Canavalia Gladiata Research Articles

Food legume production in China

Food legumes comprise all legumes grown for human food in China as either dry grains or vegetables, except for soybean and groundnut. China has a vast territory with complex ecological conditions. Rotation, intercropping, and mixed cropping involving pulses are normal cropping systems in China. Whether indigenous or introduced crops, pulses have played an important role in Chinese cropping systems and made an important contribution to food resources for humans since ancient times. The six major food legume species (pea, faba bean, common bean, mung bean, adzuki bean, and cowpea) are the most well-known pulses in China, as well as those with more local distributions; runner bean, lima bean, chickpea, lentil, grass pea, lupine, rice bean, black gram, hyacinth bean, pigeon pea, velvet bean, winged bean, guar bean, sword bean, and jack bean. China has remained the world's leading producer of peas, faba beans, mung beans, and adzuki beans in recent decades, as documented by FAO statistics and China Agriculture Statistical Reports. The demand for food legumes as a healthy food will markedly increase with the improvement of living standards in China. Since China officially joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, imports of pea from Canada and Australia have rapidly increased, resulting in reduced prices for dry pea and other food legumes. With reduced profits for food legume crops, their sowing area and total production has decreased within China. At the same time, the rising consumer demand for vegetable food legumes as a healthy food has led to attractive market prices and sharp production increases in China. Vegetable food legumes have reduced growing duration and enable flexibility in cropping systems. In the future, production of dry food legumes will range from stable to slowly decreasing, while production of vegetable food legumes will continue to increase.

Efecto de coyolillo (Cyperus rotundus) sobre el crecimiento de canavalia (Canavalia ensiformis).

During the summer 1995, at the Experimental and Training Station of the Agronomy School of the University of El Salvador, an experiment was established by alternating sword bean (0.80 m. x 0.50 m) with maize (0.80 m. x 0.30 m.), under zero management. The plot was divided in two areas one with a high infestation of “coyolillo” and other with a predominance of wide-leaf weeds, such as Baltimora recta, Melantera sp., Lantana camara, and Panicum sp. Samples were taken in each area every 10 days, by using 10 sword plants to determine the following variables: plant height, dry weight, absolute growth rate, and relative average growth rate. The infestation with Cyperus initially oscillated between 1200 to 1650 young sprouts/m2. The experiment was analyzed under the concept of paired plots. The results indicated significant differences for the height of Canavalia plants, increasing from 10 dds to 20 and 30 dds, reaching the maximum growth in the plot without Cyperus, reaching 108 cm at 40 dds, in contrast with plants with competence by Cyperus, which attained a maximum height of 82.9 cm. This showed an unfavorable competition to Canavalia, which was also supported by the accumulation of dry matter.

Changes in Soil Available Phosphorus, Leaf Phosphorus Content and Yield of Sword Bean (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) by Application of SP-36 and Phosphate Rock on Acid Upland Soil of East Lampung

A glasshouse trial was performed to determine changes in phosphorus (P) nutrition and the yield of sword bean (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) following the application of different rates and types of P fertilizer in an acid upland soil of East Lampung. Two different types of P fertilizer, namely SP-36 (total P = 36%) and Phosphate Rock (PR) (total P = 24.3%, particle size distribution = 75% <0.25 mm, 85% < 0.50 mm, 90% < 1.00 mm) were used in the trial. For the treatment, each P fertilizer type consisted of four rates (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg P2O5 kg-1 soil) that were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design with four replications. The results showed that the application of P fertilizers had significant effects on soil pH, soil plant-available P, the potential-P (HCl 25%), leaf N and P concentrations, the yield of sword bean. Increased rates of both forms of P fertilizer increased the soil pH values. As the soil used had low pH and very high exchangeable Al, hence, this result is most probably related to the addition of Ca2+ to the soil solution that resulted from the P fertiliser applied (liming effect), either from SP-36 (monocalcium phosphate) or PR (flour apatite). There was no difference in soil available P concentration due to the different in P fertilizer types, indicating that 4 months after the fertilizer application, the relatively insoluble Phosphate Rock had the same P solubility with SP-36. Increased rates of both forms of P fertilizer increased the sword bean yield. For the application of 0 kg P2O5 ha-1, although sword bean crops had pods, but, they did not give any seed. Whereas, at the addition of P fertilizer at the rate of 50, 100, and 150 kg P2O5 ha-1 for both P fertilizer types, the crops were able to give the seeds in the pods. [How to Cite: Achmad AR. 2015. Changes in Soil Available Phosphorus, Leaf Phosphorus Content and Yield of Sword Bean (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) by Application of SP-36 and Phosphate Rock on Acid Upland Soil of East Lampung. J Trop Soils 19: 29-36. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2015.20.1.29][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2015.20.1.29]

