can almost certainly be regarded as irreversible whereas hyperaemia, on the other hand, possibly represents minimum tissue damage and rarely presents any local problem other than pain, though pigmentation sometimes occurs and this may be permanent. There are also changes in capillary permeability within this region which may persist for 2 days or sometimes longer (Sevitt, 1957). Until recently the tissue damage associated with the capillary stasis that develops following a burn was considered irreversible (Jackson, 1969). The development of stasis and its subsequent pathology has been described by Sevitt (1949, 1957); the condition develops within a short time of burning and persists for some days. During this time the trapped blood ceils and the surrounding tissue become necrotic and eventually indistinguishable from coagulated tissue. Thus, if the zone of stasis penetrates below the plane of the deepest epithelial structures (hair follicles, sweat glands, etc.) the burn will be full skin thickness in depth (see also Fig. I). Many full skin thickness burns require surgical intervention to facilitate healing; surgery may either be performed early by excising all damaged tissue and applying skin grafts to the obviously viable bed thus exposed or grafting is delayed until necrotic tissue has formed a slough and granulation tissue has appeared below the burn eschar. Some years ago Janzekovic (1968) showed that some burns did not require as complete an excision as hitherto supposed in order to provide

Adrenergic influence on isovolumetric capillary pressure in canine adipose tissue.

ARTICLESAdrenergic influence on isovolumetric capillary pressure in canine adipose tissueS Rosell, M Intaglietta, and GM ChisholmS Rosell, M Intaglietta, and GM ChisholmPublished Online:01 Sep 1974https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1974.227.3.692MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByThe Systemic and Pulmonary CirculationsNervous control of circulation and metabolism in white adipose tissueIntegumentary System: Skin and Adipose TissueThe Systemic and Pulmonary CirculationsENDOTHELIAL PERMEABILITY: PATHWAYS AND MODULATIONSAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 401, No. 1 EndotheliumNERVOUS CONTROL OF VASCULAR PERMEABILITY IN CANINE ADIPOSE TISSUEEffects of isoprenaline and cooling on histamine induced changes of capillary permeability in the rat hindquarter vascular bedActa Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 103, No. 3Peripheral sympathetic regulation of brain water permeabilityBrain Research, Vol. 144, No. 1Effect of Sympathetic Nerve Stimulation on Net Transvascular Movement of Fluid in Canine Adipose TissueActa Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 97, No. 2The Influence of Sympathetic Activity and Histamine on the Blood-Tissue Exchange of Solutes in Canine Adipose TissueActa Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 92, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 227Issue 3September 1974Pages 692-696 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1974 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1974.227.3.692PubMed4411882History Published online 1 September 1974 Published in print 1 September 1974 Metrics

Pulmonary Edema During Fluid Infusion in the Absence of Heart Failure

Six critically ill patients with clinical and hemodynamic signs of hypovolemia developed roentgenographic evidence of pulmonary edema (PE) without cardiac enlargement after infusion of an average of 6.4 liters of crystalloids. Left ventricular filling pressures remained normal. However, colloid osmotic pressure (COP) decreased to 15 torr, substantially lower than the normal of 25 torr. The low COP may account for the development of PE in the absence of pulmonary hypertension occurring singly or concurrently with changes in interstitial pressure or capillary permeability. (<i>JAMA</i>229:65-68, 1974)

Changes in lung capillary permeability in renal failure.

Changes in lung capillary permeability in renal failure.

Changes in lung capillary permeability in renal failure.

Excess fluid in the lung can be quantified in chronic dialysis patients by using the double indicator dilution technique. The lung capillaries show an increased permeability to sodium when these patents develop pulmonary oedema.

An immunological concept for Bell's palsy: experimental study.

AbstractBell's palsy is considered by many authorities to be an ischemic paralysis. The mechanism is thought to be a primary vasoconstriction of the vasa nervorum supplying the facial nerve within the fallopian canal and a secondary ischemia induced by the bony canal. The factor precipitating the vasospasm is the proclivity of certain individuals toward segmental arteriolar spasm.In our work.on experimental ischemic facial paralysis, another explanation for the etiology of Bell's palsy presented itself. We observed that dogs sensitized to horse serum showed a greater paralytic response and more marked histopathologic changes after the intrafallopian injection of saline than non‐sensitized dogs. Subsequent investigations using a more potent antigen seemed to strengthen the idea that the experimental paralysis we have accomplished in these dogs is the result of an immunologic or hypersensitivity reaction.In these experiments using adequate control dogs, the animals were sensitized with intravenous horse serum and with a Freund's. adjuvant — horse serum mixture. The presence of horse serum antibodies was demonstrated in the serum of three dogs. The fallopian canal was injected with a combination of solutions: saline solution, Ringer's solution, distilled water, horse serum and the dog's serum. At the end of two weeks, the degree of paralysis was recorded, the nerve was removed and was sent for histopathologic examination.The significant degree of paralysis and the major histopathologic changes were seen in the sensitized dogs injected with saline or Ringer's solution or horse serum.The mechanism of the paralysis is postulated to be an initial antigenantibody reaction with a complement fixation, a degranulation of mast cells producing vasoactive components, an increased capillary permeability, edema, vasospastic phenomenia, and subsequent trophic changes in the nerve. In addition, the edematous neuropathy is severely affected by the compression of the nerve by the bony canal wall.We suggest that these events observed experimentally may be related to the changes seen in Bell's palsy, and Bell's palsy is caused by a localized immunologic or hypersensitivity reaction.

