Calculation Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Research Articles

Evaluation of Ports in Terms of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy: A Case Study

This study considers green port-based strategies that improve environmental performance in the context of urban areas and promote sustainable solutions to combat climate change. As an important component of the city, ports have a significant impact on socioeconomic development. In fact, given that ports in Turkey operate in limited spaces and city centers, pollution from port operations has a direct impact on both urban life and port workers. In recent years, the green port approach has become increasingly important within the scope of climate change adaptation programs. Particularly in Turkey, a large number of the ports are situated in the center of the city, which is bad for both the environment and community life. Although the Green Port Project in Turkey is currently voluntary, it will become a mandatory initiative in the coming periods due to Turkey's participation in the Paris Climate Agreement. In this study, the efforts to make Samsun Port, one of the important ports of Turkey, a green port are discussed. Studies on greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation measures, renewable energy approaches and their impacts are mentioned. In addition, this study includes the evaluation of integrated management systems, adoption of renewable energy, sustainable waste management, and greenhouse gas emission calculations as important components of a large-capacity port in the Black Sea to contribute to regional development.

Evaluating Sustainability: A Comparison of Carbon Footprint Metrics Evaluation Criteria

The two biggest environmental issues the world is currently dealing with are global warming and climate change. Minimizing energy consumption will help to cut down on greenhouse gas emissions, which is our responsibility. Companies choose ‘Carbon Footprint’ as a tool to calculate greenhouse gas emissions to show the impact of their activities on the environment. The techniques and procedures used in the analysis of carbon footprints are the primary focus of this study. Several criteria for evaluating carbon footprints were compared to one another to uncover parallels, variances, and deficiencies. Carbon footprints of companies and items were analyzed, and their objectives, ideas, topics of inquiry, calculation techniques, data choices, and additional elements were investigated. Standards for both organizations (ISO14064 and the GHG protocol) and products were compared and contrasted to arrive at accurate carbon footprint estimates. The most important aspects of a carbon footprint and assessment criterion are the research of GHG, system settings, measurement and carbon footprint, date, and treatment of individual emissions. Especially true for commercial enterprises and consumer goods. Guidelines have been produced for these challenges based on valuation criteria that have been used up to this point; nonetheless, they should be enhanced. This study highlights the need to formulate policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Towards low-carbon travel trips through carbon footprint: A case study of marine tourism in Sichang Island, Thailand

The growing concern over climate change has heightened the need for low-carbon tourism practices. The study aims to evaluate the carbon footprint of marine tourism on Sichang Island, Thailand. The carbon footprint assessment is set for the three travel trips identified based on the tourist's lifestyle: Route I: Merit-making trip, Route II: Nature trip, and Route III: Relaxation, Adventure, and Education. The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions calculation under each travel trip covers transportation, accommodation, meals, recreational activities, and waste management. The results revealed that the total GHG emissions for tourism routes I, II, and III are 9.9, 10.5, and 26.2 kg CO2e/person/trip, respectively. The study has analyzed the variations in carbon footprint results based on factors including the modes of transportation, i.e., ferry rides, high-speed boats, motorized three-wheeled vehicles (Tuk-Tuk), motorcycle and car rental; types of accommodation; food and beverage menu; recreational and marine tourism activities and solid waste management practices. The major contributors to the GHG emissions of routes I and II are the sea transport, meals, and land transport on the island. Route III has the highest carbon footprint because of the accommodation required for the tour program. The obtained carbon emission factors can be used to plan and manage marine tourism activities. By comparing activities, stakeholders can make informed decisions to minimize carbon footprints. The carbon emission reduction measures and the effective carbon offset programs for the island have been recommended.

