Canavalia Gladiata Research Articles

Consumption patterns and usage of selected underutilized legumes in a Ghanaian community

AbstractUnderutilized legumes are a good source of plant proteins, but they exhibit a hard‐to‐cook nature and poor digestibility due to the presence of anti‐nutritional factors. This study focused on the factors that drive the utilization of selected underutilized legumes in the Techiman municipality of Ghana. The legumes studied were Vigna subterrenea (Bambara groundnut), Cajanus cajan (Pigeon pea), Phaseolus lunatus (Lima bean), Parkia biglobosa (African Locust bean), and Canavalia gladiata (Sword bean). The survey provided insight into the familiarity, uses, preparation methods, and the extent of knowledge of their nutritional benefits. The demographics of the participants studied were also described, and statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics. The results showed that the legumes were well recognized despite their underutilized status and they find use primarily in domestic savory food preparation. Consumption was mostly occasional despite the knowledge of its nutritional benefits. Processing mainly referred to boiling with prior removal of foreign materials and soaking in water. Nutrition stood out as the most desired property. Strategies aiming at maximizing the use of these legumes must be considered and developed since these legumes appear to be a formidable resource for combating the prevalent food insecurity in Africa.

First report of Soybean mosaic virus of sword bean in South Korea.

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a member of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae. Legume crops are often infected by SMV. SMV has not been naturally isolated from sword bean (Canavalia gladiata) in South Korea. In July 2021, 30 samples of sword bean were collected at the field located in Hwasun and Muan, Jeonnam, Korea to investigate viruses infecting sword bean. The samples exhibited symptoms typical of viral infection such as mosaic pattern and, mottling of leaves. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) techniques were employed to identify the agent of viral infection in sword bean samples. Total RNA was extracted from the samples using the Easy-SpinTM Total RNA Extraction Kit (Intron, Seongnam, Korea). Out of the 30 samples, seven were found to be infected by the SMV. RT-PCR was performed using RT-PCR Premix (GeNet Bio, Daejeon, Korea) with SMV-specific primer set, forward primer (SM-N40, 5'-CATATCAGTTTGTTGGGCA-3') and the reverse primer (SM-C20, 5'-TGCCTATACCCTCAACAT-3'), yielding a product of 492 bp (Lim et al., 2014). RT-LAMP was performed using RT-LAMP Premix (EIKEN Chemical, Tokyo, Japan) with SMV-specific primer set, the forward primer (SML-F3, 5'-GACGATGAACAGATGGGC-3', SML-FIP, 5'-GCATCTGGAGATGTGCTTTTGTGGTTATGAATGGTTTCATGG-3') and reverse primer (SML-B3, 5'-TCTCAGAGTTGGTTTTGCA-3', SML-BIP, 5'-GCGTGTGGGTGATGATGGATTTTTTCGACAATGGGTTTCAGC-3') for diagnosis of viral infection (Lee et al., 2015). The full coat protein genes of seven isolates were amplified using RT-PCR to determine their nucleotide sequence. The standard nucleotide BLAST (blastn suite) showed that the seven isolates had approximately 98.2-100% homology with SMV isolates (FJ640966, MT603833, MW079200, and MK561002) in NCBI GenBank. The sequences of seven isolates were deposited in the GenBank database under the accession numbers: OP046403-9. For the pathogenicity assay of the isolate, the crude saps from SMV-infected samples were mechanically inoculated into sword bean. Fourteen days after inoculation, the mosaic symptoms were observed on the upper leaves of sword bean. As a result of the RT-PCR diagnosis in the upper leaves, SMV was reconfirmed in sword bean. This is the first report of natural SMV infection in sword bean. As sword beans are increasingly consumed for teas, transmitted seeds are resulting in a decrease in pod production and quality. It is necessary to develop efficient methods of seed processing and management strategies to control SMV infection in sword bean.

Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory activity of Canavalia gladiata

The present study was done to determine whether scimitar bean or sword bean (Canavalia gladiata) seeds that had been stored for a year contained any proximate phytochemical equivalents and to assess their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In order of increasing polarity, hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol were employed to extract phytochemicals from sword bean seeds. Hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract each had a phytochemical yield of 0.23%, 0.26%, and 1.46%, respectively. Quantitative analysis of the extracts revealed that methanol extract had the highest levels of total polyphenolic contents (TPC) (17.74±1.929mg of gallic acid equivalents/g DM) and total tannin contents (TTC) (49.94±1.94mg of tannic acid equivalents/g DM), while hexane extract had the highest levels of total flavonoid contents (TFC) (9.06±1.197mg of quercetin equivalents/g DM). In C. gladiata seed extracts, tannins made up the majority of all phytochemicals. The solvent extract from C. gladiata seeds also showed strong antioxidant activity as measured by the total antioxidant and DPPH assays. Based on the inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of the DPPH assay, the ethyl acetate extract was shown to be the most effective antioxidant of all extracts (12.68±0.027µg/ml). Anti-inflammatory properties of extracts were evaluated by the egg albumin denaturation method, heat-induced and hypo-tonicityinduced HRBC membrane stabilization methods. The results of the heat-induced HRBC membrane stabilization method with an IC50of 613.39±0.975 µg/ml and hypo-tonicity induced HRBC membrane stabilization method with an IC50of 185.91±11.008 µg/ml revealed that ethyl acetate extract has significantly higher anti-inflammatory activity whereas methanol extract has shown higher anti-inflammatory activity as per egg albumin denaturation method with an IC50of 636±3.51µg/ml. Results showed that C. gladiata seed contains varying levels of phytochemical equivalents and indicate that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential varied significantly and have a potential comparable to the standard drugs, ascorbic acid and Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT). Hence, C. gladiata seeds that have been stored for a year could be a good source of phytochemicalsand they can be used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other formulations.

Genome resources for underutilised legume crops: genome sizes, genome skimming and marker development

Underutilised crops suffer from under-investigation relative to more mainstream crops, but often possess improved stress tolerance and/or nutrition, making them potentially important for breeding programmes in the context of climate change and an expanding human population. Developing basic genome resources for underutilised crops may therefore catalyse analyses to facilitate their use, through improved understanding of population structure, phylogeny, candidate genes, and linkage mapping. We carried out nuclear and plastid genome sequencing and assembly for five underutilised legumes: jack bean, sword bean, Kersting’s groundnut, moth bean, and zombi pea. Using only ‘off-the-shelf’, free-to-use bioinformatic tools, we also developed a simple but effective pipeline to identify thousands of markers, which could be applied in other species. We assembled 53–68% of the genome and 73–95% of the gene space in the five legumes. The assemblies were fragmented but nevertheless useful for identifying between 34,000—60,000 microsatellites. Examination of 32 markers in zombi pea revealed 16 primer pairs which amplified in at least half of the eight accessions tested and were polymorphic. We also present nuclear genome size estimates for 17 legume taxa (12 for the first time), comprising the above five species as well as other domesticated legume species and crop wild relatives. We aim for the newly developed markers and genome size estimates presented here to be useful for the research community by aiding genomic and population genetic studies for these taxa, and to provide information on approaches that can be applied for investigating other important yet underutilised crops.

Comparison of Soluble Dietary Fibers Extracted from Ten Traditional Legumes: Physicochemical Properties and Biological Functions.

Soluble dietary fibers (SDFs) exist as the major bioactive components in legumes, which exhibit various biological functions. To improve the potential applications of legume SDFs as healthy value-added products in the functional food industry, the physicochemical properties and biological functions of SDFs from ten selected traditional legumes, including mung bean, adzuki bean, red bean, red sword bean, black bean, red kidney bean, speckled kidney bean, common bean, white hyacinth bean, and pea, were studied and compared. Results showed that the physicochemical properties of SDFs varied in different species of legumes. All legume SDFs almost consisted of complex polysaccharides, which were rich in pectic-polysaccharides, e.g., homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) domains. In addition, hemicelluloses, such as arabinoxylan, xyloglucan, and galactomannan, existed in almost all legume SDFs, and a large number of galactomannans existed in SDFs from black beans. Furthermore, all legume SDFs exhibited potential antioxidant, antiglycation, immunostimulatory, and prebiotic effects, and their biological functions differed relative to their chemical structures. The findings can help reveal the physicochemical and biological properties of different legume SDFs, which can also provide some insights into the further development of legume SDFs as functional food ingredients.

