Fan Capacity Research Articles

Primary Frequency Control with an Air Handling Unit

The green energy transition threatens stability of the power grid due to associated reduction in grid synchronous inertia. Primary frequency control (PFC) can compensate for the challenge; however, sufficient procurement of primary frequency capacity could depend on more extensive employment of demand-side loads for PFC. Ventilation fans in particular present a promising class of such loads because of ubiquity of variable-frequency drives and relatively slow thermal and ventilation dynamics of indoor spaces. This research proposes a novel method for PFC by an air handling unit: the open loop control is shown to have favorable dynamic characteristics, and its impact on indoor climate is shown to be tolerable. This study suggests that the largely unused primary frequency capacity of ventilation fans could be exploited to provide primary frequency response for low inertia power grids.

Analyzing Sustainable 3D Printing Processes: Mechanical, Thermal, and Crystallographic Insights.

In this study, the objective was to optimize energy consumption in the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing process via a detailed analysis of printing parameters. By utilizing thermal analysis techniques, this research aimed to identify lower printing temperatures that could lead to reduced energy usage. Experimental analysis was conducted using a three-level L9 Taguchi orthogonal array, which involved a systematic combination of different extruder temperatures and cooling fan capacities. Furthermore, the research incorporated differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods to analyze the thermal properties and crystallinity of the 3D-printed specimens. The results indicated that temperature was a key factor affecting crystallinity, with samples printed at 190 °C and 60% fan capacity showing the highest mean values. By conducting a multi-objective desirability analysis, the optimal conditions for maximizing ultimate tensile strength (UTS), tensile modulus, and elongation at break while minimizing energy consumption for PLA 3D-printed samples were determined to be a temperature of 180 °C and a fan speed of 80%.

Thermal and aerodynamic characteristics of air cooled condenserfor steam turbine power unit

THE PURPOSE. Increased water consumption at power plants leads to a deterioration of the environmental situation not only in countries with limited water supply sources, but also in countries with significant reserves of fresh water. There is a need to consider the possibility of using an air condenser as an alternative use in industrial water supply systems at a power plant. To present a methodology for calculating the main characteristics of a condenser (condensation and reflux sections), to estimate the aerodynamic resistance and fan power for an air-cooled condenser as part of a steam turbine power unit. Determine the influence of air temperature and pressure in the condenser on the calculation of the air condenser. To develop recommendations for the selection of parameters of air condensers operating as part of steam turbine power units. METHODS. Methods for designing heat exchangers, modeling and intensifying heat exchange processes were used in the course of calculating an air condenser unit. RESULTS. A method for calculating an air-cooled condenser for a 110 MW condensing turbine has been developed. The analysis of the calculation of the heat transfer coefficient is given. The analysis of the values of the heat exchange area of the condensing unit is presented. The effect of pressure in the condenser on the main calculated characteristics of the condenser is shown. Recommendations for the selection of the fan capacity in the condenser and the design temperature of the cooling air have been developed. CONCLUSION. The issue of using air coolers in the power industry is still poorly covered in the literature, however, environmental problems and the shortage of fresh water are becoming more and more urgent all over the world. The development of air-cooling systems is a very topical issue for modern power engineering. It is shown that for stationary installations of condensation of water vapor, the most suitable is the hipped-roof arrangement of the heat-exchange sections with the lower arrangement of the fans. Quantitative estimates of the change in the heat transfer coefficient and the area of the heat-exchange surface are given for the pressure range of 8…20 kPa. The power consumption of the fan depends significantly on the temperature of the cooling air and the vacuum in the condenser.

