Calendula Flowers Research Articles

Flowers marigold fermentation influence on the flavonoids content and polyphenoloxidase activity

Introduction. Fermentation is a biochemical process that changes the qualitative and quantitative composition of biologically active substances (BAS) and, accordingly, may change the pharmacological activity and toxicity of medicinal plants. Fermentation usually carried out for fresh medicinal plant raw materials (MPRM). However, to date, there is no information on the relationship between enzyme activity (in particular, polyphenol oxidase) and the BAS content. In this work, calendula flowers standardized for flavonoids were used as a model object. Purpose of the study. To assess the effect of calendula flower fermentation on the flavonoid content and polyphenol oxidase activity. Material and methods. The object of the study was calendula flowers (Calendulae flos, Calendula officinalis L., Asteraceae). The following fermentation options were studied: hot fermentation at 40 and 60°С; fermentation under natural conditions; cold fermentation, as well as thermal and ultrasonic pre-treatment. Immediately after the completion of fermentation, heat and ultrasound treatment, the polyphenol oxidase activity was determined in the processed fresh MPRM using the method of A.N. Boyarkin. After 6 hours of fermentation of fresh MPRM at 40 and 60°С; after 1 day of fermentation under natural conditions; after cold fermentation and ultrasound treatment, heat treatment was carried out to stop the polyphenol oxidase activity. The flavonoid content was determined spectrophotometrically by the reaction with aluminum chloride. Results. Hot fermentation of fresh calendula flowers at 40°С for 2–3 hours leads to a significant increase in the flavonoid content; hot fermentation at 60°С reduces the its content. The flavonoid content and polyphenol oxidase activity at 40°С are higher than at 60°С. A reliable relationship was revealed between the flavonoid content and polyphenol oxidase activity. Cold fermentation reduces the flavonoid content and polyphenol oxidase activity. Natural fermentation for 3 days increases the flavonoid content. Ultrasonic treatment significantly increases the flavonoid content. Heat treatment does not significantly increase the its content. Thermal inactivation of the enzyme after hot, cold and natural fermentation and ultrasonic treatment reduces the flavonoid content. Conclusion. Among all the studied methods of pre-treatment of fresh calendula flowers (hot, cold and natural fermentation, heat and ultrasonic treatment with and without thermal inactivation), the most significant increase in flavonoid content was achieved with ultrasonic treatment.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ВОПРОСОВ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ ПРИ САХАРНОМ ДИАБЕТЕ

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most pressing health problems in many countries. DM disrupts most types of metabolism and affects many tissues and organs to varying degrees. The development of DM leads to serious complications that cause disability and high mortality. Cardiovascular system disorders, nervous system disorders, diabetic nephropathy, skin disorders, diabetic retinopathies, musculoskeletal and immune system disorders. The cause of diabetes mellitus is considered to be insulin deficiency (type I), which occurs as a result of pathological changes in the beta cells of the pancreas. Another cause is insulin insensitivity (type II). Scientists are developing antidiabetic herbal preparations that have a pronounced effect on alloxan diabetes models. The composition of the collection includes: blueberry leaves or shoots, bean pods, rose hips, nettle leaves, plantain leaves, chamomile flowers, calendula flowers, motherwort herb, St. John's wort herb, yarrow herb, licorice root, rhizomes and roots of elecampane. Preparations with an anabolic effect have been developed from restharrow and alfalfa. Their active ingredients are phenolic compounds. Currently, foreign and domestic manufacturers offer biologically active food supplements as adjuvant treatment for diabetes. The range of herbal medicines for the treatment of diabetes is small, so expanding the range of herbal preparations that regulate carbohydrate metabolism disorders and prevent complications is an urgent area of research. In this regard, collections of several medicinal plants that implement the main areas of diabetes therapy are of interest.