Study on Utilization and Perception of Jochung

The purpose of this study was to investigate the usage and perception jochung Self-administered questionnaires were collected from 445 living residents in the Daegu and Gyeongbuk areas. When purchasing jochung, respondents answered that they considered both and taste. Recognition rate scores jochung were in the order of brown rice, balloon flower, plum, and corn. On the other hand, recognition rate scores purple radish, sword bean, and sasa quelpaertensis were very low. Preference and intake levels of jochung were in the order of plum, corn, sorghum, strawberry and balloon flower. On the other hand, preferences purple radish, sword bean, and Hovenia dulcis were very low. Reasons eating jochung as a sweetener were identified as due to family, friend, or neighbor (40.1%) and for health (39.2%), and 54.6% ate it once or twice per week. Consumers showed low preference different jochung used as sweeteners, and did not exactly recognize the characteristics of various jochung. Furthermore, 70.8% replied increasing prospects jochung consumption. To increase consumption of jochung, there is a need greater hygiene and safety with regards to jochung products as well as variations and improvements in quality.

Effect of Canavalia gladiata Extract Fermented with Aspergillus oryzae on the Development of Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga Mice

Canavalia gladiata has been used as a Chinese traditional folk medicine for its anti-inflammatory properties. However, the use of C. gladiata is limited because it contains antinutritional and allergy-causing proteins. We fermented C. gladiata with Aspergillus oryzae and investigated the effects of fermented C. gladiata (FCG) on the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) in mice. The mice were divided into five groups: untreated Balb/c mice; AD control (NC/Nga mice); FCGH (NC/Nga mice fed a dietary supplement of 300 mg/kg fermented C. gladiata water extract); FCG30 (NC/Nga mice fed a dietary supplement of 300 mg/kg of fermented C. gladiata 30% ethanol extract), and FCG80 (NC/Nga mice fed a dietary supplement of 300 mg/kg of fermented C. gladiata 80% ethanol extract). We found increases in the nonessential amino acids and essential amino acid in the FCG compared with the non-FCG. FCG attenuated macroscopic and histopathological changes in dorsal skin of mice when compared with the AD control group. The FCG30 and FCG80 groups, in particular, showed significant decreases in scratching episodes when compared with the AD control group. FCG improved immune responses, including increases in IgE and histamine for AD, through attenuation of Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance and the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. We suggest that FCG may have benefits for improvement of AD function by improving the balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines and by producing anti-inflammatory effects.

Sword bean (Canavalia gladiata) as a source of antioxidant phenolics

SummarySword beans (Canavalia gladiata) have been used as grain legumes and medicinal plants in China for thousands of years. To explore new natural antioxidant sources, the antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition in the soluble and bound fractions of three sword bean genotypes were evaluated in vitro. The red and black sword beans were found to have antioxidant capacity compared to the white sword bean, and this was attributed to their red and black bean coats, which possessed extremely high phenolic content. Gallic acid and its derivatives, such as methyl gallate, digalloyl hexoside and digallic acid, were the main phenolic compounds in the coats of red and black sword beans. Therefore, the red and black sword beans, especially their bean coats, are good sources of antioxidant phenolics and may have potential health benefits.

