Calves In Control Group Research Articles

PSVIII-39 Genome-wide DNA methylation alteration in prenatally stressed Brahman heifer calves with the advancement of age

Abstract This study investigated whether DNA methylation patterns changed over the first five yr of life within prenatally stressed (PNS) heifer calves compared to change within a Control group. Prenatal stress was induced by the transportation of pregnant Brahman cows for 2-hr periods at 60±5, 80± 5, 100±5, 120±5, and140±5d of gestation. White blood cells were sampled from the same 6 PNS heifer calves and 8 Control heifer calves at 28 d and 5 yr of age. The DNA methylation data were generated through Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing. Based on results of mapping and bioinformatics analyses, 73,758 hypermethylated and 73,367 hypomethylated CpG sites, 375 hypermethylated and 377 hypomethylated CHG sites, 735 hypermethylated and 842 hypomethylated CHH (C = cytosine; G = guanine; H = either adenine, thymine, or cytosine) sites were obtained from 28-d-old PNS calves compared to when they had matured into 5-yr-old PNS cows (P ≤ 0.05). The 28-d-old Control heifer calves contained 53,005 hypermethylated and 57,103 hypomethylated CpG sites, 200 hypermethylated and 202 hypomethylated CHG sites, 439 hypermethylated and 535 hypomethylated CHH sites compared to when they matured into 5-yr-old Control cows (P ≤ 0.05). As DNA methylation of gene promoter regions is associated with reduced transcription activity, strongly hypermethylated and hypomethylated CpG sites located in promoter regions underwent Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. The top canonical pathways altered by strongly hypermethylated and hypomethylated CpG sites between 28-d-old and 5-yr-old PNS cows were 4-1BB Signaling in T Lymphocytes (P = 0.00169) and Transcriptional Regulatory Network in Embryonic Stem Cells (P = 0.000744). Mineralocorticoid Biosynthesis (P = 0.00901) and Transcriptional Regulatory Network in Embryonic Stem Cells (P = 0.000804) were the other top canonical pathways altered between 28-d-old and 5-yr-old Control cows. PNS calves appeared to develop an altered epigenome compared to Control group calves during the first five yr from birth.

Determination of D-Dimer Levels in Calves with Cryptosporidiosis

The aim of the present study was emphasized to estimation of D-dimer levels among calves with cryptosporodiosis. The study was conducted on 1-3 weeks old, 11 Holstein calves with Cryptosporidiosis (study group) and on 1-3 weeks old ten healthy Holstein calves (control group). Diagnosis of Cryptosporidiosis made by rapid test kits. Blood samples were taken from each animal, by puncture of the jugular vein and were collected into plain tubes without anticoagulant. D-dimer concentrations were detected by fluorescent immunoassay techniques in both study and control group calves. As a result, D-dimer values were significantly increased in infected calves when compared with the control group animals.

Sequential administrations of trifluoroacetate induce tolerance to Palicourea maccgravii, a monofluoroacetate-containing plant, in calves

Monofluoroacetate (MFA) is considered one of the most toxic substances known. It is found naturally in plants, and causes sudden death syndrome in ruminants. Due to hyperacute evolution of poisoning and the absence of effective treatment, induction of resistance in animals might be the best tool to control MFA poisoning in ruminants. The objective of this study was to promote resistance in cattle against the toxic effects of MFA through its degradation by the ruminal microbiota after the administration of sodium trifluoroacetate (TFA). Ten calves were distributed into two groups: control group (n = 3) and treated group (n = 7). The calves in the treated group received 0.1 mg/kg live weight of TFA, whereas, those in the control group received water; both for 28 consecutive days. The calves were subjected to daily clinical evaluation and weekly blood biochemical determination to identify any signs of poisoning. After 28 d of administration of TFA or water, 2.0 g/kg body weight of Palicourea marcgravii leaves (containing 0.15% MFA) were administered using a stomach tube to determine the occurrence of resistance. The administration of TFA did not induce any clinical or biochemical changes in blood. The administration of P. marcgravii induced clinical changes in the calves of control group, but there was no change in the calves of the treated group. In conclusion, the administration of TFA to cattle can induce effective resistance against MFA poisoning.