Functional properties and chemical constituents of eight underutilized Ghanaian legumes

The aim of this study was to determine the potential of some Ghanaian underutilized legumes in helping to reduce the problems of poverty, hunger and malnutrition among the vulnerable group of the Ghanaian population. The study looked into the functional properties, fat and fatty acid distribution, raffinose, sucrose, glucose, fructose, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, cyanide and isoflavone contents of raw and processed seed flours of Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Canavalia gladiata, Mucuna pruriens, Parkia biglobosa, Phaseolus lunatus and Vigna subterranea. The parameters mentioned above were also determined for raw fruit flour of Dialium guineense. In addition to these, the study also looked into the crude protein and starch contents of the raw and processed seed flours of Canavalia gladiata, Parkia biglobosa and Vigna subterranea. The obtained results suggest that the legumes may have untapped potential, which may be exploited to help assist in reducing hunger, malnutrition and poverty in Ghana. Results of the functional properties reveal that the legumes may serve useful roles in various food products. For instance, velvet tamarind (Dialium guineense) flour may be useful in infant food formulations because of it high solubility and low bulk density. African Locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) flour had the highest fat content among the studied flours, recording a fat content of approximately 14%. It may therefore be economical to express the oil and use the oil as an edible oil or for industrial applications for products such as soaps, shampoos, paints, etc. This means the properties of the oil of African Locust bean flour need to be studied to know the uses of the oil. Unsaturated fatty acids in the cis configuration formed more than 50% of the fatty acids in all the legumes. This observation coupled with the low sodium content of all the legumes suggest that these legumes may be suitable for consumption to prevent cardiovascular diseases. The daily nutrient needs of individuals can be met by the consumption of the appropriate amounts of these legumes. For example, 375.25 g of processed velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens) flour may be able to meet the adequate intake (AI) of 350 mg/day magnesium for adult males.

Effect of urease enrichment degree of multiple sources of urease on bio-cementation efficacy via enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation

This study aims to investigate the effect of the urease enrichment degree of high-purity commercial urease and plant-derived crude ureases from sword bean (SWCU), soybean (SCU), and pigeon pea (PCU) on bio-cementation efficacy via enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation. The urease enrichment degree is defined as the urease activity per gram of organic matter in the urease solution. Bio-cementation efficacy was evaluated by the distribution and morphology of the precipitates and unconfined compressive strength. The results show that the urease enrichment degrees of the high-purity commercial urease, SWCU, PCU, and SCU are 1.08, 1.05, 0.57, and 0.31 mmol/min/g, respectively. The urease enrichment degree is the dominant factor influencing the pattern of CaCO3 distribution by affecting the organic matter distribution. The high-purity commercial urease-treated sand has the smallest calcite crystals (13–23 µm) and the lowest strength (172 kPa). For the plant-derived crude urease, with the decrease of the urease enrichment degree, the generated crystals become smaller, the CaCO3 distribution becomes less uniform, and the soil strength decreases. The SWCU-treated sand exhibits the best bio-cementation efficacy and is recommended to enhance soil strength.

Macro-microscopic and HPTLC Atlas of Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. Fruit