Changes in Soil Available Phosphorus, Leaf Phosphorus Content and Yield of Sword Bean (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) by Application of SP-36 and Phosphate Rock on Acid Upland Soil of East Lampung

Changes in Soil Available Phosphorus, Leaf Phosphorus Content and Yield of Sword Bean (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) by Application of SP-36 and Phosphate Rock on Acid Upland Soil of East Lampung

식중독원인균에 대한 작두콩 추출물의 항균활성

Various solvents (chloroform, hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and hot water) were tested to investigate the antimicrobial activities of sword bean (Canavalia gladiata) against 12 food poisoning bacteria. Chloroform, hexane, ethyl acetate and hot water extracts had no antimicrobial activities, but ethanol extract showed V. parahemolyticus 10 mm, S. sonnei 9 mm, and methanol extract showed strong activities in order of V. parahemolyt- icus 22 mm, S. sonnei 21 mm, L. monocytogenes 20 mm by disk diffusion. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were also determined. The methanol extract had MIC values of 50 mg/mL against S. Typhimurium, V. para- hemolyticus, and S. sonnei and values of 100 mg/mL against other 7 food poisoning bacteria and values of 200 mg/ mL against Y. enterocolitica and MRSA. The inhibitory effect of methanol sword bean extract on the growth of V. parahemolyticus was investigated. Growth of the strain occurred at the concentration of 0.5% extract and was inhib- ited continuously at 1.0 and 1.5% for 30hours after inoculation, whereas the strain was completely inhibited at 2.0% after 9hours of inoculation

Characterization of five subgroups of the sieve element occlusion gene family in Glycine max reveals genes encoding non-forisome P-proteins, forisomes and forisome tails

P-proteins are structural phloem proteins discussed to be involved in the rapid sealing of injured sieve elements. P-proteins are found in all dicotyledonous and some monocotyledonous plants, but additional crystalloid P-proteins, known as forisomes, have evolved solely in the Fabaceae. Both types are encoded by members of the sieve element occlusion (SEO) gene family, which comprises seven phylogenetic subgroups. The Fabaceae-specific subgroup 1 contains genes encoding forisome subunits in e.g. Medicago truncatula, Vicia faba, Dipteryx panamensis and Canavalia gladiata whereas basal subgroup 5 encodes P-proteins in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) and Arabidopsis thaliana. The function of remaining subgroups is still unknown. We chose Glycine max (soybean) as a model to investigate SEO proteins representing different subgroups in one species. We isolated native P-proteins to determine the SEO protein composition and analyzed the expression pattern, localization and structure of the G. max SEO proteins representing five of the subgroups. We found that subgroup 1 GmSEO genes encode forisome subunits, a member of subgroup 5 encodes a non-forisome P-protein and subgroup 2 GmSEO genes encode the components of forisome tails, which are present in a restricted selection of Fabaceaen species. We therefore present the first molecular characterization of a Fabaceae non-forisome P-protein and the first evidence that forisome tails are encoded by a phylogenetically-distinct branch of the SEO gene family.

Substitusi Tepung Kedelai dengan Tepung Biji Koro Pedang (Canavalia ensiformis) Terhadap Pertumbuhan, Survival Rate dan Efisiensi Pakan Ikan Nila Merah <br><i>[Substitution Of Soybean Meal With Sword Bean Seed Meal (Canavalia ensiformis) On Growth, Survival Rate And Feed Efficiency Of Red Tilapia]<i>

