Calophyllum Inophyllum Biodiesel Research Articles

Investigation on NOx control of a CI engine through the collective effect of hydrogen and biodiesel blend at modified compression ratio

The main challenges with using biodiesel in CI engines are higher NOx emissions and reduced brake thermal efficiency. These biodiesel-related issues can be handled by concurrently introducing gaseous fuels along with primary fuel into CI engines. This study examines the effects of hydrogen in a dual fuel mode operation with diesel and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel blend (B20) at different compression ratios on the engine's performance, combustion, and emission characteristics. A single-cylinder, 4-stroke, variable compression ratio engine operating at 1500 rpm was used for the research. A standard compression ratio (SCR) of 17.5 and a modified compression ratio (MCR) of 15.5 at a constant hydrogen flow rate of 6 L per minute (lpm) were used with diesel and B 20. The addition of hydrogen with diesel and B20 resulted in higher cylinder pressure and heat release rate when compared to pure diesel and B20 operation. This resulted in a shorter delay period (by an average of 9.4 % and 7.1 %) with lower peak pressure than pure diesel and B20 operation. During the dual fuel mode of H2 with B 20 at a modified compression ratio, the maximum heat release rate was decreased and its occurrence was retarded. NOx, UBHC, and CO emissions of the engine were decreased significantly by an average of 20.8% 43.7, %, and 22 % respectively with 37.7 % increase in smoke opacity. The increase in NOx emission with the use of H2 with diesel was reduced by operating H2 with B20 and at a reduced compression ratio. This lower emission was achieved with a compromise of a marginal decrease in engine brake thermal efficiency.

Analysis of Calophyllum Inophyllum Biodiesel Combustion with Variations of Magnetic Field Strength

The problems facing the world today are limited fossil fuels and increasing global warming due to fuel emissions. Therefore, there is a need to transition from fossil energy to alternative energy that is environmentally friendly and renewable. Biodiesel is an alternative material that can be used as a substitute for diesel fuel. This research aims to improve the combustion quality of calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel using the magnetic field influence method. The combustion test method uses a Bunsen burner and variations in magnetic strength of 4000 gauss, 8000 gauss and 12000 gauss are given. The equivalent ratios used in combustion analysis are 0.6:1, 0.7:1, 0.8:1, 0.9:1, 1:1, 1:1.1, and 1:1.2. The fuel and air flowing in the Bunsen pipe are heated to a constant temperature of 250°C for the fuel evaporation process. Then the resulting flame was analyzed for its combustion characteristics with RGB color variables, laminar burning velocity, and flame height. The research results show that the stronger the magnetic field effect, the more optimal the combustion quality will be. This is indicated by the increasingly strong magnetic field effect exerted on the flame, causing the red color intensity to decrease, the laminar burning velocity to increase, and the flame height to decrease. This is because the magnetic field can influence the movement of O2 molecules and cause a change in the orientation of the hydrocarbon from para to ortho. As a result, diffusion combustion becomes minimal and the combustion reaction becomes faster.

Experimental Exploration of Fuel Properties of Calophyllum Inophyllum Biodiesel and Its Blends

The calophyllum inophyllum is a potential source of non-edible vegetable oil for producing biodiesel because of its ability to grow in a wide range of climate conditions, easy cultivation, high fruit production rate, and the high oil content in the seed. The biodiesel is extracted through transesterification process with methanol and NaOH as catalyst. The biodiesel was blended with diesel by various percentages such as B0, B25, B50, B75 and B100. The blends were prepared on a volume basis. Density, kinematic viscosity, flash point and fire point, these are the four main fuel properties that were investigated. The results showed that the density, viscosity, flash point and fire point of diesel fuels (B0) are lower than the calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel (B100). Therefore, the density, viscosity, flash point and fire point of the blend increases with the increase of biodiesel concentration.

