Candlenut Shell Research Articles

Determination of specific capacitance of modified candlenut shell based carbon as electrode material for supercapacitor

Surface modification of candlenut shell carbon (CSC) using three chemicals: nitric acid (HNO3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) has been carried out. Activation of CSC was performed using H3PO4 solution with different ratio between CSC and activator. Carbon surface area was determined by methylene blue adsorption method. Surface characterization was performed using FTIR spectroscopy and Boehm titration method. Specific capacitance of electrode prepared from CSAC (candlenuts shell activated carbon) materials was quantified by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) measurement. The surface area before and after activation are 105,127 m2/g, 112,488 m2/g, 124,190 m2/g, and 135,167 m2/g, respectively. Surface modification of CSAC showed the improvement in the chemical functionality of CSAC surface. Analyses using FTIR spectroscopy and Boehm titration showed that modifications with HNO3, H2SO4 and H2O2 on the surface of the CSAC increased the number of oxygen functional groups. As a consequence, the specific capacitance of CSAC modified with 65% HNO3 attained the highest value (127 μF/g). There is an incredible increase by a factor of 298% from electrode which was constructed with un-modified CSAC material. This increase correlates to the largest number of oxygen functional groups of CSAC modified with nitric acid (HNO3).

Characterization of Lignocellulosic Biomass as Raw Material for the Production of Porous Carbon-based Materials

Lignocellulosic biomass is a potential raw material that can be used in the synthesis (manufacture) of porous carbon stuffs. The properties of such porous carbon products are affected by the species of the raw material and the manufacturing process, among other things. This paper scrutinizes the related characteristics of lignocellulosic raw materials that indicate potential for the production of porous carbon. Three species were used: pine (Pinus merkusii) wood, mangium (Acacia mangium) wood, and candlenut (Aleurites moluccana) shells, representing softwoods, hardwoods, and non-wood stuffs, respectively. Analyses of their chemical compounds and proximate contents were carried out. Additionally, nano scale scrutiny of the lignocellulosic biomass was also conducted using the nano capable instruments, which consisted of SEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR, and DSC. Results revealed that pine wood had the most potential to produce porous carbon. Morphologically, pine wood afforded the best permeability, whereby at the structure of monoclinic cellulose crystals, there were cellulose-I(alpha) structures, which contained less cellulose-I(beta) structures. Furthermore, pine wood exhibited greater volatile matter content, as confirmed through the FTIR, which greatly assisted the forming of porosity inside its corresponding carbon.

Life Cycle Assessment of Catechols from Lignin Depolymerization

Lignin is the second most abundant natural polymer on Earth. The aromatic structure of lignin makes it a promising platform for biobased chemicals. Catalytic depolymerization of lignin has been demonstrated with high yields and selectivity, resulting in efficient conversion to target products. In this study, we performed a comparative process simulation and life cycle assessment (LCA) of catechol-derived products from lignin contained in candlenut shells with those conventionally derived from petrochemical phenol. The modeled biobased production pathway includes candlenut cultivation, nutshell separation and preparation, lignin extraction and purification, catalytic depolymerization of lignin, and catalyst synthesis. Commercial-scale process modeling was done in ASPEN Plus based on experimental data, while life cycle environmental burdens were modeled using the U.S. EPA’s TRACI 2.1 impact assessment method, covering 10 categories of resource use and impact. Comparison of biobased and fossil-based results ...

APLIKASI ARANG AKTIF TEMPURUNG KEMIRI SEBAGAI KOMPONEN MEDIA TUMBUH SEMAI MELINA

Application of activated charcoal in agriculture will give advantage for plant growth because will enrich nutrients, mantain soil properties, enhance root development and increase microorganism propagation and activities that would support the plant growth. The objective of this research is to examine the effect of Candlenut shell activated charcoal addition into culture medium on seedling growth of Gmelina arborea Roxb. Candlenut shell (Aleurites moluccana Willd) was carbonised in drum kiln to produce charcoal, then the charcoal was activated in electrical retort which generates steam with heating duration of 120 minutes at temperature of 7500 C. The activated charcoal was applied into culture medium of G. arborea seedling with concentration of 5, 10 and 15% by weigth of culture medium. The results showed that addition of the activated charcoal into culture medium significantly increased heigth, stem diameter and biomass dryweigth of G. arborea seedling. The addition of 15% activated charcoal into the culture medium has given the best results with the increased heigth, stem diameter and biomass dryweigth respectively 8.2, 45.95 and 58.82%. Keywords : Activated charcoal, candlenut shell (Aleurites moluccana), culture medium, seedling, Gmelina arborea

Accelerated Solvent Extraction of Lignin from Aleurites moluccana (Candlenut) Nutshells

Lignin from candlenut shells was isolated using an ethanol-water accelerated solvent extraction method. Yields (based on Klason lignin) increased from about 14 to 33% as temperature increased from 100 to 195 °C and were also influenced by the amount of aqueous acid used to precipitate lignin from the extraction liquor. These yields were higher than could be obtained using a conventional dioxane-water acidolysis method. The resulting lignin was characterized by IR, 31P NMR, and 1H-13C HMQC NMR spectroscopic techniques. The lignin contained predominantly guaiacyl units, and both the total hydroxyl group content and phenolic hydroxyl group content were high.

Production of activated carbon from candlenut shell by CO 2 activation

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