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,2,277-287.DOI:10.5530/pres.15.2.030Published:February 2023Type:Original Article Authors:Susikumar Sundharamoorthy, Gokula Kannan Sundharamoorthy, Achintya Kumar Mandal, Shakila Ramachandran, Senthilvel Govindaraju, and Sunil Kumar Koppala Narayanan Author(s) affiliations:Susikumar Sundharamoorthy1,*, Gokula Kannan Sundharamoorthy2, Achintya Kumar Mandal1, Shakila Ramachandran1, Senthilvel Govindaraju1, Sunil Kumar Koppala Narayanan1 1Siddha Central Research Institute, Central Council for Research in Siddha, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, A. A. Hospital Campus, Arumbakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. 2Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College, Mylapore, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. Abstract:Background: Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. (Family Leguminosae) is a large annual or perennial climber with a terete glabrous stem, native to Indo-Malaysian and also distributed in tropical, subtropical regions. C. gladiata (Jacq.) DC. is generally confused with another closely related species i.e. C. ensiformis (Linn.) DC (Jack bean). The tender pods of both the above species have close similarity in morphology, especially shape and size of fruit, therefore it is difficult to differentiate on their vegetative and also fruiting stages. The plant C. ensiformis mentioned as a synonym of C. gladiata in many of the earlier literature though they are 2 different taxa. Some authors published different colour seeds in the name of C. gladiata. It is doubtful if C. ensiformis (Linn.) DC. or C. gladiata (Jacq.) DC was studied during that analysis. Objectives: A systematic pharmacognostical study has been executed to identify the correct botanical source. Materials and Methods: All the studies were carried out by standard procedures in Pharmacopoeias and other authentic literature. Results: Macroscopically surface characters followed by odour and taste, anatomically TS of the pericarp, plecenta, testa, cotyledon and radical, powder microscopically epidermal cells with stomata and prismatic crystal cystolith, trichomes, testa palisade cells, sclereids with different shape and size, brownish content, starch grains, tracheids, fibres and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate are the unique diagnostic characters observed. HPTLC with different spots having unique Rf values in the pericarp, testa, cotyledon and seeds will be helpful for critical identification of the species. Conclusion: The findings of the present study will be helpful in the identification and differentiation of related species as the whole drug or in powder form. Keywords:Jack bean, Seed anatomy, Sword bean, Vegetable Crude Drug.View:PDF (1.49 MB)

Optimization of Transesterification Parameters of Biodiesel Produced from Sword Bean (Cavalia gladiate) Seed Oil

The subject of this study was to optimize the transesterification parameters of biodiesel produced from sword bean (C. gladiate) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Four transesterification parameters (Reaction temperature 55 0C, Catalyst concentration 0.4 wt%, Methanol to oil ratio 4:1 and reaction time 60 min) were optimized. Data obtained revealed that the optimum reaction conditions for the transesterification of C. gladiata seed oil resulted in 92.88% biodiesel yield. Multiple regression analysis produced a quadratic polynomial equation for methylester and a linear relationship was recorded between the observed and predicted value (R2 = 0.9647) with a significant molar ratio and temperature. The interaction terms of methanol to oil, molar ratio and temperature with reaction time exhibited a positive effect on the methylester yield. The response surface methodology was found to be a suitable technique for optimizing transesterification process and producing biodiesel that meets the ASTM standard.

The Growth Response Variability of Some Legume Species on Salinity

Abundant amount of saline soils provides possibility to increase farming acreage in Indonesia. Legume species are good sources of protein for Indonesian daily food. Among legumes species, some species could show more tolerant to salinity and could be potentially cultivated on saline soils. Our present research work was undertaken to evaluate the growth response of legume species to salinity. Alfisol and saline soils, as main factors, used in the study were combined factorially with six legume species (groundnut, soybean, pigeon pea, velvet bean, hyacinth bean and sword bean) as sub-factor. Each factorial treatment was arranged in randomized block designed and was replicated three times. The standard deviation (SD) analysis was used to analyse the effect of salinity to the growth of legume species. Plant height at 15 days after sowing (DAS) and at 50 DAS, shoot diameter at 50 DAS, root dry weight at 50 DAS, shoot dry weight at 50 DAS and leaf dry weight at 50 DAS varied among legume species on Alfisol and saline soils. In general, the plant growth of legume crops, measured as plant height, plant diameter, root dry weight, shoot dry weight and leaf dry weight, was significantly retarded by salinity at different degree. The growth reduction on saline soil was related to higher Na concentration in roots and leaves. The highest and the lowest degrees of retardation by salinity on root, shoot and leaf dry weights were observed on pigeon pea and groundnut, respectively. Soybean, velvet bean, and hyacinth bean showed the degree of growth retardation by salinity between pigeon pea and groundnut. Response to salinity of sword bean was comparable to groundnut. Thus, groundnut and sword bean could be cultivated on saline soil.

