Candlenut Shell Research Articles

PENGARUH PUTARAN PULLY (RPM) DAN TEKANAN TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS MESIN PEMECAH BIJI KEMIRI

Candlenut is a spice that is used as an ingredient in the manufacturing process of the food and cosmetic industry, the obstacles faced in breaking the candlenut shell are that the time and energy required is still too large so that the splitting of the candlenut shell is less efficient and there are still many farmers who still use traditional candlenut crackers. with a driving force in the form of human power. In addition, the results of the quality of the candlenut cracking are not good because there are still many broken hazelnut seeds after the process of breaking the candlenut shell. These constraints add to the time, cost and effort in the process of breaking candlenut manually. From some of the constraints that have been described, there is an idea to conduct research to find out how the rotation of the candlenut crusher influences the pressure according to the needs and optimizes the rotation variation of the candlenut crusher to produce whole candlenuts. The research method used is rotational variation (10 RPM, 20 RPM, and 27 RPM) to pressure 24.928 /????2, 21.952 /????2 and 19.286 /????2 with three treatments and each treatment combination was repeated three times. The parameters of this research are the percentage of whole, split, crushed and unbroken candlenut. The results of this study indicate that variations in rotation and pressure affect the percentage yield of candlenut seeds. The average value of the right rotation to break candlenut seeds with a beating pully A is 20 rpm with a pressure of 24.928 N/m2 to get an average of 60% intact, 20% halved, 0% crushed and 20% unbroken. At the right rotation of the pulley B, which is at 20 Rpm with a pressure of 21.952 N/m2, the average value of breaking is 60%, intact is 60%, split is 30%, destroyed is 0% and does not break is 10%. Meanwhile, at a pressure of 19.286 N/m2 for a rotation of 20 Rpm, the average value of broken, 50% intact, 0% halved, 20% crushed and 30% unbroken.

The Utilization of Aleorites Moluccana Active Charcoal as Absorbent of Lead Metal in Used Oil

Candlenut (Aleurites moluccana) shell is a waste produced from the processing of the plants having a fairly hard texture. This study aimed to determine the optimum weight and contact time for the candlenut activated carbon which can absorb lead metal in used oil. Analysis of lead levels was carried out using atomic absorption spectropometry (AAS). Determination of the optimum weight and contact time of activated charcoal was carried out on various weight of 3 g, 6 g, and 9 g, as well as various times of 1, 2, and 3 hours, respectively. The results show that the optimum weight and contact time of activated charcoal are 9 g for 3 h with the percentage of lead concentration absorbed of 90.716%.

Effect of Heating Temperature on the Chemical Structure and of Conductivity Carbon from Candlenut Shells (<i>Aleurites Moluccana</i>)

Candlenut Shells is one of the many commodities growing in Indonesia and experiencing rapid progress production development. The shell of candlenut has good characteristic that allow it to be used as carbon. activated carbon is one of material that can be applied for various application. In this paper, we reported the synthesis of activated carbon from candlenut shell in order to get high quality of carbon by controlling the heating temperature in synthesis. Variation of heating temperature in to produce carbon were 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 °C . FTIR Spectroscopy was carried out to determine the functional groups on the carbon from candlenut shells. FTIR analysis during the carbonization process was indicated the change in functional group of chemical structure from the candlenut shell, which is shown by decreasing the absorption spectrum of some functional groups of the candlenut shell after the carbonization process. The carbonization process has formed aromatic C = C and reduction functional group OH (aromatic compounds), C-H (aromatic ring), C-O (vibration ether structure) dan C=O (Ester compounds). And results of carbonization of candlenut shells at various temperatures have an electrical conductivity value that increases with increasing carbonization temperature. The carbonization temperature that is raised to 700 °C causes carbon to be more conductive with an increased electrical conductivity value. XRF characterization results also showed that in addition to carbon elements in the cundlenut shells, other elements were also found such as calcium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, strontium, manganese, iron and zinc. Ca and Mg are the largest content besides carbon.