Abstract Red tilapia is kind of freshwater culture fish is quite popular because it has several advantages compared with other types of freshwater fish. To fullfil the demand of red tilapia can be overcome by cultivation. Effort to increase the production of red tilapia is to improve the quality of feed. The purpose of this study was to try the effect of the use of sword bean seed meal on the growth rate, survival rate and feed efficiency of red tilapia. The research method is experimental with completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and four replications. The treatments used were: (A) sword beans seed meal at 0% and soybean meal by 50%, (B) 10% sword beans seed meal and 40% soybean meal, (C) 20% sword beans seed meal and 30% soybean meal, (D) 30% sword beans seed meal and 20% soybean meal and (E) 40% sword beans seed meal and 10% soybean meal. The main parameters that measured were growth, survival rate and feed efficiency. Secondary parameters measured were water quality. Analysis of the data using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and to know the difference between treatments using Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Results showed the administration of sword bean seed meal on feed rations provide a significantly different effect (p<0.05) on the growth and feed efficiency but not significantly on survival rate of red tilapia (p>0.05 ). Highest daily growth rate obtained on treatment B on feed containing 10% of sword bean meal (1.20 %) was significantly different than treatment A (1.02 %), C (0.88 %) , D (0.85 %) and E (0.75 %) . Lowest daily growth rate was treatment E that significantly different with treatment A and B but not significantly different with treatments C and D. Highest feed efficiency obtained on treatment B (30.29 %) was not significantly different than treatment A (27.56 %), C (25.95 %) and D (27.78 %). Lowest feed efficiency was treatment E (17.84 %) significantly different than treatment B. Subtitution of sword bean seed meal in feed rations gave result that was not significantly different effect on the level of survival of red tilapia. Water quality of red tilapia rearing media was temperature range between 25-28° C, pH 7-8, dissolved oxygen 2-5 mg/L and ammonia 1.5 to 3.0 mg/L.

Protective effect of Canavalia gladiata (sword bean) fruit extracts and its flavanoidal contents, against azathioprine-induced toxicity in hepatocytes of albino rats

This study was aimed at evaluating the hepatoprotective activity of Canavalia gladiata seed extract in azathioprine (AZP) intoxicated rats. AZP (1 mg/ml i.p.) was administered for 22 days to induce hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Canavalia gladiata seed extract was prepared using methanol and water. The methanolic extract of Canavalia gladiata at a dose of 100 or 200 mg/kg was used to determine hepatoprotective activity by measuring liver tissue damage markers like serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin levels. The levels of these markers were markedly decreased compared to the AZP group. Canavalia gladiata seed extract doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly reduced AZP-induced hepatotoxicity and these results were supported by histopathological findings. Data indicate the hepatoprotective activity of natural herbal extract in hepatocytes of AZP-treated rats.

Inhibitory effects of sword bean extract on alveolar bone resorption induced in rats byPorphyromonas gingivalisinfection

The domesticated legume, Canavalia gladiata (commonly called the sword bean), is known to contain canavanine. The fruit is used in Chinese and Japanese herbal medicine for treating the discharge of pus, but its pharmacological mechanisms are still unclear. This study examined the effect of sword bean extract (SBE) on (i) oral bacteria and human oral epithelial cells in vitro, and (ii) the initiation and progression of experimental Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced alveolar bone resorption in rats. A high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet method was applied to quantitate canavanine in SBE. By assessing oral bacterial growth, we estimated the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of SBE, canavanine, chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) solution. The cytotoxicity of SBE, canavanine, CHX, leupeptin and cystatin for KB cells was determined using a trypan blue assay. The effects of SBE, canavanine, leupeptin and cystatin on Arg-gingipain (Rgp) and Lys-gingipain (Kgp) were evaluated by colorimetric assay using synthetic substrates. To examine its effects on P.gingivalis-associated periodontal tissue breakdown, SBE was orally administered to P.gingivalis-infected rats. Sword bean extract contained 6.4% canavanine. SBE and canavanine inhibited the growth of P.gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The cytotoxicity of SBE, canavanine and cystatin on KB cells was significantly lower than that of CHX. Inhibition of Rgp with SBE was comparable to that with leupeptin, a known Rgp inhibitor, and inhibition of Kgp with SBE was significantly higher than that with leupeptin at 500μg/mL ( p<0.05). P.gingivalis-induced alveolar bone resorption was significantly suppressed by administration of SBE, with bone levels remaining comparable to non-infected animals ( p<0.05). The present study suggests that SBE might be effective against P.gingivalis-associated alveolar bone resorption.