Effects of intravenous histamine on forelimb weight and vascular resistances.

ARTICLESEffects of intravenous histamine on forelimb weight and vascular resistancesGJ Grega, DE Dobbins, PE Parker, and FJ HaddyGJ Grega, DE Dobbins, PE Parker, and FJ HaddyPublished Online:01 Aug 1972https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1972.223.2.353MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByInteractions among inflammatory mediators on edema formation in the canine forelimb.Circulation Research, Vol. 49, No. 2Effects of intravenously infused histamine on canine forelimb transvascular protein efflux following adrenergic receptor blockade.Circulation Research, Vol. 47, No. 4The interrelationship among histamine, various vasoactive substances, and macromolecular permeability in the canine forelimb.Circulation Research, Vol. 46, No. 2The effects of intra-arterially administered histamine on vascular permeabilityResearch in Experimental Medicine, Vol. 175, No. 2Effects of isoprenaline and cooling on histamine induced changes of capillary permeability in the rat hindquarter vascular bedActa Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 103, No. 3Inhibition of adrenergic neurotransmission in canine vascular smooth muscle by histamine: mediation by H2-receptors.Circulation Research, Vol. 39, No. 4 More from this issue > Volume 223Issue 2August 1972Pages 353-360 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1972 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1972.223.2.353PubMed5046752History Published online 1 August 1972 Published in print 1 August 1972 Metrics

Pulmonary vascular response to graded hydrostatic edema in the perfused lung

Hydrostatic pulmonary edema was induced in isogravimetrically perfused dog lungs by venoconstriction. Determination of pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressures at zero flow showed a linear relationship with increases proportional to weight gain until a pressure of 26 mm. Hg at 40 gm. edema was reached when overt pulmonary edema was observed. Decreases in pulmonary vascular resistance were noted also until a level of 40 gm. edema when the precapillary segment increased in resistance. A gradual decline in venous PO 2 occurred only after 30–40 gm. edema had been added. These findings are compared with the effects of endotoxin on the perfused lung and suggest that the negative interstitial space pressure provides a protective reservoir during formation of pulmonary edema. It is therefore not possible to infer capillary permeability changes on the basis of measured capillary hydrostatic pressure alone in the lung.

Effect of acute dehydration on body fluid compartments in three rodent species, Rattus norvegicus, Acomys cahirinus and Meriones crassus

1. 1. After acute dehydration Rattus norvegicus, Acomys cahirinus and Meriones crassus lost 18·6, 12·8 and 7 per cent of their body weight. The decrease in body water (g/100 g animal) was 21·0, 11·2 and 3·3 (mean figures). 2. 2. The relative changes in plasma volume due to dehydration were 34, 4·9 and 11 per cent respectively. Extracellular fluid volume decreased by 32, 0 and 18 per cent. 3. 3. T-1824 half-life in the blood system decreased during dehydration in R. norvegicus and M. crassus. In A. cahirinus T 1 2 increased. 4. 4. Sources of water loss during dehydration and possibility of capillary permeability changes are discussed.

Properties of colostrokinin from bovine colostrum

Various biological and chemical properties of colostrokinin were studied. Vasodilatation in dogs, stimulation of smooth muscles of rats and increasing capillary permeability in guinea pigs were observed as the pharmacological actions. Among these, the change in capillary permeability is the strongest when compared to the activity of bradykinin. Colostrokinin activity is destroyed by chymotrypsin, but only slightly by trypsin. It is more stable in acid than in alkaline solution. This substance is dialyzable, and is soluble in water, in 67% ethanol and in 75% acetone, but not in absolute acetone. The isoelectric point is close to pH 7.4. Phenylalanine and serine were detected as the N-terminal and the C-terminal amino acids respectively. The molecular weight, on the basis of amino acid analysis, was calculated to be about 2000. Colostrokinin absorbs light close to λ = 260 m μ.