A study on Flame Characteristics Premixed Burning by Giving Magnetic Field Induction

This study aims to compare the effect of magnetic field induction on the characteristics of the fire resulting from the combustion of premixed biodiesel calophyllum inophyllum . Further research on premixed combustion flames due to magnetic field induction. As time goes by, petroleum is currently running low, therefore alternative biofuels are needed. One type of non-food vegetable oil is Jatropha and calophyllum inophyllum oil, besides not being consumed, it can be processed into biodiesel as fuel. To get a more effective and efficient flame, you can apply a magnetic field effect to the fire, especially in terms of the burning rate of the fire. The experimental research method is to heat calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel until it is in the form of steam, then flow it to the burner which will then be given air which is controlled by the flow mass. Then the fire is ignited and the mass of the air flow is increased until the fire is lifted until it is extinguished. Two magnets are placed between the burners by varying the direction of the magnetic field N-S, N-N and the results of this study are the shape of the flame. The resulting fire is more transparent, clearer and more visible. The direction of the N-S magnetic field causes the temperature to be higher than the direction of the N-N magnetic field. The high and low of the flame is affected by the direction of the magnetic field, the stronger the N-S magnetic field. The magnetic field can affect the burning speed of the biodiesel flame. In a poor mixture (ϕ <1) in the presence of magnetic influence, the rate of fire is lower without the influence of a magnetic field, but in a rich mixture (ϕ > 1) in the presence of a magnetic influence, the rate of fire is higher than without the influence of a magnetic field. This is due to the magnetic influence that induces oxygen. Oxygen is paramagnetic, so it can be attracted by magnetic fields.

Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Calophyllum Inophyllum Biodiesel and Gasoline Additives

Production of fuel oil in Indonesia from year to year continues to decline. Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel fuel is an alternative fuel that can be used in diesel engines. Gasoline is a fuel that can improve the characteristics of biodiesel. This research uses petrodiesel fuel, B30 (70% petrodiesel and 30% calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel), and B30 added with gasoline with a concentration of 10% vol/vol. The experiment was carried out with a direct injection single cylinder diesel engine connected to a generator that was used as a dynamometer and a gas analyzer was installed. Tests were carried out using lamp loads of 200, 400, 600, and 800 watts at a constant engine speed of 2000 rpm. The results of this research inform that the addition of gasoline to B30 fuel can reduce fuel consumption and increase thermal efficiency. The role of gasoline can also reduce CO, HC, and CO2 emissions. The addition of gasoline needs to be investigated further so that it can be applied to industry and transportation.
 

Taguchi-grey relational based multi response optimization of diesel- Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel blends fuelled diesel engine

Taguchi-grey relational based multi response optimization of diesel- Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel blends fuelled diesel engine

Effects of diesel–Calophylluminophyllum biodiesel–propyl alcohol blends on performance, emissions, and combustion of diesel engine

AbstractThe present experimental work aims to study the effects of higher alcohol with diesel–Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel on diesel engine characteristics. The higher alcohol used for the investigation was propyl alcohol. Three samples were prepared with a diesel–biodiesel blend (B20) at 6%, 12%, and 18% concentration by volume of propyl alcohol (B20P6, B20P12, and B20P18). Tests were carried out on a single‐cylinder, four‐stroke diesel engine with varying loads and compression ratio. At higher compression ratios, the modified blends of propyl alcohol reported better efficiencies compared to diesel. Blend B20P12 has a 1.6% higher average brake thermal efficiency than diesel. For all blends, the brake specific fuel consumptions (BSFCs) were found to be increased in comparison to diesel. The blends B20P6 and B20P12 reported 12.8% and 13.8% higher average BSFCs than those of diesel. The blends B20P6 and B20P12 reported 15.7% and 29.5% less carbon monoxide emissions than diesel, respectively. A decrease of up to 4.6% in hydrocarbon emissions was also reported with propyl alcohol blends. Along with a reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions, propyl alcohol blends also reported lower peak cylinder pressure and a lower heat release rate compared to diesel. At a higher compression ratio, increased engine knock was observed with a higher amount of propyl alcohol. The experimental evaluation concluded that a 12% concentration by volume of propyl alcohol is the optimum value of the additive in the diesel–C. inophyllum biodiesel blend.