Screening and Partial Purification of Lectin from Various Bangladeshi Plant Seeds

Lectins are group of proteins or glycoprotein of non immunological origins, which can recognize specific carbohydrate structure. In this research work hemaggulutination was used as technique for screening Bangladeshi vegetables for lectin. Five varieties of legume plant seeds Canavalia gladiata(Sword bean),Lens culinaris (Moshordal), Peasum sativam (Motorsuti), Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (Borboti), Cajanus cajan (Arhordal), one Amaranthaceae Amaranthus caudate (katoadata) and one fruit Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) species from Bangladesh were examined for lectins with chicken and human erythrocytes. Crude extracts from all the species showed agglutinating activity against the erythrocytes used. The lowest protein concentration required to produce erythrocytes agglutination varied remarkable ranging from 0.7 µg/ml to 8080 µg/ml. The strongest activities were shown in the agglutination of human blood erythrocytes by partial purification of lectin from Moshordal and chicken blood erythrocyte from Katoadata and Sword bean. Inhibition assays performed with mono and disaccharides showed that agglutinating of erythrocytes by Sword bean, Moshordal, Motorsuti and Arhordal extracts were completely inhibited where others three were not inhibited by the sugars. Amonium sulphate at 90% saturation followed by dialysis. Sword bean, Arhordal, Watermelon, Borboti, Motorsuti, Moshordal and Katoadata respectively which correspond to the 144.21 mg, 202.5 mg, 135 mg, 179.4 mg, 6 mg, 288 mg, and 72.8 mg are the total protein content.

Evaluation of Multiple-Use Cover Crops under Rainfed during Two Seasons in Yucatan, Mexico

The aim of the study was assessing seven legumes as cover crops during cropping seasons of the years 2000 and 2001 in the central region of the Yucatan. An experimental design of randomized blocks with arrangement of split plots was used; where treatment was the legume, and sub-treatment, was the management of defoliation, 90 days after sowing (DAS) or after harvesting the grain (AHG). Treatments were: short-cycle seed white lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), long-cycle seed white lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), dwarf velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis), ash velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis), sword bean (Canavalia ensiformis) and red rice bean (Vigna umbellata). It was collected data on coverage and biomass production, grain, leaf litter and stubble yields, biomass and relative frequency of weeds, pH, total nitrogen, organic matter (OM), potential anaerobic mineralization of nitrogen (MPAN) and soil CO2 evolution. Coverage varied from 70% to 90%; and biomass from 1900 to 2500 kg·DM·ha-1 at 90 DAS in ash velvet bean (AVB) and sword bean (SB). Stubble yielded from 800 to 2200 kg·DM·ha-1. The SB reached ~3200 kg·DM·ha-1 of grain yield in the first cropping season and it was reduced in the second cropping season. AVB and SB reduced the biomass of weeds from 890 to 780 kg·DM·ha-1. The OM of soil reached 14.9% in AVB. NH4, pH, and soil CO2 evolution remained without significant changes by effect of legumes.

Assesment of Processing Methods on the Chemical Composition of Sword Bean (Canavaliagladiata)

The Canavalia glandiata used for this study was cultivated for the purpose of this study in Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria. The seed flour was subjected to different processing methods, which includes cooking, roasting and autoclaving. The effects of various processing methods on the nutritional, anti-nutritional, mineral composition and protein quality of seed flours were assessed. Again, the minerals detected in all the samples were; calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron copper, and zinc. The results in several aspects, compared favourably with those reported for many conventional edible legumes. Again, there is evidence of anti- nutritional factors in the seed, which were reduced by the processing methods adopted. However, the raw and processed seed flours appeared to be unsuitable as sole sources of dietary protein especially in human diets. Their incorporation in diets along with other protein resources is therefore suggested as a way of enhancing the utilization of these differently processed legume seed flours.