PERANCANGAN PROTOTYPE PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA BAYU DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN ANGIN EXHAUST FAN KITCHEN

The largest source of energy in Indonesia, especially those currently used, mostly still come from non-renewable fossil fuels, which are not environmentally friendly because they produce ???????? 2 gas. Wind energy is a renewable energy source that is environmentally friendly. Apart from using natural wind energy, there is also artificial wind which is the result of wasted energy from exhaust fans as an alternative energy source for wind power plants (PLTB). Wind power that comes from the exhaust fan itself distributes the wind direction, so that the wind energy that can be collected into the turbine is not optimal, so it is necessary to install a wind tunnel. In this study, a trapezoidal wind tunnel model was designed with 2 different lengths, namely 50 cm and 100 cm, which were placed at the end of the fan inlet. This study aims to determine the effect of installing a wind tunnel on the wind speed of the exhaust fan and its effect on the input power of the exhaust fan. The method used in this research is a quantitative method. The research results obtained when the addition of a 50cm blower increased wind speed from 5.8m/s to 12.8m/s, the exhaust fan capacity increased by 119 watts, from 249.2 watts to 368.2 watts, when with a 100 cm fan the wind speed increased to 119 watts. increased from 5.8 m/s to 11.8 m/s, exhaust fan power increased by 70.8 watts, from 249.2 watts to 320 watts.

Analysis of the Flow Capacity of Variable Cycle Split Fans at the Middle Speed

The next-generation variable cycle engine imposes stricter requirements on a fan’s flow capacity at the middle speed. To tackle this challenge, the implementation of split fans presents as a potential solution. In the present study, we conducted numerical simulations using the commercial software NUMECA to investigate the aerodynamic performance variation with bypass ratios for variable cycle split fans in “1 + 2” and “2 + 1” configurations at 80% rpm. The results indicate that the flow capacity of the split fans exhibits an increasing trend with a rise in the bypass ratio at 80% rpm and subsequently stabilizes upon reaching a certain bypass ratio. Specifically, the flow capacity of the “2 + 1” split fans is particularly stronger at the small bypass ratios, whereas the “1 + 2” split fans exhibit superior maximum flow capacity at the high bypass ratios. Additionally, there is a significantly faster increase in the flow capacity of the “1 + 2” split fans compared to that of the “2 + 1” split fans. Furthermore, when the flow capacity of the split fans reaches its maximum, both the efficiency and stall margin achieve their optimal values, indicating that the corresponding bypass ratio is optimal.

Mine auxiliary fan in the form of an intelligent mechatronic module

Introduction. High-quality ventilation of underground workings is an important condition for safe and accident-free mining. Research on aerological situation control in work areas is ongoing, but the problem of creating reliable adaptive ventilation systems for shafts and mines remains urgent despite the progress made. In course of excavation, the system of workings on the horizon develops a highly complex structure. Auxiliary ventilation is often the only way to achieve high-quality air exchange in the working area. Methods of research. To continuously provide the working area with an estimated amount of fresh air, as well as to intensify ventilation if the concentration of toxic contaminants is increased, mine auxiliary fans (MAF) are used. The best way to improve MAF environmental and economic efficiency is to automatically control the fan capacity. Results and analysis. The program embedded in the programmable logic controller (PLC) provides for comparing the transmitters readings and the aerological situation allowed by the parameters as well as making a decision on changing the fan capacity. If the change is required, the PLC sends an appropriate command to the controller to adjust the fan engine speed. The MAF scheme is simplified if the blind drift is straight because the transmitter is in the line of sight of the receiver and there is no need for a repeater. The UMP design is of a minimal complexity when the mine working is straight and the control task is limited to ensuring constant air flow supplied to the bottom-hole zone. Out of all the data devices, only the flow transmitter remains in the circuit, while the repeater and PLC are excluded. It should also be noted that during the entire period of tunneling, the fan of an unregulated MAF creates an excess power consumption, therefore consuming more electricity than the fan of an intelligent mechatronic module (IMM). Conclusions. Conversion of MAF to IMM will provide the required amount of fresh air to the bottom-hole zone increasing the safety of miners. Real-time control of IMM capacity will significantly reduce energy consumption and create favorable conditions for optimizing ventilation according to the “price-quality” criterion.