The effect of changes in arterial pCO2 on isogravimetric capillary pressure and vascular resistances.

The study was designed to determine the effect of a changing arterial pCO2 on capillary membrane permeability and pre- and postcapillary resistances. Experiments were carried out on isolated forelimbs of dogs perfused with blood equilibrated with different CO2 pressures in an isolated lung. Gas mixtures containing 0, 5, and 10% CO2 resulted in arterial mean pCO2 values of 12, 48 and 78 mm Hg. Isogravimetric capillary pressure (Pci) was measured using a modified Pappenheimer and Soto-Rivera technique. Results show the mean Pci rising from 13 to 14.7 mm Hg (p = 0.04) after pCO2 was increased from 48 to 78 mm Hg. When the pCO2 was lowered to 12 mm Hg, Pci fell to 10.1 mm Hg (p = 0.016). Precapillary resistance fell with an increased pCO2 and rose with a decreased pCO2. Effects of pCO2 alters the permeability of the capillaries due to a direct action on the capillary membrane. The observed changes in capillary permeability are interpreted as a protective mechanism opposed to effects of alterations of capillary hydrostatic pressure resulting from changes in blood pCO2.

Differences in changes in capillary permeability and manifestations of local allergic reactions in sensitized rabbits of different sexes

Differences in changes in capillary permeability and manifestations of local allergic reactions in sensitized rabbits of different sexes

Diplacusis. II. Etiology.

DIPLACUSIS may be congenital as seen in tone-deaf people, or acquired when due to allergy, trauma, infection, toxin, and neoplasm. Provocative food testing will often elicit diplacusis which can be improved by a strict allergic regimen. Trauma may vary from the din of a discotheque to a direct blow to the head or to iatrogenic injury. Infection may be indirect as with a focus in septic tonsils or direct pressure on the oval or round windows in a suppurative otitis media. Toxic factors include: aspirin, quinine, streptomycin, kanamycin, carbon monoxide, and excessive sodium intake. Leukemia, with associated cochlear hemorrhage or acoustic neurinoma, with initial coagulum effect, are neoplastic causes of diplacusis. Cochlear dysharmonics result from physical, chemical and bioelectric effects of anoxia, vasopasm, edema, abnormal capillary permeability, hemorrhage, exudate, and viscosity changes. Capillary fragility can be easily tested using the vacuum-cup method with graduated suction of 10 to 20 or

The formation of lymph in the ovary

The lymphatics of the ovaries of pregnant and non-pregnant ewes were outlined either by direct or retrograde injection of indian ink or Berlin blue and the distribution of these vessels within the ovary was determined. In active ovaries the mature follicles and corpora lutea contained a profuse network of lymphatics. In inactive ovaries the lymphatics were very small and poorly developed. Lymph was collected from the ovaries of conscious ewes for periods of several days. The flow of lymph from ovaries with corpora lutea averaged 4.15 ml./h; a maximum rate of flow of 14.9 ml./h was recorded in one ewe. The protein concentration of ovarian lymph was 73 % of the plasma concentration. When 131 I labelled albumin was injected intravenously into ewes it entered the ovarian lymph very rapidly and the specific activities of albumin in the plasma and lymph equilibrated within 10 to 20 min of injection. The structure of the ovarian blood capillaries provided an explanation for the very high rate of lymph flow and protein leakage in the ovary. The endothelium of the blood capillaries was discontinuous with gaps up to 1 to 2 μm in diameter through which red cells, indian ink particles and ferritin passed into the interstitial spaces. Where the basement membrane of the capillaries was deficient over gaps the surfaces of the luteal cells came into direct contact with the circulating plasma, and occasionally cytoplasmic extensions from the luteal cells projected into the lumen of the blood capillaries. The lymphatics which were associated with many of the blood capillaries had open intercellular junctions and material could enter these vessels readily from the interstitial spaces. The blood capillaries in the ovarian stroma and those around immature follicles appeared less permeable than the capillaries of the corpus luteum. The association between the development of the corpus and an increase in lymph production in the ovary suggests the possibility that the changes in capillary permeability may be related to the synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones.

Optimum Temperatures for Postburn Cooling

IT IS NOW well established that the tissue damage 2,7 and death rates 6 which follow experimental burns can be significantly lessened by the early application of surface cooling. This finding has important implications for first aid and for the management of mass casualty burns. One of the problems which must be resolved before maximum benefit from this technique can be realized relates to the temperature of the cooling solution which can be expected to give maximum benefit. In this study we have investigated the effects of varying the temperature of cold compresses applied to standardized experimental burns in an effort to establish those temperatures which provide optimum improvement in the course of the burn. Method Methods have been previously developed for evaluating the capillary permeability changes and edema formation which follow experimental burns of several types. 4,9 These techniques will not be reported in detail here, but generally involve

Increased permeability of the capillaries of the rat heart to plasma albumin with asphyxiation and with perfusion.