작두콩의 메탄올 추출물로부터 항산화 활성 화합물의 분리 및 동정

본 연구는 항산화 활성이 뛰어난 작두콩의 메탄올 추출물을 대상으로 극성차를 이용한 용매분획을 행하여 n-hexane층, <TEX>$CHCl_3$</TEX>층, EtOAc층, butanol층, 그리고 <TEX>$H_2O$</TEX>층을 얻었다. 그중 활성이 가장 높은 EtOAc층을 대상으로 silica gel column chromatography 및 HPLC를 행하여 4종의 활성 화합물을 분리하고, MS 및 NMR분석을 통하여 구조해석을 행하였다. 그 결과 화합물 1-4는 methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (methyl gallate, 화합물 1), 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (gallic acid, 화합물 2), 1,6-di-O-galloyl <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-<TEX>$\small{D}$</TEX>-glucopyranoside (화합물 3), 그리고 1,4,6-tri-O-galloyl <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-<TEX>$\small{D}$</TEX>-glucopyranoside (화합물 4)로 각각 동정되었다. 그리고 분리 화합물들의 DPPH radical-scavenging 활성은 화합물 4>화합물 3>화합물 2>화합물 1 순으로 평가되었다. 또 분리된 양을 기준으로 하였을 때, 화합물 1과 2는 작두콩 중에 다른 화합물들에 비해 다량으로 존재해있을 것으로 시사되었으며, 이들 화합물이 작두콩의 항산화 활성에 상당부분 기여하고 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 또한 화합물 4는 본 연구를 통해 작두콩으로부터는 처음 분리 동정되었다. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) layer of Canavalia gladiata (sword bean) methanol extracts showed higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity than other layers. Four phenolic compounds were isolated from the EtOAc layer by silica gel column chromatography and prep-HPLC using a guided DPPH radical-scavenging assay. The isolated compounds were identified as methyl gallate (1), gallic acid (2), 1,6-di-O-galloyl <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-<TEX>$\small{D}$</TEX>-glucopyranoside (3), and 1,4,6-tri-O-galloyl <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-<TEX>$\small{D}$</TEX>-glucopyranoside (4) based on MS and NMR analyses. Among the four compounds, no. 4 was isolated from this plant for the first time. Their DPPH radical-scavenging activities based on <TEX>$SC_{50}$</TEX> decreased in the following order: 4 (6.9 <TEX>${\mu}M$</TEX>)>3 (8.3 <TEX>${\mu}M$</TEX>)>2 (10.0 <TEX>${\mu}M$</TEX>)>1 (10.3 <TEX>${\mu}M$</TEX>).

Effect of Cheonggukjang Made from Sword Bean on Serum Lipid Profile and Tissue Change in Rats

This study was to investigate serum triglyceride (TG), phospholipid (PL), and cholesterol concentrations after feeding the combined diets of prepared traditional Cheonggukjang (TC) or Cheonggukjang made from sword bean powder (CS), the feed, and high-fat cholesterols at certain ratio for 8 weeks in rats, and then confirmed the effects of the diets based on the changes in the tissues of livers, kidneys, and spleens. The serum TG concentrations were lower in CS group compared to that of in TC group. The increase of PL concentrations was greater in CS group than that of TC group. FChCS6 group (92% feed+2% cholesterol+6% CS) showed the lowest total-cholesterol (T-C), 60.1±8.5mg/dL, indicating that CS was effective to lower the T-C. Both TG/PL and T-C/PL ratio tended to be decreased. As CS intake was effective in the reduction of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol level as well as the increase of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, it would be effective in the prevention of adult diseases and circulatory diseases. It was confirmed that there were no changes in organ appearance and tissues in the rats with CS intake. Therefore, CS intake showed superior functionalities than that of TC intake.