Calendula Flowers (Calendulae officinalis flos): Methods to Obtain Fractions of Biologically Active Substances

INTRODUCTION. The pharmaceutical industry aims at developing sustainable resource-saving technologies for manufacturing medicines. Approaches to the effective use of herbal drugs include applying technologies yielding compounds with various pharmacological effects in one production cycle. To date, no standardised herbal drug processing technology has been designed to produce calendula flower-based medicinal products with various pharmacological effects. The Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) process calendula flowers by extraction methods yielding one fraction of biologically active substances per cycle (either only flavonoids or only carotenoids).AIM. This article aimed to investigate the possibility of stepwise processing of calendula flowers to obtain biologically active substances with different polarities (carotenoids, flavonoids, and polysaccharides) per cycle.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The authors extracted carotenoids using hexane. The study included additional thermal pretreatment of the herbal drug. Carotenoids and flavonoids were quantified by spectrophotometry, and polysaccharides were quantified by gravimetric analysis. After hexane removal, the dry oily residue was dissolved in oil with mechanical stirring to obtain the oil extract. The study included a three-step processing method that comprised hexane extraction (extraction of carotenoids with a low-polarity organic solvent), extraction with a water–organic solvent system (extraction of flavonoids), and aqueous extraction (precipitation of polysaccharides).RESULTS. The lipophilic extracts obtained by single hexane extraction or by single hexane extraction and heat treatment had the maximum carotenoid content (~4%), which was 10 times the carotenoid content in the extracts obtained using a water– organic solvent system. Oil extracts were prepared from the dry residue left after removing hexane by distillation at its boiling point. The content of biologically active substances in the oil extracts was comparable to that in the intact herbal drug. Water–organic solvent extraction yielded 68.5% more flavonoids from the herbal drug extracted with hexane than from the intact herbal drug. In contrast, aqueous extraction applied to the intact herbal drug yielded 1.7 times the amount of flavonoids obtained by aqueous extraction preceded by hexane extraction. The water-soluble polysaccharide fraction extracted from the intact herbal drug had 10 times the flavonoid content observed in the fraction extracted from the processed herbal drug. Each subsequent processing step decreased the total polysaccharide content and the content of individual polysaccharide fractions and increased their purity. The ratio of polysaccharide fractions remained unchanged across all processing methods tested.CONCLUSIONS. Stepwise processing of calendula flowers ensured that one processing cycle provided three fractions containing increased amounts of carotenoids, flavonoids, and polysaccharides. Relative to the intact herbal drug, there was a 3.3-fold increase in the yield of carotenoids, and the yields of flavonoids and polysaccharides increased by 44.8 and 41.3%, respectively. The resulting product had a higher degree of purity than the products obtained by pretreatment and double hexane extraction or by using the intact herbal drug. The stepwise processing method is advisable for the production of medicines that are enriched with a specific group of biologically active substances or contain smaller amounts of impurities.

STUDY OF THE PROCESS OF PLANT RAW MATERIAL EXTRACTION IN A STATIC-TYPE CAVITATION INLINE MIXER

Abstract. The flowering heads of calendula have a significant content of biologically active substances (BAS) with a wide range of pharmacological activities. Traditional methods for obtaining their aqueous extracts include maceration or percolation. However, these methods have significant drawbacks. The rational choice of equipment and the study of the influence of thermophysical conditions on the extraction process of specific plant raw materials to intensify mass transfer processes are relevant. The aim of the study is to investigate the transition of solid substances of calendula flowers into a soluble state in a flow cavitation mixer of a static type to intensify mass transfer processes in obtaining aqueous extracts. For the research, previously ground dry calendula flower heads, swollen in distilled water at a hydro module of 1:15 and reduced to 0,1-2 mm, were used. The work was carried out on an experimental cavitation mixer of the Venturi tube type with a variable cavitation reactor with a nozzle throat diameter ranging from 0,006 m to 0,12 m. The efficiency of extraction was determined by the amount of water-soluble substances, and the cavitation phenomenon was characterized by the cavitation number. Results: The overall design of the cavitation apparatus, the profile and geometric parameters of the nozzle, the flow parameters, as well as the properties of the plant material, significantly affect the hydrodynamic conditions and the development of cavitation effects during processing. The Venturi-type flow cavitation mixer used in the research showed high efficiency in processing mass transfer processes during the extraction of a water suspension of calendula flower heads. The results obtained indicate that the most significant impact of cavitation effects is observed at nozzle throat diameters of 0,08 m and 0,10 m, with cavitation numbers χ = 0,53 and χ = 0,84, respectively. In this case, the process duration can be limited to 60 seconds. The obtained conclusions are confirmed by microstructure studies.