Clinical importance of lipid profile in neonatal calves with sepsis

In this study, it was aimed to determine of diagnostic importance blood lipid levels in neonatal calves with sepsis. The study was carried out on a total of 70 calves, 60 with sepsis and 10 healthy calves. The calves with sepsis were included in the study, according to clinical and hematological findings. After routine clinical examinations of all the calves, blood samples were taken from the V. jugularis for hematological, lipid profile and biochemical analyzes. There were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in body temperature, increased in respiration rate and capillary refill time in the calves with sepsis, compared to control group calves. The levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine concentrations of calves with sepsis were significantly higher (P < 0.05), however, levels of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and albumin concentrations were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than control group. In addition, blood triglyceride and VLDL concentrations of calves with sepsis were higher than control group, however there was no statistical difference.In conclusion, serum total cholesterol, HDL and LDL in neonatal calves with sepsis could be used in evaluation of the sepsis.

Application of iodine helated forms, cobalt and selenium when feeding young cattle

The article explores hematological and biochemical parameters of blood, dynamics of live weight gain of young cattle of black-and-white breed when being fed feeding of a fodder additive. The experiment was conducted under conditions of dairy complex Priamurye of Tambov district of Amur region in 2017-2018. The researchers arranged experimental groups of calves by means of similar pairs taking into account age, live weight and physiological condition. There were three groups of animals arranged, one control group and two experimental ones. Each group included 10 calves aged 12 months. The conditions of young cattle keeping were similar. The control group calves were fed with basic diet at the farm, the 1st experimental group received iodine, cobalt and selenium in mineral form, whereas the 2nd experimental group received the same elements in helated (organic) form. At the end of the experiment, the coefficients of digestibility of crude protein, crude fat, nitrogen-free extractives and crude fiber were determined on the basis of the data on the amount of nutrients consumed and isolated by animals with feces. When microelements in mineral and helated forms were included in the basic diet of young cattle, microelements in organic form had a positive effect on hematological and biochemical parameters of blood of calves of the 2nd experimental group. Application of elements in organic form in the diets of young cattle increased digestibility coefficients of nutrients. This contributed to live weight gain, average daily and absolute growth of animals in the 2nd experimental group.

Staphylococcus aureus infection in cows is a cause of acute digestive disorders in newborn calves

The morbidity of newborn calves caused by enterotoxigenic staphylococci is associated with an increase in staphylococcal processes that are localized in the lizard of the cows and the carrier of the pathogen. Such cows, often with colostrum, transmit the pathogen and its toxins to newborn calves. According to the results of bacteriological studies, in the subclinical form of the mastitis with secretion of the dementia of the cows, Staph. aureus, staph. intermedius, staph. epidermidis, E. coli, Ps. auruginosa, etc., in pure culture, but in most cases, in association with other microorganisms. Staphylococcuses isolated in 25 strains were tested for enterotoxicity. From the strains examined, they produced: three strains of enterotoxin B and five strains enterotoxins B and C. The disease of the cows by staphylococcal infection of the udder influenced the fetal development of the fetus. From cows suffering from mastitis, calves were born weak and 1–2.5 kg live weight lower than from healthy cows. Calves (16 heads) who received colostrum from mothers with staphylococcal infection of the udder in association with other microorganisms, in fourteen cases were ill with signs of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Among calves born from cows suffering from mastitis, but who received colostrum from healthy cows, two of them fell from ten heads. In calves of both groups, the activity of cellular elements was determined by opsonophagocytic response. In the experimental group, where the calves received colostrum, were infected with staphylococci, the intensity of phagocytosis in all study periods was lower (from 0.4 to 1.9) compared with the control group calves. Quality of colostrum of cows also affected the activity of phagocytosis prplodu. In the experimental group, the activity of phagocytosis was throughout the experiment at one level – 33, and in calves that received colostrum from healthy cows, activity increased (after one day – 37, and for the second and third day – 40). Studies have shown that colostrum infected with enterotoxigenic staphylococci, especially in association, is dangerous for newborn calves. It causes them diarrhea and often leads to death. We have confirmed the etiological connection between cows disease with mastitis of staphylococcal etiology and enterocolitis of newborn calves.

Applicability of the Protein-lipid Profile and Activity of Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes for Diagnosing Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy in Calves.