Performance Test Of Calophyllum Inophyllum Biodiesel On a Small Mono-Cylinder 5 Kva Diesel Generator

Demand of diesel fuel for villagers in rural area of Indonesia is getting higher recently. Electricity and diesel fuel shortage are forcing them to find alternative energy sources for their activities. One of the promising energy sources is Calophyllum inophyllum, which commonly grow in low-land and coastal region. In present work, methyl ester obtained from Calophyllum inophyllum were used on a 5 kVA diesel generator, pure and in 50% blend with commercial diesel fuel which also used pure as reference. A performance test cycle for each fuel was conducted with the aim of taking data of cold and warm start up time, fuel consumption, and exhaust gas emission. In the analysis of cold and warm start up time test result, it revealed that 50% blended of diesel fuel and Calophyllum inophyllum increases both cold and warm start up time when compared to pure diesel fuel and the time got higher for pure Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel. In the result of fuel consumption, 50% blended fuel increases fuel consumption for 10.8% whereas pure biodiesel increases 16.8% fuel consumption. Analysis on the exhaust gas emission resulted that the use of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel and its blend decrease the CO2 emission while CO and HC emission increases. The NOx emission and the opacity of exhaust gas increase for biodiesel blend, similar results were also obtained for pure biodiesel.

Experimental studies on the effect of Carbon nanotube additives with Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel in CI engine

The rapid depletion of Non-renewable fuel sources coupled with environmental degradation, has led us further into the exploration of alternate energy resources. Biodiesels originating from non-edible feedstocks have garnered much attention in a span of few years. The current study focuses on the addition of Carbon Nanotubes in Tamanu oil biodiesel in a Diesel engine. In this study, parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and NOx emissions have been studied. The performance of these biodiesel-diesel blends were charted and results are compared with diesel. It is noted that the inclusion of nano-additives in dosages of 30 and 60 ppm enhances brake thermal efficiency, the drawback being increased specific fuel consumption. The emissions of HC, NOx and emissions show a favorable trend with addition of CNT but CO2 emissions were observed to be on the higher side. Also graphs were plotted revealing the relevant combustion characteristics of the test fuels. They are further discussed in detail and a comprehensive conclusion was made.

Investigation of emission and performance analysis of honne oil in VCR diesel engine

The world is facing two serious problems: energy crises and pollution. The daily increase in industrialization and the number of automobiles is the reason for these two problems. This work focus on to analyse the performance characteristics and emission parameters of the diesel engine for the blend of calophyllum inophyllum (Honne oil) Biodiesel blend (B10, B20 and B30) and Also find out how they affect the performance of the I.C Engine. While testing, the compression ratio of the engine was in the range of 15 to 18. Then speed of the engine is constant (1500 rpm). In conventional diesel engines and exhaust gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (Nox), hydrocarbons (HC) has been reduced. Considering that, by using this hybrid system, the thermal performance and the emission system must be investigated.

The Combined Effect of Alcohols and Calophyllum inophyllum Biodiesel Using Response Surface Methodology Optimization

In this experimental study, the performance of the diesel engine was analyzed for biodiesel derived from Calophyllum inophyllum. The impact of the addition of additives such as N-octanol and N-butanol with Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel has been assessed. Impact of the application of hybrid N-octanol and N-butanol with biodiesel on emission profile used for the engine performance has also been demonstrated. Response surface analysis of alcohol additives-biodiesel blend was performed separately in this study for the engine efficiency and emission profile. A combination of N-octanol and N-butanol presented the highest brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and lowest carbon monoxide (CO) emission among the ternary blends of octanol. N-butanol-biodiesel blend presented the lowest hydrocarbon (HC) emission among the blends of N-butanol. N-octanol with 5 and 10% addition with biodiesel showed the lowest HC emissions among the blends of octanol. The response surface methodology (RSM) optimization revealed that the optimized thermal efficiency and emission were obtained at full load and minimum load, respectively. The addition of N-octanol hindered the emission at all loads, while N-butanol reduced it at higher loads. A strong correlation between the load and alcohol additives on the engine performance and emission profile has been obtained using the RSM optimization approach. The R-squared value obtained from the RSM was 0.92 and emission profile has been characterized.