Immunological analysis of concanavalin A and canavalin in sword bean teas

Seeds of sword bean (Canavalia gladiata), a leguminous plant, is rich in proteins and cannot be eaten raw because the seed contains toxins, such as concanavalin A (ConA) and canatoxin. Therefore, the seeds are soaked, boiled, rinsed, and pounded before using them as a protein ingredient. Also, the seeds have been utilized as a natural medicine. Recently, it was reported that consuming sword bean tea alleviates allergic rhinitis symptoms. Because ConA is a known mitogen of T-cell lymphocytes, the protein may be involved in the alleviation. Therefore, we examined the detection of ConA in the extracts of sword bean teas. We prepared sword bean tea from the embryos collected after removing seed coats from the seeds immersed in water. We analyzed the proteins in the tea extract during the production process using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Immunoblotting with antibodies against ConA or canavalin, a major seed storage protein, was conducted to detect the protein in the tea extract. Our result indicated that the extractable protein amount decreased after heating during the processing phase. As described above, the extracts of commercially available sword bean teas were also examined with electrophoresis and immunoblotting. The results indicated that a lower amount of ConA was detected in the tea but not canavalin.

백작두콩 추출물의 미백 및 주름개선 효능평가

In this study, in order to investigate the skin-whitening and anti-wrinkle effects of white sword bean extract, hydrothermal extract was performed with ethanol content of 20%, 50%, and 80%. In order to confirm the skin-whitening effect, a tyrosinase inhibitory activity experiment was conducted, and to confirm the wrinkle improvement effect, a collagenase inhibitory activity experiment was performed. As a result of the tyrosinase inhibitory activity assay, it was shown that the inhibition (%) was increased in a concentration-dependent manner according to the ethanol content, and in particular, the 80% ethanol extract showed high tyrosinase inhibitory activity similar to the control, kojic acid. As a result of the collagenase inhibitory activity assay, all extracts showed a higher inhibition (%) than the control, ascorbic acid. Through the results of this study, demonstrated the skin-whitening and anti-wrinkle effects of white sword bean were confirmed, and it is expected to be utilized as a natural functional ingredient in various fields of cosmetics.

Vinca alkaloids effects on the morphological characters of Canavalia ensiformis

Productivity and quality of crops can be increased through polyploidy plants induced by antimitotic compounds such as vinka alkaloids.The use of vinka alkaloids has never been applied to Sword bean (Canavalia ensiformis), a tropical legume belonging to the Fabaceae family. This study aimed to determine the effects of vinka alkaloids treatment on the morphological characters of Sword bean. The treatment consist of four different vinka alkaloids concentrations (0.5%, 1.00%, 1.50%, 2.0%, and untreated (0.0%) act as control. The plants were arranged in a completely randomized design. Treated plants were characterized based on morphological traits such as plant height, leaf area and dry seed weight. The results obtained revealed significant difference (p≤0.05) in the morphological traits of the treated plants when compared with the control. Overall, 2.0% vinka alkaloids concentration resulted in higher average plant height by 193.8 ± 1.86, leaf area increments by 88.6 ± 5.1 (left leaf), 115.1 ± 4.7 (middle leaf), 86.2 ± 3.8 (right leaf) and the dry seed weight by 1.7 ± 3.6. The improvement of the traits is concentration dependent and increases with increment in vinka alkaloids concentration. Thus, we suggested that 2.0% concentration should be employed in improving Sword bean growth and yield.

Colletotrichum truncatum-A New Etiological Anthracnose Agent of Sword Bean (Canavalia gladiata) in Southwestern China.

Anthracnose is a disease caused by Colletotrichum species. They are well known as major plant pathogens, and a black stem disease, specifically caused by Colletotrichum truncatum and primarily infecting sword bean (Canavalia gladiata), was observed in the Yunnan province, China. To aid disease management and to determine pathogenic characteristics, the species causing the leaf spot disease of hairy vetch was verified as C. truncatum. A sequence analysis of the ITS, ACT, GAPDH, and HIS3 genes was conducted, as well as morphological and cultural characteristics, to identify this Colletotrichum species, which has curved conidia. C. truncatum isolates from sword bean formed a distinctive group among Colletotrichum species, including those that infect other forage and field crops. Artificially inoculated sword bean seedlings showed typical symptoms of anthracnose, which were similar to field observations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. truncatum causing black stem disease on sword beans in China.