PENGUJIAN KUAT TEKAN BETON TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN CANGKANG KEMIRI PADA BETON RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

One of the factors of economic growth is the development of infrastructure to encourage the creation of various activities. Concrete becomes an important part in the process of infrastructure development. For the concrete mixture, gravel is the most important part for concrete constituents. The limitation of gravel in nature led to the creation of various studies to replacement solutions for the use of gracel in concrete mixtures.Candlenut shell is one of the waste is not getting attention in its uses. Department of Plantation North Sumatera Province recorded the candlenut production in North Sumatera in 2019 reached 13,529.40 tons. The study aims for replace some of the gravel in the concrete mixture by using a candle nut shell. The variety of concrete mixture with candle nut is 10%, 20% and 30%. Testing was conducted on concrete ages 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days aimed at finding the difference between normal concrete compressive strength without additional candlenut shells and concrete with additional candlenut shells. The result shows that there was a decrease in the values of concrete compressive strength for each group of test objects. The decrease is due to the candlenut shell having higher and water absorption compared to gravel.

PENGUJIAN KUAT TEKAN BETON TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN CANGKANG KEMIRI PADA BETON RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

One of the factors of economic growth is the development of infrastructure to encourage the creation of various activities. Concrete becomes an important part in the process of infrastructure development. For the concrete mixture, gravel is the most important part for concrete constituents. The limitation of gravel in nature led to the creation of various studies to replacement solutions for the use of gracel in concrete mixtures.Candlenut shell is one of the waste is not getting attention in its uses. Department of Plantation North Sumatera Province recorded the candlenut production in North Sumatera in 2019 reached 13,529.40 tons. The study aims for replace some of the gravel in the concrete mixture by using a candle nut shell. The variety of concrete mixture with candle nut is 10%, 20% and 30%. Testing was conducted on concrete ages 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days aimed at finding the difference between normal concrete compressive strength without additional candlenut shells and concrete with additional candlenut shells. The result shows that there was a decrease in the values of concrete compressive strength for each group of test objects. The decrease is due to the candlenut shell having higher and water absorption compared to gravel.

KELAYAKAN USAHATANI TEMBAKAU VIRGINIA: STUDI KOMPARASI PADA PROSES PENGOVENAN DI KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR

There are two methods of flue curing process used in virginia tobacco farmers in East Lombok, which are curing with fossil fuel and curing with local (alternative) fuels (candlenut shell, palm kernel shells, wood, and corn cobs). Now days, due to increasing fossil fuels price, farmer tend to use local fuels. The research objective was to compare the costs, income, and feasibility level of virginia tobacco farming on the use of various alternative fuels in the oven process in East Lombok Regency. The method used is descriptive survey method to 40 farmers. The cost of farming virginia tobacco using candlenut shell as fuel is Rp. 44,788,057/ha/planting season with an R/C ratio of 1.6 palm kernel shells of 45,081,109/ha/planting season with an R/C ratio of 1.5 wood of Rp. 49,498,452/ha/planting season with an R/C ratio of 1.4 and corn cobs of Rp. 39,184,196/ha/planting season with an R/C ratio of 1.8. The highest income is obtained from farmers who use corn cobs as fuel of Rp. 30,037,854/ha/planting season, the income of the farmers who use hazelnut shell and palm shell as fuel each is Rp. 25,938,788/ha/planting season and Rp. 23,757,891/ha/planting season. The lowest income using wood fuel is Rp. 16,883,748/ha/planting season. Because the R/C value is more than 1, it means that virginia tobacco farming using various alternative materials in the oven process in East Lombok Regency is feasible.

PROSES PEMBERSIHAN SYNGAS HASIL GASIFIKASI TEMPURUNG KEMIRI MENGGUNAKAN SIKLON

This study aims to examine the process of cleaning for synthesis gas (syngas) resulted from candlenut shell gasification by using a cyclone. Research was started by design or manufacture a cyclone as a tool that can condense the tar carried in the syngas produced from the gasification process. This tool was tested with by trial and error such that got a tool that can function optimally to condense tar. The syngas cleaning experiment using the cyclone was conducted by four treatments, namely S1 (1 cyclone), S2 (2 cyclones), S3 (3 cyclones), and S4 (4 cyclones). All treatments were repeated 4 (four) times, so there were 16 experimental units. The parameter measured is the amount of tar that was condensed on the cyclone. Result showed that the syngas cleaning process using a cyclone worked well, and the best treatment was S3 (3 cyclones) with an average amount of condensed tar of 141.7 ml/kg of shell. The use of cyclones can condense tar and other particulates carried in the syngas. The cleaned syngas can be applied as fuel in an internal combustion engine as a substitute for diesel and gasoline fuels. Keywords: gasification, syngas, cleaning, cyclone