Effects of n-butanol/calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel blend injection on the combustion characteristics of reactivity controlled compression ignition engine

The present experiment work implements the reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) technique in analysing the combustion, performance, and emissions (regulated and unregulated) characteristics of diesel engine. A high reactivity calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel blend (B20) is directly injected inside the cylinder and a low reactivity n-butanol fuel is injected in three different ratios (10%, 20% and 30% by vol. basis) into the inlet manifold section using the electronic control unit. This study reveals that the brake thermal efficiency increased by 4.32%, oxides of nitrogen, smoke, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, hexanaldehyde, are reduced 19.31%, 8.82%, 12.19%, 11.71% and 37.02%, respectively compared to diesel at full load condition. The carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, formaldehyde, crotanaldehyde are increased by 15.23%, 20.87%, 15%, and 13.23% compared with neat diesel fuel. The cylinder pressure and heat release rate are increased by 18%, 29.15% with n-butanol 30% injection due to the advanced start of combustion, high cylinder temperature, and better mixture formation. [Received: September 19, 2019; Accepted: June 26, 2020]

An experimental assessment on the influence of nanoparticles in calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel operated diesel engine

ABSTRACT This research work analyses the combustion, performance, and emissions characteristics of calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester or polanga biodiesel operated single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine appended with alumina nano-additives with two concentrations of 25 ppm and 50 ppm. The test engine was run at varying loads from 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The test engine is to be operated at a constant speed of 1500 rpm speed along with compression ratio of 17.5 and injection timing of 23° bTDC. The magnetic stirrer and ultrasonicator are used for blending of alumina nano-additives. Based on experimental investigation, it is found that with smaller fraction alumina nano-additives, the combustion is improved and emissions are lowered owing to high surface-area-to-volume-ratio of alumina particles. In addition, the blending of alumina has escalated the brake thermal efficiency substantially and reduced brake specific fuel consumption by about 6.56% and 7.37% subsequently. Thus, the improvement in combustion efficiency is observed along with a marginal reduction in NOx, CO, HC, and smoke emissions.

Effect of diethyl ether and ethanol as an oxygenated additive on Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel in CI engine

The present experimental investigation is conducted to examine the working characteristics of compression ignition (CI) engine using oxygenated additives such as diethyl ether and ethanol to the blends of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel. Experiments are conducted on a water-cooled single-cylinder constant speed DI (direct injection) diesel engine under same operating circumstances. The results indicates that an enhancement of brake thermal efficiency is up to 3.7% and 6.2% with an addition of ethanol and DEE additive in biodiesel blended fuels respectively at maximum load condition. This is attributable to the existence of higher oxygen value and volatile nature of the additives. The combustion characteristics like in-cylinder pressure and net heat release rate of DEE blended fuels are 1.1-5.2% and 0.4-2.7% higher than other blends respectively. This is mainly due to higher cetane number and high volatile nature of DEE. This also results in higher NOX emissions. But 2-9% drop in nitrous oxide emission is noticed for biodiesel with ethanol blends compared to all other blends. This is as a result of superior latent heat of vaporization and lesser cetane number of ethanol which results in lower cylinder pressure about 0.4-2.6% and this end up with more unburned HC and CO emissions. Energy and exergy studies help to analyze the result of ethanol and DEE additive along with blends of biodiesel. The exergy efficiencies of DEE blended fuels enhance up to 2.3-6% compared to other blends at all load conditions. This is attributable to the superior combustion characteristics of DEE.