IntroductionIn calves, hyposelenosis degenerates skeletal muscles in different parts of the body. The extent of damage to muscle cells can be diagnosed by determining the activity of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The aim of this study was to analyse variations in the serum levels of LDH isoenzymes in calves with nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD), to determine the applicability of this parameter for diagnosing NMD, and to describe the influence of hyposelenosis on total protein (TP), triglyceride (TG), and cholesterol (CHOL) levels.Material and MethodsTwo groups of calves (n = six animals per group) were used. After birth, control group calves (SC) were intramuscularly administered 10 ml of a preparation containing selenium (Se) and vitamin E, and experimental group animals (SE) that were not injected. Blood was collected after 5, 15, and 25 days, and the concentrations of Se, vitamin E, TP, TG, and CHOL and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), CK, and LDH fractions were determined.ResultsHypocholesterolaemia and elevated TG levels were found in SE group calves whose LDH fractions revealed a significant increase in LDH4 and LDH5 activity and a decrease in LDH1 activity when electrophoretically separated.ConclusionNutritional muscular dystrophy is accompanied by hypocholesterolaemia and elevated TG levels caused by muscle lipolysis. LDH4 and LDH5 activity parameters assist early diagnosis of NMD in calves.

Effects of folic acid on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and urinary excretion of purine derivatives in post-weaned dairy calves

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated the effects of folic acid (FA) supplementation on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and urinary purine derivatives (PD) excretion in dairy calves. Forty-eight Chinese Holstein male dairy calves at 60 ± 3.2 d of age and 89 ± 5.9 kg body weight (mean ± standard error) were assigned to one of four groups in a randomised block design. Calves in control group were fed basal diet, calves in low FA, medium FA and high FA groups with 3.6, 7.2 and 10.8 mg FA per kg basal diet, respectively. The dietary corn silage to concentrate ratio was 50:50 (dry matter [DM] basis). DM intake and average daily gain (ADG) quadratically increased, and feed conversion ratio quadratically decreased with increasing FA supplementation. Ruminal pH linearly decreased, whereas total volatile fatty acids quadratically increased. The unchanged acetate-to-propionate ratio was due to the similar change in acetate and propionate concentration. Ammonia N content quadratically decreased. Digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre linearly increased. Activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, cellobiase, xylanase and pectinase linearly increased, but α-amylase and protease quadratically increased. Abundance of Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes linearly increased, but Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Prevotella ruminicola quadratically increased. Urinary total PD excretion quadratically increased. The results indicated that FA supplementation increased ADG, ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility with promoted ruminal microbial growth and enzyme activity, and the optimum dose was 7.2 mg FA per kg basal diet for calves.

Impact of milk feeding frequency on performance, health and behaviour of crossbred cattle calves

The present study was undertaken to study the impact of milk feeding frequency on performance, health and behaviour of crossbred cattle calves. A total of 12 crossbred (Vrindavani) calves were allocated equally in to two groups viz. control (G-I) and experimental group (G-II). During the experimental period (from16th to 70th day of birth), the calves in Gr-II and G-I group were fed milk once and twice daily, respectively without any change in total offered milk quantity. The mean birth weight (kg) of calves in control and experimental group were 21.01±0.88 and 21.25±0.88 kg, respectively. The total body weight gain of calves in control and experimental group were 21.06±0.39 and 21.08±0.39 kg, respectively. The average weekly body weights, gains and body measurements in general were non-significantly different in control and G-II group from 1st to 10th week of age. However, the body length was significantly (P<0.05) higher in G-II from third week to end of experiment. As a whole, 16.67% calves in G-I and 33.34% calves in G-II suffered from calf scour. The change in feeding schedule had no significant effect on immune status and behavioral activities of calves. Once daily feeding saved 29.41% (36 man minutes) labour than twice daily feeding schedule. It was concluded that reduction in milk feeding frequency to calves did not affect growth, feed intake, health, behaviour and overall performance, hence one time milk feeding to calves may be adopted at organized herds, where weaning is being practiced, in view of saving labor cost.

Effect of feed restriction on nutrient utilization, growth and metabolic profile in crossbred calves

Present study elucidated the effect of feed restriction on growth, nutrient utilizationand metabolic profile in crossbred calves. Eighteen crossbred male calves (Bos Taurus x Bos indicus) of about 4–6 months age and 85.7±5.6 kg body weight were randomly divided into 3 groups (Control, T–15 and T-30) of 6 each in completely randomised design. The calves in control group were fed ad libitum as per predicted requirement; while in group T-15 and T-30 calves were fed 15 and 30% restricted diets of predicted requirements. Daily intake of DM and OM was significantly (P<0.05) higher in control group relative to T-30, however, T-15 had an intermediate position. Digestibility coefficient of DM and OM was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T-30 group as compared to control and T-15 groups. Efficiency of N-utilization was better (P<0.01) in T-30 and T-15 groups than control. BW gain (kg) and average daily gain (ADG; g) were significantly (P<0.01) higher in control and T-15 groups as compared to T-30. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of calves was better (P<0.01) in T-15 as compared to T-30. Haematological parameters and serum enzymes did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among treatment groups. However, serum glucose, total protein, albumin and serum urea were found to be significantly (P<0.01) lower in T-30. Present study concluded that dietary restriction at 15% level was efficient and at par with the control group having no feed restriction.