Making Silica Gel by Utilizing Candlenut and Palm Oil Shell Ash

Oil palm shell ash which is the result of boiler combustion inindustry has the potential to pollute the environment and have a badimpact in the long term so that special treatment is needed. Thisstudy aims to answer this problem by making silica gel fromhazelnut shell and oil palm shell ash with variations in the type ofacid and the ratio of ash to determine the effect of the type of acidand the ratio of the raw material in the form of ash to moisturecontent and water absorption of silica gel. Oil palm shell ash is usedas the main ingredient because it contains the most SiO2compounds compared to other compounds (reaching 39.78%).Candlenut shell is also used as a raw material for silica gel becauseit contains silica (12.58%). The stages in this research include thepretreatment process of the material by washing and drying thematerial, the combustion process of the main ingredient in thefurnace, the process of making sodium silicate and the synthesisprocess of silica gel. Then proceed with water content analysis,analysis of water absorption by silica gel and characterization byScanning Electron Microscope. The results of this study were thatthe type of acid, the concentration of the acid and the time ofmaturation of the gel had an influence on the moisture content ofthe silica gel and the absorption capacity of the silica gel. The silicagel produced using H2SO4 produced more mass than the silica gelusing HCl.

Candlenut Shell Charcoal Yield in Every Chamber Produced by Candlenut Shell Carbonization Tool Using a Vertical Multi Chamber

Candlenut shell contained organic compound, such as hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin which can be converted to solid, liquid, and gaseous products by thermochemical methods. One of the products is charcoal. One of the tool that can carbonize the candlenut shell is candlenut shell carbonization tool using a vertical multi chamber. The tool can carbonize candlenut shell without having any additional energy. Some variables from the tool has been identify from the previous research, such as its maximum capacity and process time, while its charcoal yield remains unknown. Therefore, this research is aimed to determine the charcoal yield that can be produced by candlenut shell carbonization tool using a vertical multi chamber. Three carbonization experiments were performed with 8 kg candlenut shell filled in every carbonization chamber (CC). The carbonization process temperature was measured for each chamber by using a thermocouple in order to know the effect of temperature toward charcoal yield. As the result, the average candlenut charcoal yield that can be produced by candlenut shell carbonization tool using a vertical multi chamber is 24.99 %. Every chamber was experiencing deferent capability in producing charcoal. CC3 is the highest charcoal yield chamber with 31.38 % and then followed by CC2 with 25.04 % and CC1 with 18.79 %. Based on temperature that experiencing by every chamber, it indicates that the temperature has a significant impact on charcoal yield. When the temperature high, the charcoal yield is low and also goes the same in contrary. Therefore, candlenut shell carbonization tool using a vertical multi chamber has capability in producing candlenut shell charcoal at 24.99 % yield.

Co-combustion characteristics of low-rank coal mixed with candlenut shell by using Thermogravimetry analysis - differential thermal analysis

CNS is one of the plantation wastes that can be used as alternative fuel which can be mixed with LRC. The research aims to obtain thermal and chemical characteristics of LRC – CNS mixing and the impact of adding CNS into LRC on combustion characterization. An experimental test was conducted to obtain thermal characteristics by using proximate and ultimate analysis based on ASTM standard. Combustion characteristics are obtained by using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA) by using air as an oxidant. The Composition of CNS mixtures with LRC are 10, 30 and 50 respectively. The result of CNS mixed with LRC generalized improves the quality of the fuel mixture by the increase combustion reactivity, and this has an impact on increasing differential internal energy. The optimum addition of CNS into LRC was obtained of 10%.