Research of the antioxidants content in plant raw materials – ingredients for polycomponent functional chips

The article discusses the possibility of using such plant raw materials as pumpkin varieties of Michurinskaya, Krasnaya Malyshka and hybrid Azhur medoviy F1, calendula flower powder, corn flour when designing new types of multicomponent chips ensuring the principle of resource saving due to the involvement of apple production pomace in the technological process juice. A comprehensive analysis of plant raw materials used in the production of chips was carried out for the total content of antioxidants, polyphenolic composition (flavonols, catechins, anthocyanins), the presence of ascorbic acid and beta-carotene. Among the varieties and hybrids of pumpkin, in terms of the total content of water-soluble antioxidants, Krasnaya Malyshka and Azhur Medoviy F1 stand out, then apple pomace, corn flour are ranked in increasing antioxidant value, and the leader here is calendula flower powder. The content of polyphenols in the hybrid Azhur medoviy F1 is higher than in the varieties of Michurinskaya and Krasnaya Malyshka by an average of 42%. The maximum content of ascorbic acid was found in Krasnaya Malyshka pumpkin, but at the same time this variety is inferior in beta-carotene content to two other varieties Michurinskaya and the hybrid Azhur medoviy F1 by 58 and 54%, respectively. Apple pomace can act as an additional source of ascorbic acid and flavonols, calendula flower powder – ascorbic acid, polyphenols and beta-carotene, and corn flour – flavonols, catechins and beta-carotene. All pumpkin varieties and hybrids studied in the work ensure that the finished multicomponent chips, taking into account the established recommended consumption rate – 30 g per day, contain functional ingredients – ascorbic acid, beta-carotene and flavonols at a level of more than 15% of the physiological consumption rate per day.

Zuleikha Ch. Mamedova1, 1,

The purpose of the research work was to develop the technology of cosmetic gels from the phytocomposition extract, based on some polymer carriers and their standardization. Based on an extract obtained by maceration using 70% ethyl alcohol as a solvent, from a herbal collection consisting of rose hips, calendula flowers and rosemary herb (3.5:3.5:3), a technology has been developed for producing gels based on three different polymers (Na-alginate (composition I), PEQ 4000 (composition II) and Na-KMS (composition I). Some physical and physicochemical parameters of the obtained gels were determined (appearance, color, smell, homogeneity, asso-ciated impurities, pH, exfoliation, thermal and colloidal stability, mechanical contamination and aggregation stability). A spectrophotometric quantitative determination of the amount of flavo-noids by rutoside in the prepared gels was carried out.

DETERMINATION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN LIQUID EXTRACT OF PLANTS POLYGONUM HIDROPIPER L., BURSA PASTORIS, CALENDULAE OFFICINALIS AND URTICA DIOICA L.

Methods have been developed for the quantitative determination of biologically active compounds - flavonoids and vitamin K1 in the liquid extract "Extradent" obtained from the aerial part of the knotweed (Polygonum hidropiper L.), shepherd's purse (Bursa pastoris), calendula flowers (Calendulae officinalis) and nettle leaves (Urtica dioica). L.), by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). As a result, components corresponding to the retention time of standard samples of robinin, rutin, and quercetin were found on the chromatogram of the extract. It was revealed that the content of robinin was 0.37%, rutin 0.014%, quercetin 0.00045%, and vitamin K1 0.005%. The same method of mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) was used to determine the quantitative content of macro- and microelements of the liquid extract "Extradent". The highest content of macroelements is in the proportion of potassium (0.65%), phosphorus (0.2%), and among the microelements of iron is 15.716 mg/l, selenium – 0.046 mg/l. The content of heavy metal salts in the liquid extract is within the normal range and totals 1.155 mg/l. Of these, the main content is zinc and copper.

Bioassay-Guided Assessment of Antioxidative, Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activities of Extracts from Medicinal Plants via High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography.