Effects of pre-weaning probiotic treatments on growth performance and biochemical blood parameters of Holstein calves

The present study was conducted to assess the effects of pre-weaning probiotic treatments on growth performance of male Holstein calves. For experimental treatments, 20 male calves were divided into 2 groups as of control and treatment group. Control group calves were supplied with fresh milk daily in two meals without any growth promoting supplement. Together with fresh milk supply, treatment group calves were supplied with additional 2 g probiotics to their morning meal. Throughout 56-day milk-feeding period, live weights (LW) and feed consumptions (FC) of the calves were determined. As compared to the control group, probiotic-supplemented calves had 5.25% higher weaning live weight and 11.4% higher daily live weight gain (P less than 0.05). Probiotic-supplemented calves consumed 2% more feed than the control calves (P>0.05) and had 9.52% better feed conversion ratio than the control group calves (P less than 0.05). Probiotic supplementation did not affect blood biochemical parameters significantly (P less than 0.05), except ALT, triglyceride and iron levels (P less than 0.05). It was concluded that probiotic supplementation during milk-feeding period improved growth performance of experimental Holstein calves.

Effect of supplementation of seaweed By-Products based formulations on haematological and serum metabolites profile in crossbred calves

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementation of two seaweed byproducts based formulations on haematology and serum metabolite profile of growing crossbred calves. Two seaweed byproducts based formulations namely SWF-1 and SWF-2 were prepared. SWF-1 contained Kapaphycus alvarezi (thrashed weed), Gracilaria salicornia (washed weed) and Kapaphycus water extract at a ratio of 45: 45: 10 while SWF-2 comprised of Kapaphycus alvarezi (thrashed weed), Gracilaria salicornia (washed weed) and Turbinaria conoides at a ratio of 2: 2: 1. Thirty five growing cross bred male calves (BW 108.8 to 218.4 kg; average 161.13 kg and 10–15 months of age) were randomly distributed into 5 groups of 7 each. Diets of the calves of control (T0) group contained no seaweed byproducts whereas concentrate mixture of experimental calves were supplemented with SWF-1 at 1.5% (T1) and 3.0% (T2), and SWF-2 at 1.5% (T3) and 3.0% (T4), respectively. Blood was collected from all the animals on d 0, 90 and 180 of experiment. Feed consumption was similar in all the groups. Concentration of Hb was higher (P<0.001) in SWF supplemented groups. However, a tendency of increased RBC count was observed in treatment T4 only. Supplementation of SWF increased (P<0.001) the relative abundance of lymphocytes with a concomitant decrease (P<0.01) in neutrophil resulting in increased (P<0.01) L: N ratio. Serum concentration of total protein was lower (P<0.001) in T0 as compared to other groups, whereas highest value was observed in treatment T3. Serum concentration of globulin was lower (P<0.001) in treatment T0 as compared to other groups whereas no difference was observed among the four SWF supplemented groups. Supplementation of seaweed by-products based formulation showed potential to improve erythropoiesis, cellular immunity and the ability of crossbred calves to combat stress.

Effect of weaning age on growth performance, feed efficiency, nutrient digestibility and blood-biochemical parameters in Droughtmaster crossbred beef calves.