ANALISIS KANDUNGAN PROTEIN DAN ORGANOLEPTIK TEMPE DENGAN MEDIA YANG BERBEDA

Tempe is made from fermentation which generally uses soybeans. Soybean as a raw material for tempeh is a vegetable protein food that reaches 30.20% in a wet state and 34.90% in a dry state. The high consumption of tempeh by the Indonesian people encourages the tempe industry to innovate or look for soybean substitutes. The raw material in the form of imported soybeans causes dependence on imported soybeans to increase. The high price of imported soybeans is a major problem for the tempe industry and this problem is very dilemmatic because on the one hand the community still needs it. The results of the study indicate that the raw material for imported soybean tempeh can be substituted/replaced with beans as an alternative to reduce the number of Indonesian soybean imports. This study aims to determine the chemical characteristics of tempe and to determine the acceptability of tempe consumers with different media materials, the media used are soybeans, green beans, peanuts, and koro swords. The analytical method used in this study is a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 4 replications so that a sample of 16 samples is obtained, with the materials used are soybeans, green beans, peanuts, sword beans (B1, B2, B3, B4). The results showed that the average protein content of green beans was 20.61%, soybeans 17.45%, koro swords 10.81%, and peanuts 9.97%. Meanwhile, the results of the organoleptic test in terms of color, aroma, taste, and texture of tempe from soybeans were still the most preferred tempe by the panelists.

A Study on the Whitening and Anti-Wrinkle Effects of Red Sword Bean Extract in Functional Cosmetics for Skin Care

In this study, to analyze and determine the bioactive compounds of red sword bean as natural ingredients for functional cosmetics, hot water extraction was performed with ethanol contents of 20%, 50%, and 80%. In addition, for the respective extracts, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis for the determination of bioactive compounds and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis for the determination of polyphenol and flavonoid contents were performed along with the determination of antioxidant capacity. Moreover, experiments were performed to test the skin whitening and anti-wrinkle effects; a cytotoxicity evaluation was also conducted. As a result of the colorimetric assay, the lightness (L) value decreased with increasing ethanol content, whereas the redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values tended to increase. This is presumed to be because the active compounds of the double bond structure increased as the ethanol content increased. As a result of GC-MS analysis to determine chemical composition, the detection of ethyl gallate, an antioxidant, and mandelic acid, an active compound with whitening and wrinkle improvement effects, was confirmed; the detected concentrations increased with increasing ethanol content. In the experiment to examine the antioxidant effect of red sword bean extract, the IC50 value of the 80% ethanol extract showed a high antioxidant capacity comparable to that of the control, ascorbic acid. As a result of the tyrosinase inhibitory activity assay, the highest inhibition (%) was confirmed at 80% ethanol content. Furthermore, in the collagenase inhibitory activity assay, all extracts showed high collagenase inhibitory activity of over 90%. Specifically, at 20% ethanol content, a higher inhibition (%) was confirmed than that of the control, ascorbic acid.

Quality Of Artificial Feed Using Koro Bean (Canavalia Ensiformis) As A Substitute Of Soybean Flour For Sand Lobster Feed (Panulirus Homarus)

One type of legume that is very suitable to be used as a raw material for making lobster feed is the sworded koro nut (Canavalia ensiformis). Soybeans which are a source of vegetable protein can now be supported by sword beans. The purpose of this study was to examine the quality of artificial feed using Koro Sword Nuts (Canavalia ensiformis) as a substitute for soybean flour for Sand Lobster (Panulirus homarus) feed. The method used is the experimental method with RAL using 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments in this study were A (artificial feed without sword koro beans (control)), B (2.5% sword koro beans in 1 kg artificial feed), C (3% sword koro beans in 1 kg artificial feed), and D ( 3.5% sword koro beans in 1 kg of artificial feed). Research data were analyzed using non-parametric Kruskal Wallis statistical test and described. The test animal used was the Sand Lobster (Panulirus homarus) with a size of 8-10 cm with an average weight of 200-300 grams. The results of the physical test showed that the parameters of breaking speed, level of hardness, level of homogeneity and attractiveness were significantly different from the use of Peanut Koro Sword flour, while the parameters of sinking speed and deliciousness were not significantly different. The results of the proximate chemical test of feed using the best swordfish flour was in feed B, which contained 9.34% Moisture Content, 11.87% Ash Content, Crude Protein (N x 6.25) 29.98%, Crude Fat 6, 84 %, Carbohydrates 41.92% and Crude Fiber 5.00 %.