Ash content of candlenut shell charcoal produced by candlenut shell carbonization tool using a vertical multi chambers

Candlenut shell, as one of biomass that has not optimally utilized, can be converted into charcoal which potentially increase its value. Candlenut shell carbonization tool using a vertical multi chambers is a tool that designed to convert candlenut shell into charcoal. The quality of the resulted charcoal remains unknown. This research aims to identify one of the quality variable of the charcoal which is ash content. The method used in the research was Gravimetric Analysis. Three samples from each carbonization chamber were taken to be analysed. As the tool has three carbonization chambers, the samples are 9 in total. The result showed that every chambers has different amount of ash content which are 2.167 % in CCI, 1.020 % in CC II and 4.687 % in CC III. In average, the ash content in candlenut charcoal resulted from Candlenut shell carbonization tool using a vertical multi chambers is 2.624 %. Hence, the tool managed to meet the SNI charcoal quality requirement in term of ash content which may not exceed 6 %.

ANALISA SIFAT FISIK DAN KIMIA BRIKET ARANG DARI CAMPURAN TANDAN KOSONG AREN (Arenga pinnata Merr) DAN CANGKANG KEMIRI (Aleurites trisperma)

The waste of candlenut shells and empty sugar palm bunches has considerable potential and can be used as raw material for charcoal briquettes. This study aims to analyze the properties of charcoal from a mixture of candlenut shells and palm sugar bunches on the physical properties of the charcoal briquettes produced. To determine the effect of the mixture of candlenut charcoal shells and sugar palm empty fruit bunches, treatment of 100% candlenut shells, 100% sugar palm empty bunches, 75% candlenut shells + 25% sugar palm empty bunches, 75% empty sugar palm bunches + 25% candlenut shells, 50% candlenut shell + 50% sugar palm bunches, the adhesive used is tapioca flour. Charcoal briquettes produced by the water content ranged from 7.568% - 11.734%, density 0.520g / cm³ - 0.604g / cm abu, the average ash content ranged from 15% - 22.666%, flying substance content 43.666% - 52%, bound carbon ranged from 17,335% - 44,098%, and calorific value 3676,86kal / g - 4749,606kal / g. The water content that meets ASTM is found in treatment A (100% hazelnut shell) of 7.568%, other treatments do not meet ASTM standards. Density, ash content, fly substance content, bound carbon and calorific value produced from various treatments none meet the standard.Keywords: Aren empty bunches charcoal briquettes; candlenut shell briquettes; influence of physical and chemical properties; ASTM standards

Furfural Synthesis from Mikania mircantha using Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst Derived from Candlenut Shell

Furfural Synthesis from Mikania mircantha using Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst Derived from Candlenut Shell

Value of concrete compressive strength with variation of candlenut shell applicated to plate on a non-destructive test using UPV

Concrete began to use substitute materials to reduce the brittle nature. Substitution material is material that can replace concrete material both coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and cement with other materials, such as Portland cement with steel slag, broken stone (coarse aggregate) with pumice and other stones. One of the benefits of the concrete material substitution method is that it can use organic waste. Organic waste can be in the form of residual production or usage, one of which is the candlenut shell which is a waste of candlenutThe candlenut shell is a new potential that can be developed and utilized even greater. Of course It can increase the economic value of the candlenut shell which has only been known as a waste material from the candlenut. The composition of the candlenut shells are CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, H2O, Fe2O3. When all reacts, there will be residual SiO2 that has not yet reacted to form a silica derivative reaction with CSH-2 gel resulting in a denser CSH-3 gel, which will increase the cement paste and aggregate. The purpose of this discussion is to determine the compressive strength value of candlenut shell concrete at 0% and 30% variation on the plates using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) at 28 days. The method used is experimental by testing samples / specimens in the form of reinforced plate size of 50cmx25cmx12cm with wet curing and dry curing methods with a variation in age of 28 days. Concrete compressive strength testing is done using UPV tools. The results of this discussion are the compressive strength of 30% candlenut shell variations on the application of the plate shows that the quality of the concrete produced in the wet curing reaches 18 MPa or equivalent to the quality of the K 225 concrete and the dry curing is only 14 MPa or equivalent to the quality of K175, while the variation Candlenut shells 0% (normal concrete) reach 28 MPa on wet curing and 24 MPa on dry curing. This shows that the plate with a variation of 30% candlenut shells are still able to achieve concrete quality II for use in structural work.