Enhancing Liquefied Petroleum Gas utilization in Compression-Ignition engine powered with Renewable Fuel under Dual Fuel concept- An Experimental Study

ABSTRACT The current research article aims at improving LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) utilization in a compression ignition engine powered with renewable fuel namely Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel (CPBD). The combustion, performance and emission tests were conducted in the stationary single-cylinder water-cooled engine at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. The engine was remodeled to function in a dual fuel mode utilizing LPG as primary fuel and CPBD as pilot fuel. Through suction stroke, the primary fuel was supplied whereas the CPBD was injected through direct injection. The results show that the CPBD improved the performance of the engine under the LPG-based dual-fuel engine. There was an increase observed in Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of CPBD upto 4.9% under LPG mode with 12% LPG energy share and a drop in BTE limited with LPG substitution. The water injection method was attempted in this research to increase the substitution of LPG, which resulted positively. The 5% water injection (5%W) increased the LPG substitution from 12% to 16% with a 7% improvement in BTE. There was a drastic improvement noted in hydrocarbon (HC) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) emission in dual fuel mode. The HC emission got decreased by 37.14% in CPBD+LPG mode to 45.7% in CPBD+LPG+5%W mode. Similarly, the CO emission got decreased by 65% with CPBD+LPG mode to 64% with CPBD+LPG+5%W mode. Likewise, the smoke emission also got decreased by 87% in CPBD+LPG mode to 74% in CPBD+LPG+5%W mode. However, NO emission got drastically increased by 90% and 85% in CPBD+LPG and CPBD+LPG+5%W respectively. To conclude, CPBD can be effectively used in CI engines under LPG-based dual fuel mode, which improves the performance and emission concurrently.

Multi-functional fuel additive as a combustion catalyst for diesel and biodiesel in CI engine characteristics

The present research work aims at investigating the effect of newly developed multifunctional additive with diesel and Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel on compression ignition engine characteristics. A newly developed hydrocarbon based multifunctional fuel additive named as “Thermol-D” which comprises of various ingredients at suitable composition like surfactant, demulsifier, lubricity enhancer, dispersant, cetane improver, antioxidant and combustion catalyst. In this present study, the Thermol-D has been doped with conventional diesel and Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel at 0.5 ml, 1 ml and 2 ml concentrations. Moreover, the Thermol-D addition with diesel and biodiesel has shown remarkable stability at all concentrations without any phase separation issues. All the fuel comparative analysis is carried out using all the fuel samples at same operating conditions under load variation from No load to full load at constant engine speed. It has been noticed that the doping of Thermol-D with diesel and biodiesel has increased the brake thermal efficiency by 21% and 43% at 100% loading conditions due to the presence of combustion catalyst and cetane improver in the additive. The multifunctional additive presence in the fuel blends is reduced the carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbon emissions by 32–36% and 20% respectively. Furthermore, the oxides of nitrogen emission has also reduced at significant rate in the range of 18–20.5% for 2% Thermol-D addition with diesel and biodiesel. The Thermol-D contains slight fraction of antioxidant and cetane improvers which has resulted in combustion temperature. All the combustion characteristics are improved by the addition of Thermol-D with diesel and biodiesel.

The performance of turbocharged diesel engine with injected calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester blends and inducted babul wood gaseous fuels

The current investigation briefly elaborates usage of calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel and babul-derived gas on a turbocharged diesel engine operated in dual fuel mode taking into consideration two different phases of operation. Initially, the experimentation was to be carried out keeping the gas flow rate fixed at 21.58 kg/h with varying loading condition in contrast to the naturally aspirated mode. Secondly, the gas flow rate was varied for all the fuels with fixed optimal loading conditions at 3.77 kW. Meanwhile, the modified operating parameters such as injection timing (230bTDC), injection pressure (240 bar), combustion chamber (TrCC), nozzle hole geometry (4-hole) were kept constant throughout the set of experimentations. The present work describes the novelty of varying the gas flow rate techniques with modified engine parameters in order to discuss the overall performance, and emission and combustion behavior in contrast to conventional diesel fuel. The result concludes a lower thermal efficiency (BTE) for B20 + P gas (21.58 kg/h) of 2.7%↓ while higher exhaust gas temperature (EGT) and brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) of 3.7%↑ and 2.18%↑ at 3.77 kW than diesel + P gas. Additionally, considering emission analysis, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbon (HC), nitric oxide (NO) and smoke opacity delivers a lower emission range for B20 + P gas of about 24.4%↓, 7.14%↓, 60.8%↓, 14.28%↓ and 42.8%↓ in comparison to diesel + P gas at optimal loading conditions. Moreover, varying the producer gas flow rate depicted a lower BTE and higher BSEC, EGT for B20 at maximum flow rate of 21.58 kg/h was 7.6%↓, 1.7%↑and 6.7%↑ in contrast to conventional fuel. Furthermore, CO, CO2, HC, NO and smoke opacity delivers a very low emission range of 15.2%↓, 8.42%↓, 20.5%↓, 29.6%↓ and 49.3%↓ in contrast to diesel fuel in dual fuel mode. Hence, considering the above discussion, engine with optimal load of 3.77 kW and gas flow rate of 21.58 kg/h along with modified engine parameters as discussed above enhanced the engine’s overall performance. This provides a freedom from using conventional resources resulting in both diesel fuel savings and energy security for future development.