Natural products and their analogues have contributed significantly to treatment options, especially for anti-inflammatory and infectious diseases. Thus, the primary objective of this work was to compare the bioactivity profiles of selected medicinal plants that are historically used in folk medicine to treat inflammation and infections in the body. Chemical HPTLC fingerprinting was used to assess antioxidant, phenolic and flavonoid content, while bioassay-guided HPTLC was used to detect compounds with the highest antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. The results of this study showed that green tea leaf, walnut leaf, St. John's wort herb, wild thyme herb, European goldenrod herb, chamomile flower, and immortelle flower extracts were strong radical scavengers. Green tea and nettle extracts were the most active extracts against E. coli, while calendula flower extract showed significant potency against S. aureus. Furthermore, green tea, greater celandine, and fumitory extracts exhibited pronounced potential in suppressing COX-1 activity. The bioactive compounds from the green tea extract, as the most bioactive, were isolated by preparative thin-layer chromatography and characterized with their FTIR spectra. Although earlier studies have related green tea's anti-inflammatory properties to the presence of catechins, particularly epigallocatechin-3-gallate, the FTIR spectrum of the compound from the most intense bioactive zone showed the strongest anti-inflammatory activity can be attributed to amino acids and heterocyclic compounds. As expected, antibacterial activity in extracts was related to fatty acids and monoglycerides.

Study of volatile compounds of Сalendula officinalis L. flowers by the method of gas chromatography with MAS detection

A promising direction for improving the procedure of standardization of multicomponent phytoremedies is the use of so-called marker compounds, or markers – substances whose presence is characteristic only for individual medicinal raw materials. The introduction of methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis based on the use of markers is not only of great practical importance, but also of significant scientific expediency.
 One of the most common components used to make complex herbal collections are the flowers of medicinal plants, which are successfully used in medical practice both in the form of mono preparations and in the form of components of over-the-counter medicinal product of herbal origin.
 The pharmacological activity of the flowers of marigolds is due to the presence in their composition of a complex of biologically active substances, in particular essential oils, the content of which is associated with such pharmacological properties of the plant as bactericidal, antioxidant, etc. That is why it was considered expedient to search on markers for plant standardization in mixtures among essential oil components.
 The aim of the work was to study the components of the essential oil of calendula flowers (Calendula officinalis L.) by the method of gas chromatography with mass detection
 The object of the study was marigold flowers in packs of 50 g (CJSC «Liktravy», series 80310).
 The study of volatile components was carried out using the method of gas chromatography with mass detection. Chromatographic study of the studied extracts was carried out on an Agilent 6890 gas chromatograph equipped with a mass spectrometric detector (model 5973). The identification of the studied components was carried out by mass spectra and the retention time of the components.
 As a result of the conducted research, using library spectra, 59 volatile components were identified in the extract of the flowers of Calendula officinalis L., 50 were recognized: monocyclic and bicyclic monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, sesquiterpene alcohols, etc.
 The major volatile components of flowers of Calendula officinalis L. are the following substances: α-cadinol, δ-cadinene, α-muurolol and epi-α-cadinol, the content of which is equal to 417.2 mg/kg, 284.2 mg/kg, 92.4 mg/kg and 75.7 mg/kg of raw material, respectively.
 The total content of all four major volatile compounds of the flowers of Calendula officinalis L. is 44.14% of the total amount of volatile compounds found in the object of research.

Physico-chemical properties of calendula flower extract in bitter almond oil elemental composition and microbiological purity

The study used bitter almonds (Amygdalus communis L. Varietas amara D.C.) obtained by cold pressing medicinal nails grown in Navoi region using oil (Calendula officinalis L.) - with the participation of flowers, the extraction process was carried out by maceration (in a ratio of 1:10). The resulting oil extract was studied by its elemental composition, chromatographic analysis of its fatty acids, microbiological purity, chemical and physical constants.

The effect of phytobiotic preparations on morphochemical blood parameters of calves with dyspepsia

The results of the effect of complex phytopreparations on blood parameters in the treatment of dyspepsia in young cattle are presented. Three groups of newborn Hereford calves with signs of dyspepsia were used as the research material. The first experimental group was given the developed preparation № 1 (bird cherry fruit, eleutherococcus rhizome, camomile flowers, probiotic) 2 times a day at 12-hour intervals at the rate of 2 ml/kg of live weight; the 2nd - was given the developed preparation № 2 (bergenia rhizome, fennel leaf, calendula flowers, probiotic) 2 times a day at 12-hour intervals at the rate of 2 ml/kg of live weight. Animals of the control group were not given the studied preparations and were treated according to the scheme adopted at the farm (they were given boiled water with NaCl 9 g/boiled water, pancreatin, tetracycline. Prior to the experiment, all clinical signs of dyspepsia were noted in sick calves. After the application of herbal preparations in the experimental groups in 7 days normalization of leukocytes by 60.4 and 48.7%, respectively, was observed. The number of erythrocytes in all studied groups was within the normal range, the level of hemoglobin in the control group was registered 10% lower than normal and 20.5% lower than in the second group of animals. Hematocrit in the experimental groups corresponded to the norm (35.2 and 38.7%, respectively), in the control group it exceeded the norm by 26% (p < 0.01). The content of sodium and potassium in the blood serum in the control group was reduced by 44 and 17.1%, respectively, and in the experimental groups it was within the reference values. In the experimental groups, positive dynamics of normalization of calcium-phosphorus ratio and iron was noted. Glucose level significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 2.7% in the 1st experimental group and by 3.9% in the 2nd group. The data obtained indicate high effectiveness of the preparations (90 and 100% respectively) and a positive effect on the physiological parameters of the calves, as well as on the consumer qualities of the products.