Smoke dispersion test and emergency control plan of fire in mine roadway during downward ventilation

To explore the wind flow turbulence and smoke flow diffusion law during the mine downward ventilation fire, two similar experimental platforms of a inclined single pipe test device and a loop system multiple pipe test device were built. The change data of the air flow in the pipeline during the fire period under different air volumes were measured. The evolution process of downward ventilation fire in the whole roadway network domain in Dayan Mine was simulated, and the emergency plan was put forward. The results show that in the experiment, the combustion intensity of the fire source is positively correlated with the ventilation power, and the fire wind pressure increases with the increase of the inclination angle of the pipeline. The throttling effect of the fire area and the combustion of the fire source together make the air volume in the pipeline change rapidly. The critical wind speed that makes the downward ventilation flow fire wind pressure equal to the fan power is 1.8 m s−1. The stronger the fan capacity, the stronger the ability of the main air path to overcome the resistance of the fire zone and maintain the original state. In the simulation, the most dangerous place when the downward ventilation fire smoke is reversed is the area (weak flow area) in the mine tunnel network where the ventilation power is weaker than the fire wind power. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of emergency plans for mine fire accidents.

Optimum Auxiliary Fan Location to Control Air Recirculation

This paper presents the optimum auxiliary fan(s) location to control air recirculation in dead-end workings where diesel-powered vehicles operate. Investigations were conducted with various secondary fan locations from the dead-end crosscut with varying the intake air quantities using a 30 m3/s capacity twin 75 kW auxiliary fan and 45 m3/s capacity twin 110 kW auxiliary fan to control air recirculation and DPM. The results showed that if the drive intake airflow rate matches the fan capacity, air recirculation will occur even when the fan is located 10 m away from the crosscut entry. Results also showed that if the intake drive air quantity was greater than or equal to 150% of fan capacity, no recirculation was observed when the twin 75 kW fan location was at least 5 m and the twin 110 kW fan location was at least 10 m away from the dead-end crosscut access.

Calculation of Pressurized Fan Capacity and Static Pressure for Wisma Sudirman Building - Jakarta

Calculation of Pressurized Fan Capacity and Static Pressure for Wisma Sudirman Building – Jakarta. A Pressurized staircase is a significant piece of the fire safety strategy of tall structures. Long departure times are repaid by making safe conditions inside departure staircases permitting considering the uprooting time inside those stairs as time where inhabitants can be viewed as sheltered. In accordance with Minister of Public Works Regulation No: 26/PRT/M/2008 concerning Technical Requirements for Fire Protection Systems in Buildings and the Environment, in every building where the occupied height exceeds 24m, each internal fire stair must be pressurized according to the requirements in the regulation. All pressurization requirements for fire stair in this regulation must comply with the applicable standard provisions in SNI No. 03-6571-2001 or latest edition. The capacity and static pressure of the fire stair fan has been calculated for the Wisma Sudirman building, Jakarta, which obtained a capacity of 34,820 cfm and a static fan head of 2.42 "WG.

The Productivity Improvement and Population Development of Payakumbuh Duck Using a Simple Aspirator Tool on Artificial Insemination (AI) Technology

This study aimed to determine the effect of IB frequency using different simple aspirator on fertility, weight loss and hatchability of Payakumbuh duck (Anas platyrhynchos domestication) eggs. This study used 8 male and 20 female ducks, 90% egg production. In this study, all hatched the hatched eggs. This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments consisted of: P1 is 1 x 2 days, P2 is 1 x 4 days, P3 is 1 x 6 days, P4 is 1 x 8 days; the parameters observed were fertility, weight loss and hatchability. The results of the analysis of variance showed that different AI frequencies had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the fertility of hatching eggs, but had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on weight loss and hatchability. It can be concluded that P2 had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on fertility because fertile eggs were higher than other treatments. The characteristics of Payakumbuh ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domestication) spermatozoa are milky white and yellowish white, thick and watery consistency, specific odor, volume 0.24±0.05 ml, pH 7.37±0.51, mass movement +, ++ and +++, live percentage 79.06±3.68%, concentration 2.342 billion cells/ml, motility 75.00±7.56% and abnormality 12.06±0.82%. The results of the analysis of variance showed that different AI frequencies had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the fertility of hatching eggs, but had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on weight loss and hatchability. The frequency of IB 1 x 4 days had the highest fertility rate, namely 67.72 ± 7.99%. A simple Aspirator can function properly with the need for repairs and upgrades in several parts of the tool such as current source, and fan capacity