Influence of fumigated calophyllum inophyllum vapours on the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine

ABSTRACT The present investigation is aimed to find the influence of fumigated calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel vapors on the combustion, performance, and emissions of a single cylinder, four strokes, water cooled, direct injection diesel engine. Biodiesel produced by transesterification of calophyllum inophyllum oil was used as alternative fuel in this investigation. The performance, emission and combustion characteristics of the diesel engine with four different fumigated calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel ratios (5%, 15%, 25% and 35% by vol. basis) are compared with diesel fuel and presented in this paper. The experimental results indicate 12.27% higher brake thermal efficiency with fumigated calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel 15%, and the brake specific fuel consumption was found to be higher by 18.63% when compared to that of diesel fuel. The maximum heat release and peak pressures obtained with calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel ratios 5% and 15% are 5.09%, 9.8% and 3.76%, 5.9%, respectively, higher than diesel fuel at full load conditions. The oxides of nitrogen and smoke emissions were decreased by 20.02% and 8.1%, respectively.

Impact of addition of two ether additives with high speed diesel- Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blends on NOx reduction in CI engine

The objective of this work was to compare the effect of diethyl ether (DEE) and methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) addition to biodiesel and diesel blends on diesel engine. The ethers concentration have been varied in proportion of 5% and 10% on volume basis with biodiesel by keeping the diesel concentration as 50% for all ternary blends preparation. Experimental results revealed that D50-B45-DEE5 ternary blend has shown 5.3% increase in thermal efficiency compared to other ternary blends. On the other hand, D50-B45-MTBE5 and D50-B45-DEE ternary blends have reduced CO emission by 8.1% and 14.8% respectively when compared to high speed diesel fuel. Furthermore, the D50-B40-DEE10 blend and D50-B40-MTBE10 reduce the NOx emission by 32% and 8.8% when compared to HSD at maximum load condition. Significant reduction is noted in HC emission for all ether added ternary blends than that of HSD and biodiesel fuels. However, the smoke emission is decreased marginally for D50-B45-DEE5 than that of HSD fuel. Finally, it is evident that both the DEE and MTBE could be used as viable additive with diesel or biodiesel in binary and ternary forms for diesel engine applications.

Effect of fuel injection strategies and EGR on biodiesel blend in a CRDI engine

Biodiesel appears as a replenishable and sustainable energy source and can be used a direct replacement to petro-diesel without any major transformations in ongoing diesel engines. This work concentrates on production of Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel (CIB) and preparing 10% blend (CIB10) sample to investigate the effects of varying the injection strategies and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in common-rail direct injection engine. The experimental results shows that 10% of pilot fuel and 90% main injection strategy (B10@P10-M90) is superior among all others injection strategies with respect to pure diesel. B10@P10-M90 fuel injection strategy produces the maximum efficiency of 35.8% and lowest fuel consumption of 0.25 kg/kWh compared to all the injection strategies. The carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions are also found to be quite low compared to all the other test samples including pure diesel. However B10@P10-M90 results in higher average oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission which is 18.9% higher in contrast to conventional diesel at full load condition. With the implementation of 10% and 20% EGR with B10@P10-M90, the average NOx emissions decreased by 14.4% and 27.6% respectively compared to B10@P10-M90 without any EGR without significant loss in the performance of the existing diesel engine.