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of weaning age on intake, performance, nutrition metabolism and serum parameters of beef calves.MethodsSixty Droughtmaster crossbred calves were assigned to 5 groups with 12 calves in each group. The calves in control group remained with the dams till the 22-week age, while the calves weaned at 28 d (4 wk), 42 d (6 wk), 56 d (8 wk), and 70 d (10 wk) of age were sent to group 4 wk, group 6 wk, group 8 wk, and group 10 wk, respectively, and then were fed on milk replacer till the 22-week age. Feed intake and body weight and size were record and blood metabolites were measured. And 24 calves of them (6 in each group) were picked randomly for digestion and metabolism trail. Feed, feces and urine sample were taken and measured.ResultsDry matter intake of calves in group 4 wk was significantly lower than those in the remaining groups from wk 17 to 22 (p<0.05). Feed efficiency of the calves was higher in groups 4 wk and 6 wk than those in groups 8 wk and 10 wk from 11 to 13 wk (p<0.05), and calves had higher feed efficiency in group 4 wk, group 6 wk, and group 8 wk than those in group 10 wk from wk 14 to wk 22. Calves in group 4 wk and 6 wk had lower body weight than group 8 wk and group 10 wk and control group at 10-week age (p<0.05) and 13-week age (p<0.05), and calves in group 6 wk had no significant difference in body weight with control group, group 8 wk and 10 wk (p>0.05) but was higher than that of group 4 wk (p<0.05). Calves in group 6 wk had higher final body weight and total gain than group 4 wk, but no difference of total gain with that of groups 8 wk, 10 wk, and control group. And weaning calves at 6-week age brought higher feed efficiency and average daily gain from wk 14 to wk 22, and higher dry matter and organic matter digestibility at 21 wk.ConclusionIt is concluded that the weaning of calves at 6 weeks of age gave positive results.

Ріст телят - молочників за додаткового введення метіоніну і лізину у замінник незбираного молока

The relevance of the study is due to the need to optimize the content of lysine and methionine in milk replacer (MR) for calves. The aim of the work is to study the effect of additives of synthetic L-lysine and DL-methionine on the growth of calf calves. The objectives of the study were to study the growth rates of calves by live weight, average daily and relative gain. The study was conducted on six groups of calves (20 heads each) according to the scheme: Group I – control, which received a MR with a content of 1.95 % lysine and 0.49 % methionine; In groups II and III the lysine content was 2.24 and 2.44 %, respectively, the methionine content in these groups did not change and was 0.49 %; In MR for calves of group IV-V, 0.56 and 0.61 % of methionine were contained, respectively, and the lysine content did not change from the actual (1.95 %); The VI group received lysine and methionine supplements, the content of these amino acids in the MR was 2.34 and 0.59 %, respectively. The calves' age is 22-62 days in the experiment. The experimental calves were kept in individual cages, the microclimate parameters of the premises where the animals were kept corresponded to the accepted zoohygienic and veterinary-sanitary standards. Calves were fed three times a day using a MR, starting granulated feed and hay. At the beginning of the experiment, the difference in the BW between the groups did not exceed 5 % (39.4-41.2 kg). On the 10th day of the experiment, in all groups except II, results were obtained above the control group. The calves of group II had a BW of 2.11 kg less than the control group calves, while the animals of group VI, on the contrary, exceeded the control group by 1.75 kg (P> 0.1). The tendency to increase BW of calves, relative to control, remained for the calves of the VI group and for 42 days. They had an BW greater than the control animals, an average of 2.89 kg. In all other groups, this indicator was less by 2.8-9.4 %. On days 52 and 62, in all the test groups of calves, in contrast to the control, a decrease in the BW was observed. At the end of the experiment, the animals of the V and VI groups had close indicators to the control group (67.85, 69.76 and 70.38 kg, respectively). Analysis of the results of the study showed that the additional introduction of synthetic amino acids (lysine and methionine) into the composition of the MR for calves aged 22-62 days from 1.95 and 0.49 % to levels of 2.24- 2.44 and 0.56-0.61 % respectively, noticeably affects the growth rates. According to the BW, ADG, RG of calves enrichment of the MR with synthetic lysine and methionine does not give positive changes in the growth of calves during the dairy period under study. Changes in the growth of calves for 22-42 days indicate an increased need for lysine and methionine (content in the MR, respectively, 2.34 and 0.59 %), the provision of which contributes to the growth of BW by 5.3 % (P < 0.01). There was a slight increase in the calves' need for methionine during the growing period of 42-62 days. The increase in methionine content during this period from 0.49 to 0.61 % in the MR contributed to an increase in the relative growth of body weight by 1.4 %. Prospects for further research are to study the changes in the rates of linear growth in calves, the effectiveness of nutrient use in the diet, and the study of the impact on the milk productivity of first-calf cows. Keywords: calves, milk period, lysine, methionine, milk replacer, growth, body weight, gains

Dermatophytosis (ringworm) and its treatment approaches in Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC) calves under on-station condition