The Pharmacological and Therapeutic Activities of Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC.

Canavalia gladiata is a perennial ethnomedicinal climber food plant found throughout the World. It shows many therapeutic properties which can be utilized for the treatment against many human diseases. In this review, we surveyed the recent findings on the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of Canavalia gladiata. The objective of this is to provide detail analysis on active compounds present in this species and to provide information regarding its pharmacological activities on human diseases and safety. Its bioactive compounds possess outstanding pharmacological properties like hemagglutianting activity, HIV-I inhibition, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, hepatoprotective, ROS- inhibitor, anti-cancer and anti-diabetic properties has been studied. The chemical constituents, pharmacological activities and therapeutic studies of C. gladiata showed a promising medicinal plant with various chemical compounds and numerous pharmacological activities.
 Keywords: Pharmacological activities, Therapeutics, Bioactive compounds, Canavalia gladiata.

Canavalia gladiata Pod Extract Mitigates Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma Onset in Male BALB/c Mice via Suppression of MAPK.

Asthma is one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the lung worldwide. There has been considerable progress in recent studies to treat and prevent allergic asthma, however, various side effects are still observed in clinical practice. Six-week-old male BALB/c mice were orally administered with either sword bean pod extracts (SBP; 100 or 300 mg/kg) or dexamethasone (DEX; 5 mg/kg) once daily over 3 weeks, followed by ovalbumin sensitization (OVA/Alum.; intraperitoneal administration, 50 μg/2 mg/per mouse). Scoring of lung inflammation was performed to observe pathological changes in response to SBP treatment compared to OVA/Alum.-induced lung injury. Additionally, inflammatory cytokines were quantified in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissue using ELISA and Western blot analyses. SBP treatment significantly reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells, and release of histamine, immunoglobulin E, and leukotriene in serum and BALF. Moreover, the therapeutic effect of SBP was also assessed to analyze the inflammatory changes in the lung tissues. SBP markedly suppressed the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway and the expression of key inflammatory proteins (e.g., TNF-α) and Th2 type cytokines (IL-5 and IL-13). SBP was effective in ameliorating the allergic inflammation against OVA/Alum.-induced asthma by suppressing pulmonary inflammation.

THE EFFECT OF MIXED CROPPING OF Brachiaria decumbens WITH THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF LEGUMES IN ULTISOL SOILS ON CP, CFib, Ca AND P CONTENT OF GRASS

Research on mixed cultivation of Brachiaria decumbens grass with three different types of legumes on ultisol soils on the PK, SK, Ca, and P content of grass was carried out from April to July 2022 at the Experimental Garden of Animal Food Crops Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Padjadjaran University. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mixed cultivation of Brachiaria decumbens grass with three different types of legumes on ultisol soils on the PK, SK, Ca, and P content of grass. The study was conducted for 3 months with an experimental method using a randomized block design (RAK) with 4 treatments and 6 replications. This experiment consisted of P0 = Brachiaria decumbens grass, P1 = Brachiaria decumbens grass + Arachis pintoi grass, P2 = Brachiaria decumbens grass + Canavalia gladiata legume, P3 = Brachiaria decumbens grass + Centrosema pubescens legume. The results showed that the mixed cropping treatment of Brachiaria decumbens grass with three types of legumes significantly affected the PK, SK, and P content of the grass, but did not significantly differ on the Ca content of the grass. Mixed cultivation of Brachiaria decumbens grass with sword koro beans (Canavalia gladiata) resulted in the highest average crude protein content and the lowest crude fiber, namely 12% and 23.32%, respectively. Planting a mixture of Brachiaria decumbens grass with Arachis pintoi produced the highest average phosphorus content of 0.57%.