Study of the correlation between the content of polyphenols in different combinations of plant extracts and their antioxidant activity of a multicomponent herbal medicine with antiallergic effect

Combinations of medicinal plants ensure the collective work of several active components, which can lead to an additive or synergistic effect. We have chosen the bur-marigold-calendula-hawthorn combination to obtain an antiallergic herbal medicine, in which the bur-marigold is the main plant, calendula is a helper plant that helps in the fight against accompanying symptoms, and hawthorn harmonizes the action of the first 2 plants.
 The aim of the work – the study of possible synergistic interactions in a multicomponent herbal antiallergic preparation by calculating the correlation between the content of polyphenols in various combinations of plant extracts and their antioxidant activity.
 Both individual extracts of a bur-marigold herb, calendula flowers and hawthorn leaves and flowers and a combined target extract with the ratio of herbal drugs (6:3:1) were obtained. Two and three component ompositions were obtained by mixing extracts in appropriate ratios. The content of polyphenols was determined by SPhU 2.0, 2.8.14. The antioxidant activity was determined by the neocuproin method. The Pearson Correlation was used to calculate the relationship between the content of polyphenols in extracts and their antioxidant activity.
 The maximum amount of polyphenols was found in the hawthorn extract (7.2%), in the bur-marigolg extract – 5.5%, and in the calendula extract – 3.4%. When adding calendula extract to the bur-marigold extract, the antioxidant activity was expected to decrease, thus an additive effect is observed; for the combination of bur-marigold /hawthorn 1:0.5, an increase in antioxidant activity (110.6%) was observed compared to the expected value, which may be synergism; for the combination of calendula/hawthorn, an increase in activity was observed. For 3-component combinations, it was found that only the combination of bur-marigold/calendula/hawthorn 1:0.5:0.5 showed greater activity (112%) than the target extract, all others combinations showed activity within the limits of possible variations (± 10%) of the components. When calculating the correlation between the content of polyphenols in the combinations and their activity using the Pearson coefficient, a strong positive correlation was found.
 The correlation between the content of polyphenols in various combinations of plant extracts and their antioxidant activity of a multicomponent herbal antiallergic preparation was studied. In 2-component combinations an additive effect was found when determining antioxidant activity, and an assumption was made about the ability of a synergism only for a combination of bur-marigold/hawthorn 1:0.5. All analyzed 3-component compositions showed antioxidant activity within the limits of possible variations (± 10%) of the components. A strong positive correlation was found between the content of polyphenols in the combinations and their activity.

The efficiency of grain treatment with natural disinfectants for the prevention of aspergillosis in birds