Air Conditioning System Design to Reduce Condensation in an Underground Utility Tunnel Using CFD

In this study, the internal environment such as the air temperature, humidity, and wall temperature of the underground utility tunnel, was analyzed. The current status and problems of the air conditioning system were examined by analyzing the capacity of the exhaust fan and the air velocity inside the utility tunnel. The field experiment showed that the utility tunnel has a relative humidity of 95% or higher for most sections during summer. The deviation of the internal air temperature was about 4 °C depending on the section, and the dew condensation occurred. However, most of the exhaust fans has a capacity below the standard minimum air velocity of 2.5m∙s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> . In particular, in the section where dew condensation occurred, the air velocity was 0.26 to 0.97 m∙s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> , indicating the presence of stagnant air inside the facility. Therefore, this study attempted to minimize dew condensation by calculating the proper exhaust fan capacity using computational fluid dynamics and installing circulation fans and duct systems in the section where the dew condensation occurred. As a result, when a circulation fan was installed, it was possible to increase the air velocity inside the utility tunnel, and the relative humidity could be reduced by about 78%. By installing a duct, the direct supply of external air or the discharge of internal humid air was simulated for the section where dew condensation occurred. The result showed that the relative humidity could be reduced by about 78% when the duct system was operated in the intake direction.

Boiler retrofit improves efficiency and increases biomass firing rates

Domtar’s fluff pulp mill in Plymouth, NC, USA, operates two biomass/hog fuel fired boilers (HFBs). For energy consolidation and reliability improvement, Domtar wanted to decommission the No. 1 HFB and refurbish/retrofit the No. 2 HFB. The No. 2 HFB was designed to burn pulverized coal and/or biomass on a traveling grate. The steaming capacity was 500,000 lb/h from coal and 400,000 lb/h from biomass. However, it had never sustained this design biomass steaming rate. As the sole power boiler, the No. 2 HFB would need to sustain 400,000 lb/h of biomass steam during peak loads. An extensive evaluation by a combustion and boiler technologies supplier was undertaken. The evaluation involved field testing, analysis, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, and it identified several bottle-necks and deficiencies to achieving the No. 2 HFB’s biomass steam goal. These bottlenecks included an inadequate combustion system; insufficient heat capture; excessive combustion air temperature; inadequate sweetwater con-denser (SWC) capacity; and limited induced draft fan capacity. To address the identified deficiencies, various upgrades were engineered and implemented. These upgrades included modern pneumatic fuel distributors; a modern sidewall, interlaced overfire air (OFA) system; a new, larger economizer; modified feedwater piping to increase SWC capacity; replacement of the scrubber with a dry electro-static precipitator; and upgraded boiler controls. With the deployment of these upgrades, the No. 2 HFB achieved the targeted biomass steaming rate of 400,000 lb/h, along with lowered stack gas and combustion air temperatures. All mandated emissions limit tests at 500,000 lb/h of steam with 400,000 lb/h of biomass steam were passed, and Domtar reports a 10% reduction in fuel firing rates, which represents significant fuel savings. In addition, the mill was able to decommission the No. 1 HFB, which has substantially lowered operating and maintenance costs.