Homologous Canavalia Lectins Elicit Different Patterns of Antinociceptive Responses

Canavalia gladiata (CGL), C. maritima (ConM) and C. brasiliensis (ConBr) lectins were evaluated in nociception models. ConBr inhibited first (32%) and second (100%) phases of the formalin test; CGL inhibited only the first (74%) and ConM only the second (59%) phase. Hypernociception evaluated in the Von Frey test was inhibited by ConM (55%), CGL (41%) and ConBr (38%). Acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing was reduced by ConBr (66%), CGL (52%) and ConM (60%). ConBr and CGL effects were reversed by the lectin association with its ligand sugar. The antinociceptive activity of the structural homologous lectins was differentiated by potency, efficacy and mechanisms.

Sca-1+골수조혈세포에서 JAK2/STAT5/GATA-1 신호전달 경로를 통한 다채, 도두 그리고 두 조합물에 의한 조혈증진 조절에 관한 연구

Objectives : Brassica campestris var narinosa (BCN), Canavalia gladiata DC semen (CGD) and their combinational prescription (BCN+CGD) have been use to demonstrate to regulate hematopoiesis. In the current study, we investigated whether Brassica campestris var narinosa, Canavalia gladiata DC semen and their combinational prescription is related to hemato-potentiating function using Sca-<TEX>$1^+$</TEX> hematopoietic stem cells (Sca-<TEX>$1^+HSCs$</TEX>) as a testing system. Methods : Sca-<TEX>$1^+HSCs$</TEX> isolated from femur in C57bl/6 mice with leukopenia and thrombocytopenia induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX). Then, Real-time PCR was performed to measure the mRNA expression, ELISA and haematopoiesis-related gene (EPO, TPO, IL-3, SCF, c-kit, GM-CSF), the phosphorylation of JAK2, GATA-1 and STAT-5a/b were observed by western blot, and the numbers of <TEX>$CD117^+/Sca-1^+$</TEX> cell and the number of granulocyte erythrocyte monocyte macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GEMM) and erythroid burst forming units (BFU-E), semisolid clonogenic assay was performed. Result : When Sca-<TEX>$1^+HSCs$</TEX> were treated with Brassica campestris var narinosa, Canavalia gladiata DC semen and their combinational prescription with rIL-3/rSCF, the expression of haematopoiesis-related (EPO, TPO, IL-3, SCF, c-kit, and GM-CSF) were significantly increased at the levels of mRNA as well as production in Sca-<TEX>$1^+HSCs$</TEX>. Additionally, CGS enhanced phosphorylation of JAK2, GATA-1, and signal transducer and activator of transcription-5a/b (STAT-5a/b) in Sca-<TEX>$1^+HSCs$</TEX>. Furthermore, their combinational prescription (BCN+CGD) significantly enhanced the growth rate of granulocyte erythrocyte monocyte macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GEMM) and erythroid burst forming units (BFU-E) in vitro. Conclusion : These result suggest that Brassica campestris var narinosa (BCN) and Canavalia gladiata DC have hematopoietic enhancement via hematopoietic cytokine-mediated JAK2/GATA-1/STAT-5a/b pathway, and their combinational prescription (BCN+CGD) has superior hematopoietic enhancement to those of individual extracts.

Evaluation of Mycorrhizal Influence on the Development and Phytoremediation Potential of Canavalia Gladiata in Pb-Contaminated Soils

Soil contamination by heavy metals is a serious problem to humans due to its high level of toxicity. The heavy metal lead (Pb) is commonly used in industries and if the disposal of residues that contain this element is not done properly may result in tragic consequences to the organisms. In this experiment we assessed the potential of a forrage leguminous, Canavalia gladiata, to phytoremediate lead-contaminated soil under mycorrhizal influence. The experimental design was composed of 4 Pb doses (0, 250, 500, and 1000 mg kg−1 of soil) and the plants were inoculated or uninoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). We observed that the nodulation was severely affected by the presence of Pb independently of the mycorrhizal status; most of the elements analyzed were affected independently of the mycorrhizal status with exception of P. The mycorrhizal colonization was able to restrict the entrance of Pb in plants under high concentrations of Pb but promoted it's accumulation in both organs under intermediate concentrations of this element. Besides the mycorrhization did not promote plant growth under Pb stress, the use of this plant may be considered to be used for phytostabilization purposes.