In the structure of mycosis pathologies of birds, the top place is occupied by aspergillosis. The main pathogenicity factor is Aspergillus spp., which quickly penetrates the lungs' alveoli and causes a pathological process. Because the level of the fodder base contamination with fungi of the genus Aspergillus is quite significant, an essential link in the technological process of growing young poultry is to prevent contamination and increase the economic efficiency of production. The paper examines the effectiveness assessment of grain treatment with natural disinfectants in the framework of aspergillosis prevention in poultry farming. Moreover, the advantages of using natural disinfectants for their use in modern eco-production of animal-origin products are described in the paper. Antifungal properties of infusions of medicinal plants are due primarily to the presence of biologically active substances synthesized by the plant. Black walnut and walnut (leaves and fruits of milk-wax and full ripeness), rosehips (dried fruits and roots), carnation (fruits), calendula (flowers), turmeric, chamomile (flowers) were used as the studied plants for the disinfectants production. The shortcomings of the existing synthetic means used in poultry farming are emphasized separately. In particular, phenolic resins have heterogeneous antifungal activity against fungal spores and are incompatible with some detergents. It was found that there is a significant difference in the number of live birds after 30 days of feeding grain treated with various disinfectants and when feeding grain without prior treatment. Thus, for group 1, which was fed grain treated with an infusion of walnut fruits and leaves, the absence of Aspergillus fumigatus fungi was noted even after 30 days of feed treatment. A similar result was obtained after processing grain with an infusion of black walnut fruits or leaves. In group 2, the control group, a significantly higher degree of withdrawal of young birds caused by aspergillosis was observed. The medicinal plants selected also did not demonstrate satisfactory results in all cases because turmeric infusions from the fruits and roots of rosehips and calendula flowers did not demonstrate a sufficient indicator of effectiveness. On the 20th day after grain processing, Aspergillus fungi were recorded in the samples. Further research on the effect of medicinal plant infusions on the fodder base of various types of poultry is promising because the prevention of aspergillosis is more economically feasible than the treatment of sick young animals.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PLANTS EXTRACTS OF UKRAINIAN ORIGIN AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF SUNFLOWER OIL

Today, more and more food manufacturers are abandoning the usage of synthetic antioxidants because of the negative impact they have on the human body. The main natural hydrophobic antioxidants such as tocopherols and carotenoids, are not cheap commercial products and are currently produced much less than fat industry requires. Therefore, obtaining other natural antioxidants from vegetable raw materials could be a solution. Among the potential sources of such raw materials were leaves and roots of herbs, bark and leaves of berry crops. 20 plants were studied. The purpose of the study was to obtain comparative data on the antioxidant activity of water-alcohol extracts of Ukrainian origin plants, as well as to study their influence on the stability of sunflower oil during its heat treatment. The induction periods of sunflower oil in the presence of antioxidants were determined, the antioxidant activity of plant extracts was determined based on the data obtained and compared with the antioxidant activity of synthetic butylhydroxyanisole, antioxidants were used in equal concentrations (200 ppm). The obtained plant extracts are arranged according to their antioxidant activity in a series (in order of decreasing activity): lemon balm grass > spirea grass > burdock root > bark of European guelder > blackberry leaves > blueberry shoots > thyme grass > raspberry leaves > calendula flowers > oak bark > mountain ash > leaves nettles > mountain ash > rosemary leaves > echinacea flowers > parsley > arugula > peppermint leaves > chamomile > dill. All deep-frying fats need protection from oxidative damage, especially unsaturated fats such as sunflower oil, which is currently widely used in deep-frying in the restaurant segment. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the natural antioxidant (water-alcohol extract of bark of European guelder) was more effective than the synthetic antioxidant butylhydroxyanisole in inhibiting oxidative and hydrolytic processes during heat treatment of sunflower oil. During 5 days of heat treatment, the sample of sunflower oil with bark of European guelder extract was characterized by the lowest values of acid, peroxide and anisidine numbers.

Enhancement of lutein content in Calendula officinalis Linn. By solid-state fermentation with lactobacillus species.

Calendula officinalis Linn contains the highest quantity of lutein in the orange variety of Calendula flowers. It has several benefits like; it protects the eyes from free radicals associated with UV rays on the eye retina. In the present work, we checked the enhancement of lutein content in C. officinalis flowers by solid-state fermentation examined by using four different species of Lactobacillus (L. rhamnosus, L. casei spp. casei, and L. plantrum). These microorganisms were isolated and allowed to ferment over the fresh (FC) and dried (DC) petals of C. officinalis for 10 days in the incubator. The fermented and non-fermented petals were extracted by the hexane extraction method and the presence of lutein was confirmed by HPLC technique, using a reversed-phase C18 column and gradient elution with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and methanol (40:60), flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and the UV detection at 446nm. The highest amount of lutein (9.92mg/g) was found in dried orange variety Calendula petals fermented by Lactobacillus rhamnosus. However, the orange variety of FC petals showed the highest concentration (40.66mg/g) in Lactobacillus plantarum. Experiment results concluded that 1kg of FC petals contains 4.0% of lutein fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum and 1kg of DC petals contains 0.99% of lutein fermented by Lactobacillus rhamnosus compared with non-fermented and commercial lutein. The non-fermented FC and DC orange flowers contain 1.1% and 0.4% of lutein and commercial lutein contains 0.2%. The process mentioned above was also carried out using ethanol as the solvent for extraction, which showed satisfactory yield, 1kg of fresh flowers of Calendula contains 0.43% of lutein fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum and 1kg of DC contain 0.52% of lutein fermented by Lactobacillus rhamnosus.