An energy efficient electric drive of air units

Purpose. Improving the efficiency and energy performance of an asynchronous electric drive for stationary fan’s units of the main ventilation line of mines.&#x0D; Methodology. The research was carried out using the methods of the theory of electrical circuits, mathematical physics, simulation, interpolation and approximation&#x0D; Findings. The research of electromagnetic and energy processes in the asynchronous electric drive system with pulse control at a fan load, taking into account the variable aerodynamic parameters of the main ventilation line of mines. An electric drive system is able to respond with high accuracy and reliability to changes in the aerodynamic parameters of the main ventilation line of mines has been proven. This will also increase the power factor of the electric drive at a fan load up 0.8 to 0.93 p.u., and the efficiency up 92.5% to 94.5%, when regulating in the range of the operating slip of the rotor of the drive fan motor = 0.5 ÷, which, respectively, is on average up 0,25% to 40 higher in comparison with systems of an unregulated electric drive. Recommendations has been developed for the design and rational selection of the rated fan capacity for the main ventilation line to advance the best energy efficiency level of the electric drive.&#x0D; Originality. The research of electro-mechanical, electro-energy power and aerodynamic processes in the dynamic modes of the fan electric drive was carried out. The fan-loaded "induction motor-converter" system has been proven to be self-regulating. It is able to respond with high accuracy and reliability even at low switching frequencies of the power chopper to any changes of the aerodynamic parameters of the main ventilation line of mines.&#x0D; Practical value. Recommendations has been developed for the design and rational selection of the rated fan capacity for the main ventilation line to advance the best energy efficiency level of the electric drive.

OPTIMIZING DESIGN PARAMETERS OF ROTATING BLADES OF MINE AXIAL FANS

This paper considers optimum designing of rotating blades of axial fans, which satisfy strength conditions at a tip speed of more than 140 m/s. Due to the high rotation velocities, cast blades lack the required strength; therefore, it is necessary to develop a lightweight design which allows increasing fan rotor speed. Mathematical methods for searching optimum design parameters by optimality criteria are used in this paper. The design obtained in this case will be closest to the optimum design, providing the given design parameters with the selected criterion. The optimum design was searched using the ANSYS software package based on topological optimization. Based on the solution of the optimization problem, the optimum mass distribution of airfoil blade of mine axial fan impeller is obtained. The optimum shape of impeller blade of the axial fan allows increasing the rotor speed and fan capacity by 1,8 times.

Impacts of near soil surface factors on soil detachment process in benggang alluvial fans

Soil detachment processes are greatly impacted by vegetation recovery. However, the understanding of these relationships on bengggang alluvial fans in southeast China is limited. In this research, the impacts of near soil surface factors (litter stems, biological crusts, and roots) on soil detachment is quantitated by overland flow with two introduced grass species (Paspalum mandiocanum and Pennisetum giganteum) in the alluvial fans. Flow scouring was performed on soil samples obtained from two grasslands under nine forms of shear stress ranging from 2.70 to 10.51 Pa. Paspalum mandiocanum and Pennisetum giganteum significantly reduced the soil detachment capacity of alluvial fans by 94% and 98%, respectively. The roots of the two kinds of grass were most effective in reducing soil detachment (48% and 63%), the situation of >80% was caused by root binding; besides, the contribution of biological crusts (37% and 20%) was higher than that of litter-stems (9% and 15%). Compared with bare land, roots and biological crusts under Paspalum mandiocanum and Pennisetum giganteum decreased rill erodibility by 43% and 40%, 60% and 20%, respectively; meanwhile, they increased the critical shear stress by 0.92- to 3.02-fold, 1.15- to 3.34-fold, respectively. Roots of the two plants increased soil resistance more than the biological crusts mainly by root binding. Overall, Pennisetum giganteum (a deep roots plant) showed a slightly better performance in controlling soil detachment than Paspalum mandiocanum (a shallow roots plant); among them, the roles of roots and litter-stems of Pennisetum giganteum were greater than those of Paspalum mandiocanum while the role of biological crusts of Paspalum mandiocanum was greater than that of Pennisetum giganteum. These findings highlight the significance of litter-stems, biological crusts and roots in controlling soil erosion and are helpful for selecting suitable grasses for vegetation recovery in alluvial fans of benggang.