1. Studies on the rate of efflux from the isolated perfused rat heart of plasma albumin conjugated with Evans Blue showed the conjugate to have penetrated extensively the extravascular compartment of the organ during a period of 2 min. This was confirmed by direct analysis of hearts for Evans Blue after perfusion.2. Exposure of the hearts to Evans Blue-albumin conjugate for 8 min in vivo showed no significant penetration of the interstitial space.3. With the isolated preparation inclusion of promethazine in the perfusing medium significantly diminished the rate of penetration of the extravascular compartment by the conjugate as did injection of the animals with either reserpine 2 days before, or bretylium immediately before the experiment.4. Penetration of the interstitial compartment in vivo could be induced by repeated asphyxiation. This penetration could also be diminished by promethazine but was not influenced by mepyramine maleate. The increased permeability of capillaries to plasma proteins can be readily demonstrated in the whole animal by detecting the leakage from the vasculature of the plasma proteins conjugated with a dye (Menkin & Menkin, 1930; Miles & Miles, 1952). Evans Blue, which has been widely used as a vascular marker because of the stability of its conjugate with plasma albumin, is the most suitable dye for this purpose. In the present work this method has been applied to the isolated rat heart, to determine if changes in capillary permeability occur in the perfused tissue. When plasma albumin conjugated with Evans Blue was used as a vascular marker in this preparation, its rate of clearance was very much less than that of erythrocytes, and the amount contained in the heart corresponded to a space approaching that occupied by extracellular markers such as raffinose and inulin. It was concluded, therefore, that there was a failure of a considerable number of the cardiac capillaries to retain the plasma albumin, and subsequent work was directed towards the identification of the condition that gives rise to these changes and the possible involvement of a permeability factor.A preliminary account of part of this work was given to the Physiologcal Society (Sutherland & Young, 1961).

QUANTITATIVE EXTRACTION OF EVANS BLUE LEAKED FROM THE VESSELS IN THE SKIN

Several investigators have used the extravasal leakage of the circulating dye as an indicator of the change in capillary permeability by measuring, for example, the mean diameter of the blueing (1-3), the visual grading of the blueing (4, 5) or size and intensity of the staining (6-12). Studying the effects of organic solvents on the capillary permeability, one of the present authors has indicated the need for the more exact and quantitative evaluation of the leaked dye (7) and attemped further the extraction of the tissue dye by butanol (13). The quantitative extraction of the dye has been developed by Beach and Steinetz (14), Judah and Willoughby (15) and Nitta et al. (16). However, the procedures except that introduced by Beach and Steinetz, were relatively complicated for use as a routine bioassay in the laboratory. The present report is a device to obtain the more simple method available in the laboratory by modifying the previous method.

Enzymic Processes and Vascular Changes in the Skin Radiation Reaction

Factors influencing the early phase of the inflammatory reaction occurring within minutes after irradiation have been studied. This phase is important as it affects the whole subsequent course of the radiation reaction. The capillary permeability changes were estimated by measurement of the leakage of a vital dye injected into the experimental animals immediately after irradiation. The effect of different enzyme systems and their inhibitors on this phase of the radiation-induced inflammatory reaction were studied. While histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine do not play a significant role (absence of modification of the response by mepyramine maleate or lysergic acid diethylamide), the participation of a protease system (diminution or abolition of response following soya bean trypsin inhibitor or epsilon-amino-n-caproic acid administration) was established. The action of the latter indicates the participation of lysosomal derivatives in the sequence of events leading to increased permeability. The degree of di...

Optimum temperatures for postburn cooling.

IT IS NOW well established that the tissue damage 2,7 and death rates 6 which follow experimental burns can be significantly lessened by the early application of surface cooling. This finding has important implications for first aid and for the management of mass casualty burns. One of the problems which must be resolved before maximum benefit from this technique can be realized relates to the temperature of the cooling solution which can be expected to give maximum benefit. In this study we have investigated the effects of varying the temperature of cold compresses applied to standardized experimental burns in an effort to establish those temperatures which provide optimum improvement in the course of the burn. Method Methods have been previously developed for evaluating the capillary permeability changes and edema formation which follow experimental burns of several types. 4,9 These techniques will not be reported in detail here, but generally involve