A comprehensive quantitative lifecycle cost and environmental impact analysis model for computing infrastructure

This paper presents a comprehensive quantitative model for quantitative assessment of the lifecycle costs and environmental impacts of computing infrastructure, with a focus on internet data centers (IDCs) and high-performance computing (HPC) facilities. The key innovation lies in the integration of interdisciplinary cost evaluation and carbon emission methods for the establishment of this quantitative model. This framework, which outlines key cost components and carbon emission factors, enables the calculation of total costs, electricity expenses, and greenhouse gas emissions throughout the lifecycle of infrastructure. With IDCs as a case study, the research clarifies the intricate cost structure associated with equipment procurement, energy usage, land acquisition, and operational expenses. This paper provides an in-depth understanding of the cost structure and environmental impact of computing infrastructure in support of sustainable decision-making in its development.•Based on established cost estimation methods, such as Lifecycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) and the Analogous Estimating Method, this study examines costs across construction and operation phases.•The Emission Factor Method is used to quantify environmental impact, emphasizing the significance of regional energy mix and power usage effectiveness (PUE).

The carbon footprint of vegetable imports into Aruba: A closer look at sea and air transport

This study aimed to give insights into low-carbon vegetable import strategies for Aruba, a Dutch Caribbean island. Our selected products were potatoes, lettuce, onions, tomatoes, and green beans. The products originated from 13 different countries, and 25 product-country combinations were identified. The system boundaries were from the farm until arrival at the supermarket. We identified actual maritime transport routes, and calculated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of passenger aircrafts flying from Amsterdam to Aruba. Vegetables imported by air had significantly higher GHG emissions (4.2–8.3 kg CO2eq per kg) than products imported by sea (0.4–2.3 kg CO2eq per kg). GHG emissions of road transport generally contributed more than those of other life cycle stages, except when products showed a high contribution of agriculture. Although sea transport was calculated with much detail, it usually did not contribute much to the GHG emissions. We recommend Life Cycle Practitioners to consider aircraft characteristics when calculating GHG emissions of air transport, and to include the weight of the 80 kg AKE container, used for cooled airfreight, when allocating impacts between passengers and freight. For this case study, GHG emissions of specific passenger aircrafts always resulted in lower GHG emissions compared to generic calculations.

Raising data availability and quality for improved disruption and carbon footprint management through a novel approach to primary data sharing: Virtual Watch Tower / VWT

Abstract The global supply chain and logistics industry is a self-organizing ecosystem consisting of numerous actors that work together to move goods from end to end. The different stakeholders involved are usually interdependent organizations, like freight forwarders, carriers, terminals, and homeland security agencies and information exchange between them is required to coordinate the activities along the individual transport chains. However, the exchange of information has often been analog, flawed, late, and incomplete. New circumstances, like unprecedented supply chain disruptions, new regulatory requirements around greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and generally growing shipper expectations create an urgent need for improved data sharing between actors. New technologies, like digital platforms, networks, and architectures as well as social media, mobile, analytics, cloud, and internet of things (SMACT) have brought some improvements, but not the required holistic digital perspective required or expected. Averages and approximations are usually insufficient to close data gaps, e.g., only primary data allows for accurate GHG emission calculations. Primary data sharing is widely seen as the missing piece of the puzzle. Primary data is data from the source providing an accurate state and picture of a situation. Primary data sharing at scale requires a new form of digital collaboration. We propose a rethink of digital collaboration as a means for broader primary private data sharing for complete end-to-end datasets and data quality, particularly focusing on the sharing of data associated with both transport plans and progress made in the respective movements of goods for more better disruption and carbon footprint management through more accurate calculations of estimated times of arrival (ETA) and GHG emissions. We introduce an example for digital collaboration in end-to-end supply chains that is focusing specifically on primary data sharing. The new thinking around digital collaboration manifests itself in the Virtual Watch Tower / VWT initiative (www.virtualwatchtower.org). In 2022, RISE and Singapore Maritime Institute signed a collaboration agreement focused on innovation in shipping. The VWT initiative is the first collaborative project under the umbrella of this partnership. The VWT is led by RISE, A*STAR, and VTT. VWT is a community-driven, digitally empowered initiative, a cargo owner-driven, and terminal-centric approach for improved supply chain management. It is the users themselves who co-create and co-evolve the solution that they need. The initiative aims to create a community that shapes the digital tool (VWTnet) they need to reach the required higher levels of visibility. This, through primary data sharing across the supply chain ecosystem and between actors (VWT Users) participating in individual end-to-end transports (VWT Shipments). The VWT serves as an object of research to hone the new thinking and understand the implications of its implementation.