Tunnel construction ventilation frequency-control based on radial basis function neural network

Reasonable and effective ventilation plays an important role in the safety of tunnel construction. Fans are usually designed to be are capable of satisfying the maximum demand of a tunnel. During the tunnel construction, the actual usage of the tunnel could be considerably less than the designed fan capacity. This leads to high energy consumption and low efficiency. Therefore, a system that can analyze in real-time the tunnel environment and calculate the actual demand is required for tunnel construction. In this study, a tunnel ventilation intelligent frequency control (TVIC) system is designed based on the radial basis function neural network (RBF NN). As a type of feedforward neural network, RBF NN is used to obtain the relationship between the fan operating frequency and various pollutant concentrations, the tunnel length, and the temperature. TVIC is composed of a safety-monitoring system, control system, communication system, and variable-frequency drive (VFD) fan. It can self-adjust the frequency of the fan according to the construction environment inside the tunnel, and has been used in the Huayingshan tunnel in southwest China for a year and a half. In addition, it displays good reliability and a satisfactory capacity for tunnel environmental improvement and energy conservation. Compared with the current manual control method, ventilation system was observed to reduce electricity consumption by 42% after using TVIC.

Desain Lingkungan Kerja Berdasarkan Pendekatan Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja

Kalasan Fried Chicken Industry Center is one of the home industries producing fried chicken in Yogyakarta. Initial measurements obtained from the working environment conditions of occupational health and safety are still considered to be less than comfortable and in accordance with standards. As a result of lack of lighting and high room temperature, workers often experience eye fatigue, dizziness, frequent loss of focus and poor quality fried chicken production. Occupational health and safety according to the standard, it is necessary to improve the lighting aspect with the Lumen Method (Lumen Method or Zonal Cavacity Method, ZCM), the physical environment in terms of temperature is designed by increasing the fan capacity needed by the work environment so that the number and type of fans with quality can be determined the right air for the room. The lighting needs of the work environment are 9 24 watt lights and an exhaust fan and sufficient air volume. The results of the implementation were able to increase the level of lighting and temperature in accordance with work comfort.

The Operating State Assessment of Wind Turbine Based on SCADA System

Based on SCADA system, this paper evaluates the performance and operation status of wind turbines using improved fuzzy neutralization evaluation theory. In this study, the second rolling average method is used to analyze the characteristics of wind power fluctuation from the differential time scale and fan capacity. It provides a theoretical basis for the normal operation of wind turbines.

The Turbulent World of Middle East Soccer

The Turbulent World of Middle East Soccer

An optimization study for rotorcraft avionics bay cooling

In this paper, a computational investigation of a rotorcraft avionics-bay cooling system is carried out. The introduced avionics cooling system utilizes a forced-convection method in which the ambient air is supplied to the avionics bay by a fan and then exhausted back into the ambient after cooling the equipment inside. The aim of this system is to keep the air temperature in the vicinity of the avionics equipment below the operational temperature limits. Depending on the locations of the fan and exhaust, local hot zones may form near some of the equipment. In order to overcome this issue, the fan capacity must be designed to provide a sufficiently high mass flow rate so that the temperature limits are not exceeded, while an excessive amount of cooling should be avoided to reduce power consumption. In this study, the effects of the fan and the exhaust locations on the amount of required mass flow rate are investigated. A prediction function is built by using Gaussian Process Regression method to predict the avionics surface temperatures. The Gaussian Process Regression method is trained by the results obtained from a large number of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses. The prediction function is later used to determine the required mass flow rate depending on the fan and the exhaust locations. It is found out that the required mass flow rate changes significantly as the fan location changes. On the other hand, the exhaust location has a relatively lessened effect on the required mass flow rate. It is observed that depending on the locations of the fan and the exhaust, the required mass flow rate could be reduced to around half of its value. The amount of decrease in the electrical power consumption is even more significant.