Studi Kelayakan Penggunaan Cangkang Kemiri Sebagai Pengganti Sebagian Agregat Kasar Terhadap Mutu Beton

In the current era of globalization, the development of concrete in the construction sector is very rapid, be it housing, offices, bridges, roads, dams, ports, and others. That is inseparable from the use of concrete as a part of building construction. The use of coarse aggregate for concrete mixes, namely natural stone, is a non-renewable natural resource. Therefore an alternative is needed as a substitute. One of the natural resources that can be renewed is hazelnut skin. Candlenut is a traditional plant that has various benefits, one of which is a candlenut shell. In this study, the materials used for standard concrete mixtures consist of water, cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate. The water used for mixing the concrete is taken from the PDAM channel. The results showed that the effect of candlenut shells used as a substitute for some coarse aggregate decreased compressive strength results from the results of standard concrete compressive strength. The results obtained by the value of standard concrete compressive strength at 28 days of concrete were 27.19Mpa for concrete using Candlenut shells of 20% produce a compressive strength value of 17.33 Mpa at 28 days of concrete. 35% produce a concrete compressive strength value of 16.04 Mpa, while 50% produce a concrete compressive strength value of 15.17 Mpa. Thus the research shows that more and more candlenut shells are being used as a substitute for coarse aggregate in the concrete mixture.

Increasing the quality of virgin coconut oil (vco) using activated carbon adsorbent from candlenut shell (Aleurites mollucana)

Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is one of the product from coconuts. VCO has many benefits in health and industry. One method of making the VCO is often used today is the fermentation. Today many domestic industries produce virgin coconut oil (VCO) but in fact, the industry has not been all good in terms of quality. The use of activated carbon from candlenut shells as an adsorbent to increase the quality of VCO has studied. The parameters tested were water content, free fatty acid, and peroxide. The results showed a decline in water levels from 0.1655% to 0.0597%, peroxide number decrease from 0.1991% to 0.0991%, and the free fatty acid content of 0.4186% to 0.366%.

Value of Concrete Compressive Strength on 28 days with Variation of Candlenut Shell Applicated to Plate on a Non-destructive Test Using Hammer Test

Concrete compressive strength is one of the parameters used to control the quality of a concrete. Concrete compressive strength testing method which is considered the highest level of reliability is a destructive test using a compressive testing machine. Testing requires quite high costs and a longer processing time. But sometimes testing must be done in the scene. Based on the case, a testing tool is needed to measure or determine the compressive strength of concrete without spoil, which is known as the non-destructive test. The tool commonly used for this test is the hammer test. The type of research is experimental. The purpose of this research is to get the compressive strength value of a concrete plate variation of 30% candlenut shells from the test results using a hammer test so as the results can be close to the results of testing using a compressive testing machine (destructive test). The research variable is the testing method (3 point of testing with angle 0°), the age of concrete plate curing, the method of curing (wet curing and dry curing). The number of samples of reinforced concrete slabs is 8 pieces measuring 50cm x 25 cm x 12cm. The research results are Compressive strength of concrete slabs of 30% candlenut shell variations using a Hammer test showed that the concrete strength reached 23-27 Mpa both in wet curing and dry curing or equivalent to the quality of K250 concrete at 28 days. The results also indicate higher values compared to normal concrete slabs.

Porous Ceramic As Basic Contruction Material Based Passive Cooling Clay Mixed With Charcoal Candlenut Shell (AleuritesMoluccana)

It has been made of porous ceramics made of clay with a mixture of candlenut shell activated charcoal through conventional techniques of printing and presses the clay composition variation: activated charcoal shell candlenut 100: 0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50: 50 grams. Clay and activated charcoal candlenut shells sifted with a particle size of 100 mesh. Clay and activated charcoal powder candlenut shells which have been mixed printed by the dry pressing method with the pressure of 5 tons was detained for 10 minutes. Then the beam-shaped sample was burned with a combustion temperature of 900°C and held for 3 hours. Each sample is characterized that include: physical properties (porosity, water absorption, and surface morphology), mechanical properties (hardness, compressive strength, and XRD) and thermal properties (DTA). The results showed that variations in the composition of clay: candlenut shell activated charcoal optimum at 50: 50-gram composition with 66.20% porosity; water absorption value of 69.42%; 298.19 Mpa hardness values; 6,75Mpa value of the compressive strength and optimum pore diameter 1.0785 μm with oxygen element content of 51.76%. The XRD results showed the addition of activated charcoal on a pecan shell does not form a porous ceramic crystallinity, and from the graph shows that the dominant crystal structure is monoclinic. DTA testing results 70°C and temperature endothermic temperature eksoterm450°C. The XRD results showed the addition of activated charcoal on a pecan shell does not form a porous ceramic crystallinity, and from the graph shows that the dominant crystal structure is monoclinic. DTA testing results 70°C and temperature endothermic temperature eksoterm450°C. The XRD results showed the addition of activated charcoal on a pecan shell does not form a porous ceramic crystallinity, and from the graph shows that the dominant crystal structure is monoclinic. DTA testing results in endothermic temperature 70°C and exotherm temperature 450°C.