Dermatophytosis (ringworm), an infection of the superficial keratinized structures of the skin and hair, is the most common contagious skin disease in cattle. It is a remarkable public and veterinary health problem reported from different parts of the world and causes great economic loss. A number of calves were simultaneously affected with this disease in the cattle farm of Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI). So, this study was undertaken to develop a suitable treatment approach for controlling the disease in the herd. A total of 20 calves of Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC) were selected for the trial. All the experimental calves were divided into five groups namely – T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4. T0 group was kept as control and T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups were allowed for treatment. The drugs used for treatment were griseofulvin, streptomycin-penicillin, antihistaminic and vitamin AD3E in group T1; ivermectin, streptomycin-penicillin, antihistaminic and vitamin AD3E in T2; topical antifungal ointment, griseofulvin, streptomycin-penicillin, antihistaminic and vitamin AD3E in T3; and topical antifungal ointment, ivermectin, streptomycin-penicillin, antihistaminic and vitamin AD3E in group T4. No drug was used in T0 (control).The duration of the experiment was about one month. The fungal spores of Trichophyton spp., and Microsporum spp. were observed in the samples (skin scrapping) under microscope using 20% potassium hydroxide solution. All experimental calves were observed after 7 days to know the response of the treatment. On the basis of visual observation the result was recorded on day 14. All experimental calves were observed after 7 days to know the response of the treatment. On the basis of visual observation the result was recorded on day 14. Calves in control group remain same. Calves suffering from chronic dermatomycosis or dermatophytosis (ringworm) can be treated with topical antifungal ointment, griseofulvin tablet, streptonmycin-penicillin injection, antihistaminic injection and vitamin AD3E injection as per dosages used in this experiment. If the case is acute, topical antifungal ointment and griseofulvin tablet may be recommended as treatment measures. Vitamin AD3E may or may not be used in this case.&#x0D; Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2 (1), 132-135

Формування колострального імунітету у новонароджених телят за ліпосомної корекції ліпідного складу плазмолеми ентероцитів

The functional activity of the mucous membrane of the small intestine is an important factor that influences the colostral (passive) immunity in mammals. Maximum flow of colostral Ig through enterocytes’ plasmalemma during the formation colostral immunity in ruminants can be achieved by correcting phospholipid composition enterocytes’ plasmalemma. Based on the above, the aim of the work was to investigate the effect of native and rich in vitamins liposome on the lipid composition of enterocytes’ plasmalemma of the small intestine in newborn calves during the active formation colostral immunity. Materials and methods. Research conducted on calves black-motley breed in the period from their birth till 1-day age. It was formed three groups of calves (control and two experimental) of 5 animals each. Calves all groups were fed 2 liters of colostrum after birth, and then 1.5 liters every 4 hours during the first day. Calves from the first experimental group for 15 minutes before the first feeding colostrum and then in 12 hours, 15 minutes before feeding colostrum received native liposomes as makrokapsul (average size of liposomes 46.5 nm) at a dose of 5 ml with 50 ml of warm water (t37 o С). Calves from the second experimental group for 15 minutes before the first feeding colostrum and then in 12 hours, received the same amount of liposomes with the Vitamin A (4,000 IU) and E (15 mg), which patented by us as drug called Membranostabil. Determination the content of lipids and proteins in the experimental samples was carried out after the birth of calves, the first feeding of colostrum and after 6 and 24 hours of animal’s life using known methodological approaches. Research results . Before feeding of colostrum cholesterol (LDL) level of enerocytes’ plasmalemma in the jejunum of newborn calves was 238.5 ± 23.2 nmol / mg of protein, and the content of total phospholipids (PL) – 628.5 ± 32.4 nmol / mg of protein. Value cholesterol / phospholipids was 0.35. After 6 hours of birth cholesterol level in enterocytes’ plasmalemma of jejunum in calves of control group was significantly higher in 1.31 times (r≤0.05) and phospholipid content was not significantly different from that in comparison with calves after birth. Value cholesterol / phospholipids in enterocytes’ plasmalemma in these animals was 0.57, in 1.63 times higher than the feeding of colostrum. The content of cholesterol in the enterocytes’ plasmalemma of jejunum in first experimental group of calves six hour-age was 1.36 times significantly lower compared to the control group calves of the same age and almost the same as at time of birth of animals. By not significantly lower content phospholipids jejunum enterocytes’ plasmalemma in these animals compared with the index before feeding colostrum, the ratio of cholesterol / phospholipids was 0.42. In plasmalemma of jejunum enterocytes in calves from second research group at 6 hours after birth levels of cholesterol and phospholipids had no significant difference compared to calves first experimental group, and their ratio was 0.39, indicating a high permeability of enterocytes’ plasmalemma for colostrum proteins. In plasmalemma of jejunum enterocytes in calves from the control group at 24 hours after birth were found the reducing of cholesterol level in 1.30 times compared to calves of the same group at 6 hours-age, while the phospholipid content did not change. Consequently, the ratio cholesterol / phospholipid decreased to 0.42. In enterocytes’ plasmalemma in calves from first research group at the 24th hour of life phospholipids and cholesterol levels were not significantly different from those in the calves at their birth before feeding the colostrum, and the ratio of cholesterol / phospholipids was 0.42. In jejunum enterocytes’ plasmalemma in calves from second experimental group at 24 th hour of life cholesterol level was 237.0 ± 21.7, and phospholipid level 810.0 ± 41.3, which provided the ratio of cholesterol / phospholipids at 0.29. Obtained data indicate the stability of lipids in enterocytes’ plasmalemma in jejunum of newborn calves during the first days of life. The use of native and rich in vitamins liposomes enhances phospholipids content in enterocytes’ plasmalemma that provides optimal viscosity for penetration colostrum immunoglobulin. Our results are important in terms of justification of the use of native and rich in vitamins liposomes for increasing and prolonging the action colostral immunity in newborn calves.