Рharmaceutical-technological Study of Adsorbed Liquid Plant Extract of Antimicrobial Activity

Introduction. The use of a combined herbal extract of chamomile flowers, calendula flowers and yarrow herb (patent RU 1 561 262 C) can be effective against various microbial strains, including those causing inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity. The article presents the results of a comparative pharmaceutical and technological study of an adsorbed liquid plant extract on sorbents of various nature for subsequent introduction into the composition of orodispersible tablets. Aim. To select the optimal sorbent of liquid plant extract of chamomile flowers, calendula and yarrow herb ensuring the suitability of the active pharmaceutical ingredient for direct compression, by analyzing using the SeDeM expert system method. Materials and methods. Active pharmaceutical ingredient was adsorbed on organic (microcrystalline celluloses of various brands) and inorganic (colloidal silicon dioxide of various brands) sorbents, a liquid combined plant extract of anti-inflammatory and antibacterial action of chamomile flowers, calendula flowers and yarrow herb. Pharmaceutical-technological analysis included the study of such technological parameters as: Bulk Density ( Da = m / Va ), Tapped Density ( Dc = m / Vc ), Inter-particle Porosity (Ie = ( Dc – Da)/(Dc · Da )), Carr index (IC = (Dc – Da )/( Dc · 100)), Cohesion Index (Icd), Hausner Index ratio (IH = Dc / Da ), Angle of Repose ( Tg α = h / r ), Powder Flow ( t ), Loss of Drying (%LoD), Hygroscopicity ( %H), Particles <50 μm (%Pf), Homogeneity Index ( I Θ = Fm /100 + ∆ Fmn a ). Results and discussion. A comprehensive pharmaceutical-technological study of sorbents of liquid plant extract before and after adsorption was carried out, the results of which were processed and presented by the SeDeM expert system method. It was found that the adsorption of the extract has a positive effect on the Dimension ( ID = ( Da · Dc )/2) of all studied sorbents which may be related to change in the fractional composition due to the aggregation of small particles during adsorption and destruction of large ones when sifting the finished mixtures through a sieve with a mesh diameter of 200 μm (recommended insoluble particle size for use in the oral cavity). A negative effect on the Stability (IS = (%LoD · %H)/2 ) was also recorded for all samples, regardless of their nature, which is probably explained by residual moisture after drying and high hygroscopicity of adsorbed plant bioactive substances. Changes in the Compressibility (IC = (Ie · IC · Icd)/3), Flowability (IF = (IH · α · t )/3) and Dosage (IDos = (%Pf · I Θ )/2) are individual. Conclusion. The SeDeM expert system method makes it possible to characterize bulk materials from the point of view of suitability for direct compression, to establish the factors that need to be primarily corrected by the introduction of auxiliary substances. As a result of the conducted studies, Aeroperl 300 (inorganic sorbent) and Pharmacel 112 (organic sorbent) can be recommended for the introduction of liquid plant extract of chamomile flowers, calendula flowers and yarrow herb into the composition of orodispersible tablets.

Calendula flower extract loaded collagen film exhibits superior wound healing potential: Preparation, evaluation, in-vitro &in-vivo wound healing study

The present study was aimed to prepare Calendula flower extract loaded collagen film as a safe and effective wound dressing. Collagen film was prepared by solvent casting method and characterized for physicochemical properties like water absorption capacity, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, infrared spectra, biodegradation, moisture content, differential scanning calorimetry, and sterility. The triple helical structure of collagen in the formulation was confirmed by gel electrophoresis and atomic force microscopy study. The safety and efficacy of developed formulation were investigated by in-vitro cell culture experiments including MTT assay, scratch assay on 3T3 Swiss albino cell line, In-vitro hemolysis study and In-vivo wound healing animal study on Wistar rats. In-vitro cell cytotoxicity test showed that the developed film was non-cytotoxic. In-vivo animal study on Wistar rats showed rapid wound healing compared to non-treated and placebo-treated group. The rate of wound contraction was significantly (p < 0.001) high in CFE loaded collagen film treated wounds (92.18 ± 1.2%) when compared to the control group (56.25 ± 4.1%), placebo-treated group (62.5 ± 5.1%) and marketed product treated group (68.75 ± 6.1%) on day 21. The prepared biodegradable collagen film incorporated with calendula flower extract was safe, stable, and effective as a wound healing dressing.