Process of Activated Carbon form Coconut Shells Through Chemical Activation

Carbon or charcoal can be made from biomass or cellulose-containing materials such as coconut shells or candlenut shells using a thermal process. One of the thermal process is pyrolysis, which in this process, the material is converted to carbon. The results of pyrolysis are in the form of three types of products namely solids (charcoal / carbon), gas (fuel gas) and liquid (bio-oil). Other products are gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and some gases that have small contents. In general, the pyrolysis process takes place at temperatures above 300 ° C within 4-7 hours. Carbonized carbon or pyrolysis does not have a large adsorption capacity because the pore structure does not develop, so it is need activation process. One way to activate carbon is chemical activation. There is a need to know the best material for activating carbon through chemical process. This article aims to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various types of chemical activation and to determine the promising chemical for activation. From various methods of chemical activation, the activator that promises to make activated carbon is Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) because it can produce activated carbon which has a maximum micropore at operating conditions <450oC with a weight percent ratio between activator and sample around 29 - 52%.

The Effect Cytokinin Aplication and Kosarmas Fertilizer on Rice Seed Filling Impari Sembilan in Pintupadang.

Impari Sembilan is one of the superior varieties used in Pintupadang. This seedling is one of the superior varieties produced from an agricultural hall in Indonesia. Rice productivity efforts can be increased by using superior varieties administration of growth regulators. Cytokines application a role in the formation of grains and root during the initial process of grains development, affect the percentage of seed and will affect the yield. kosarmas fertilizer is an organic fertilizer from cow dung, charcoal, candlenut shell and golden snails as organic fertilizer which improves soil physic. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of cytokynins and KOSARMAS fertilizer on wet weight, dry weight, seed filling of Impari rice plants. This study used a completely randomized design with two factors, namely the cytokinin concentration of 0,10,25,50 ppm and Kosarmas liquid fertilizer concentration of 0,20,30,50 ml. Based on the analysis of error variance of 5%. Cytokinin at a concentration of 50 ppm increased the height of Impari rice stalks while cytokinin applied at a concentration of 25 ppm increased, the amount of fresh weight of 100 rice seed, dry weight of sed. A dose of 30 ml kosarmas fertilizer increases the total amount of panicle grain. REFERENCES Daie, J.1985.Carbohydrate partitioning and metabolism in crops.Hort.Review,7: 69-108. Gomez, K. A., And Gomez, A. A. 1976. Statistical Procedure For Agriculture Research With Emphasize On Rice. International Rice Research Institue, Los Banos Philipines Mukarim ,A. K. 2005. Peupukan berimbang pada tanaman pangan khusus padi sawah : Seminar Rutin Pulitbang Tanaman Pangan. Bogor. Ookura, T.Wada, M.Sakakakibara, Y.Jeong,K.H.Maruta, I.Kawamaru,Y and Kasamo,K.1994. Indentifacition and characterization of family of gene for the plasma membrane H+-ATP ase Oryza sativa L. Plant cell Physiol.,35:1251-1256. Oparka, K.J, and Gates ,. P.J.1981. Transport Of assimilates in the developing caryopsis of rice. Ultrastructure of the pericarp vascular bundle and its connection with the aleurone layer. Planta,151:561-573. Shah, S.H.2006.The response of nigella Sativa L.to foliar application of gibberellic acid and kinetin.Biol.Plant.In Press. Taize and Zeiger. 2002. Plant Physiology Third Edition. Sinauer Association: USA.