Effect of different periods of maternal deprivation on behavioral and cortisol responses at weaning and subsequent growth rate in zebu (Bos indicus) type cattle

Recently, a dual procedure of maternal deprivation at 25 and 45 days postpartum (dpp), has proven to induce cyclic activity in zebu type cattle as early as 50 dpp. However, little is known about the welfare of the animals subjected to these treatments. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of two periods of maternal deprivation on some behavioral and cortisol responses of cows and calves at weaning, and subsequent growth rates. Forty Bos indicus cow-calf pairs raised under extensive conditions were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n=10). In the control group (C) calves remained with their dams; in groups G24, G48 and G72, calves were temporally separated from their mothers for 24, 48 and 72h, respectively, at 25 days and at 45 days postpartum. Calves were weaned at 150 dpp and weighed at 25, 45, 150, 240 and 270 dpp; behavioral and cortisol measures were recorded from both cows and calves at 24, 48 and 72h post weaning. More calves were observed grazing and fewer vocalizing in the groups subjected to cow deprivation in comparison with the C group. At day 3 after weaning, serum cortisol concentration was higher (P<0.05) in group C than in the treatment groups, while day 1 after weaning, more G24 and G48 calves were observed <10m from the fence separating them from their dams (P<0.05) compared with G72 and C calves. Most of the behavioral and cortisol weaning responses disappeared on the third day after weaning, with cows displaying fewer signs of distress than their calves, regardless of treatment. No differences (P>0.05) were found in the weight of the calves at 25, 45 and 150 dpp. However, at 270 dpp, calves in G48 and G72 were heavier (P<0.05) than calves in the other groups. We conclude that calves subjected to mother deprivation during the suckling period displayed fewer behavioral distress signs, diminished cortisol response and higher body weights during the first days after weaning. However, the potential negative impact on calf welfare caused by emotional stress due to maternal deprivation needs further investigation.