Phytochemical analysis and anti-allergic activity of a combined herbal medicine based on bur-marigold, calendula and hawthorn

Using an experimentally selected extractant for balanced extraction of flavonoids, polysaccharides and polyphenols from bur-marigold herb, calendula flowers and hawthorn leaves and flowers, 3 suitable dry extracts and 1 combined extract in the selected ratio of raw materials were obtained. It was concluded that it was reasonable to standardize the combined herbal extract on the content of flavonoids in terms of luteolin-7-glucoside and content of polyphenols in terms of pyrogallol by UV method and the content of terpenoid compounds, in terms of oleanolic acid by densitometric method. The combined extract at a dose of 30 mg/kg in the model of anaphylactic shock has showed antiallergic activity at the level of tesalin and exceeds diazoline; the ability of the combined extract to reduce the permeability of skin capillaries at the level of the tesalin has established on the model of active cutaneous anaphylaxis and it significantly exceeded diazoline; the combined extract did not differ in membrane-stabilizing properties from the effect of desloratadine and was significantly superior to the reference drugs diazolin and tesalin in the test of indirect degranulation of mast cells. As a result, it was concluded that the mechanism of anti-allergic action of the combined extract is probably associated not only with antihistamine properties but also with the ability to stabilize cell membranes.

CLINICAL AND LABORATORY EVALUATION OF A NOVEL DENTAL GEL FOR TREATMENT OF CHRONIC CATARRHAL GINGIVITIS

This article presents the study of a dental gel developed by us, containing, as an active ingredient, sanguitrithrin and oil extract from calendula flowers and yarrow grass. As a result of our studies of the dental gel on 1,844 children and adolescents, we revealed that it has antiinflammatory and wound-healing activities and produces anti-inflammatory, reparative, hemostatic and trophic effects. The results of the study make it possible to use the dental gel in clinical practice for treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases in children. We substantiated the prospects of using the phytocomplex in the form of a dental gel and proved it as effective and safe. Besides, its dosage form is convenient for use in dental practice and even provides advantages over known domestic analogues.

Antioxidant properties of medicinal plants and their effect on microbial spoilage of semi-finished meat, poultry and fish

Plant extracts rich in polyphenols can be used in the food industry as natural preservatives, extending the shelf life of prepared and semi-finished foods without chemical preservatives. In this paper, we investigate the polyphenolic composition, antioxidant activity and antibacterial properties of herbal extracts as part of food systems. The research objects were knot grass (Polýgonum aviculáre), marjoram (Oríganum), bur beggar-ticks (Bídenstripartíta), thyme (Thymus), whortleberry leaves (Vaccínium ida vítis), calendula (Calendula), sage (Salvia), chamomile flowers (Matricāriachamomīlla), eucalyptus (Eucalýptus) and bearberry (Arctostáphylosúva-úrsi). We determined the total content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids; the antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP methods; variations in the bacterial сontamination of animal raw materials over total bacterial count (TBC), coliform bacteria, yeast/fungi, salmonella and staphylococcus. Extracts of sage (1138±57 mg GA/100 g and 537±25 mg C/100 g), eucalyptus (1073±49 mg GA/100 g and 412±20 mg C/100 g), chamomile flowers (1002±36 mg GA/100 g and 493±22 mg C/100 g) and marjoram (1015±42 mg GA/100 g and 458±21 mg C/100 g) contain the largest amount of biologically active substances (phenols and flavonoids, respectively). Sage, eucalyptus and chamomile extracts demonstrate the highest antioxidant activity among the studied samples. Most of the studied extracts exhibit little or no effect on the organoleptic properties of finished products. In addition, chamomile flower, sage and eucalyptus extracts suppress the growth of pathogenic microorganisms in foods under experimental conditions. The microflora growth is significantly reduced when treating animal raw materials with calendula flowers, marjoram and thyme extracts. Extracts of sage, chamomile flowers, calendula flowers, marjoram and thyme can be recommended as components of food raw materials.