Behaviourof cows and calves at different ways maintenance

The paper studied the behavior of cows and calves Ukrainian red–spotted milk breed in terms attachable loose and maintenance. Established that cows without a leash in the pits had a positive impact on the calving and overall health. Stage removing the fetus in experimental cows compared with control counterparts were relatively short and averaged 33.1 min., and droppings from cows separated at 33.4 min. more. Cows in the control group compared with research peers after calving on holiday standing and lying down spending more time accordingly – 25.4 min. and 12.1 min. When cage dependent calves (control group) in the first day on vacation was spent lying 1293.2 min., Or 89.9% of the time of day, at 3, 6 and 9 days respectively 1259.4; 1221.0 and 1178.9 min. Or 87.5; 84.8 and 81.9% of the time of day. Their peers from the experimental group were spending less time on vacation lying: the first day of 10.8%, the third – at 14.3, 25.8 and sixth on the ninth day – at 38.0%. Calves research group may milk cow 10 – 12 times a day and spend this 5–10 times longer compared to a control group calves which water colostrum and milk of nipples drinkers three times a day. The presence of the mother and the possibility of arbitrary sucking stimulated locomotor activity calves research groups and partially reduced their leisure time lying down. In the course of time and motion observations of animal behavior found that cows without a leash in the pits had a positive impact on the calving and overall health. Stage removing the fetus in experimental cows compared with control counterparts were relatively short and averaged 33.1 min., which is 9.8 minutes. faster, and droppings from cows separated at 33.4 min. more. Cows in the control group compared with research peers after calving on holiday standing and lying down spending more time accordingly – 25.4 min. and 12.1 min. By way of keeping calves tethered spent on average 86.03% of the time of day to rest lying on a sucking niples drinkers – 0.7%, standing – 11.07% and 2.23% of the time of day drinking water whereas for loose–boxed way of keeping calves during the day to rest lying spent 63.80% of the time of day, sucking on – 5.53%, to walking – 12.98%, the rest standing – 16.58% and consumption of water – 1.50% of the time of day. Prospects for further research. In the future, will be studied the growth and development of experimental animals, behavioral responses in cows tethered Loose and maintenance of various front feed and rest in the barn.

Biochemical and Antioxidant effects in crossbred calves fed with Morinda citrifolia

ABSTRACTMorinda citrifolia (Noni) is a medicinal plant widely distributed in the tropical regions of India, Indonesia and Malaysia and has a long history of treating a wide variety of diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis and diabetes. The present investigation was designed to evaluate blood biochemical parameters and antioxidant effects in calves fed with M. citrifolia. A total of eight calves were divided into two groups as control (n = 4) and treatment (n = 4). The calves of treatment group were fed with fresh minced raw fruit (100 g/calf/day) and the calves in control group were fed with placebo. Blood samples were collected at weekly intervals for four weeks for estimation of biochemical parameters and to determine antioxidant activity. The crude extract of noni fruits significantly (P < .01) decreased the concentrations of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, serum glucose and also decreased (P < .05) serum creatinine and urea. There was a reduction in lipid peroxidation (LPO) than control; however, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase levels were dramatically increased (P < .01) in morinda-fed calves. The results of present preliminary study demonstrated hypolipidemic, hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effect of M. citrifolia in calves. The findings of this study could be exploited for stress amelioration and management of metabolic diseases in calves and cattle without adverse effects.

Nematode control in suckler beef cattle over their first two grazing seasons using a targeted selective treatment approach.

BackgroundWith concerns over the development of anthelmintic resistance in cattle nematode populations, we must re-examine our approach to nematode control in cattle. Targeted selective treatments (TST), whereby individual animals are treated instead of entire groups, are being investigated as an alternative. The study objective was to determine if anthelmintic usage could be reduced using a TST-based approach to nematode control in spring-born suckler beef cattle over their first and second grazing seasons (SGS) without affecting performance. In the first grazing season (FGS), 99 calves with an initial mean (s.d.) calf age and live weight on day 0 (June 28th 2012) of 107 (23.1) days and 160 (32.5) kg, respectively, were used. The study commenced on day 0 when calves were randomised and allocated to one of two treatments; 1), standard treatment (control) and 2), TST. Control calves were treated subcutaneously with ivermectin on days 0, 41 and 82 in the FGS. All calves were treated with ivermectin on day 124 and housed on day 133. In the SGS, only heifer calves from the FGS were used and control heifers were treated with ivermectin on day 393. Animals were weighed, blood and faecal sampled every three weeks. The TST animals were treated with ivermectin if thresholds based on a combination of plasma pepsinogen concentrations, faecal egg count and/or the presence of Dictyocaulus viviparus larvae in faeces (FGS only) were reached.ResultsNo TST calves reached the treatment threshold criteria in the FGS. The FGS average daily live weight gain (ADG ± s.e.m.) for control and TST group calves was 0.89 ± 0.02 kg and 0.94 ± 0.02 kg day−1, respectively (P = 0.17). In the SGS, all heifers were treated with ivermectin on day 431 due to clinical signs of respiratory disease. The ADG for control and TST heifers from turnout on day 321 to day 431 was 0.90 ± 0.04 and 0.80 ± 0.04 kg day−1, respectively (P = 0.03).ConclusionsSpring-born FGS suckler beef calves require minimal anthelmintic treatment to maintain performance. In contrast, clinical parasitic disease may develop in the SGS unless appropriate anthelmintic treatment is provided.