Greenhouse gas emissions from livestock: sources, estimation, and mitigation.

The increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has resulted in climate change and global warming. Human activities in many sectors, including agriculture, contribute to approximately 9.2% of total GHG emissions from Annex I countries. An argument on issues of livestock being the highest contributor to GHG emissions has grown since FAO's 2006 report Livestock's Long Shadow. The issue has continued growing, conflicting the importance of the industry in terms of food security and livelihoods, thus, monitoring GHG emission from this sector is vital. The most commonly used methods for calculating GHG emissions from the livestock sector are life cycle assessment (LCA) and the GHG inventory. Although the LCA presents information on the impacts of the livestock industry on the environment, the GHG inventory is the main tool used internationally for GHG reporting. This review comprehensively discusses the source of GHG emissions from the livestock industry and its estimation methodology, as well as the current strategies for mitigating these emissions.

Environmental impact and energy balance assessment in ethanol production from sugarcane molasses: A life cycle analysis in southern India

Blending ethanol with fossil fuels is regarded as an important measure to reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions and the carbon footprint. However, there is a lack of comprehensive studies addressing overall greenhouse gas emissions and energy utilization during ethanol production from sugarcane in South India. This study represents a pioneering attempt to determine the emissions and resource utilization, enabling a comparison of the carbon footprint of the ethanol production process with that of using fossil fuels. The study employed the Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model to calculate greenhouse gas emissions and resource utilization. Data was obtained from field studies conducted at Gayatri Sugars Limited, Telangana state, India. The collected data was input into a life cycle analysis (LCA) model in which two cane trash treatment methods were evaluated: burning and mulching. In terms of emissions, the CO2 emissions for one ton of sugarcane were 43.86 kg during cultivation, 45.98 kg during transportation, 69.05 kg during burning of cane trash, and 6.37 kg during the production of one ton of ethanol. The overall energy yield ratio was found to be 15.795 MJ/MJf. Emissions from sugarcane farming and transportation stages were high, significantly contributing to a high carbon footprint. The net emission was significantly lower for the mulching process, which also improved soil characteristics and fertility. The outcomes provide valuable insights for academia, industrial decision-makers, and policymakers at both state and central government levels.

전과정평가를 통한 자연기반해법 조성 탄소환불기간 분석 연구

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of nature-based solutions (NBS) as carbon sinks by estimating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and absorption through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The study focused on a designated area within the Han Gang River water source management region, calculating GHG emissions and absorption during the implementation of NbS, and deriving the carbon payback period. The results indicate that a total of 5.71 tCO2 of GHGs were emitted during the NBS implementation process, and 150.58 tCO2 were absorbed by 2050. The carbon payback period was estimated to be approximately three years. This research highlights the importance of considering GHG emissions during the NBS implementation process to enhance its effectiveness and suggests the need for further studies for more accurate carbon balance assessments.

Revealing Greenhouse Gas Emission and Nitrogen Fertilizer Destination: A Case Study in Chengdu Plain Cultivation Industry

The cultivation industry occupies a large proportion of greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture. Assessing greenhouse gas emissions from the cultivation industry is pivotal for mitigating emissions and promoting sustainable cultivation. Utilizing greenhouse gas emission calculation methods recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and other methods, this work evaluated annual emissions and the emission structure of major crops from 2005 to 2021 in the Chengdu Plain, a significant agricultural region in Southwest China. We identified nitrogen fertilizer as the primary contributing factor to high emissions from cultivation production. Subsequently, we analyzed the trend and utilization of nitrogen fertilizer, which proposes essential strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The results showed that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the cultivation industry in the Chengdu Plain exhibited a growth, fluctuation, and eventual decline trend from 2005 to 2021. The emissions increased from 5,148,900 t in 2005 to 6,289,700 t in 2009, representing a 22.16% increase, and subsequently decreased to 5,109,900 t in 2021, marking a 23.31% decrease. Nitrogen fertilizer application emerges as the primary source of GHG emissions, constituting approximately half of the total, with nitrogen fertilizer manufacturing contributing significantly as well, collectively amounting to about 70%. We also found that the proportion of greenhouse gas emissions attributed to cash crop cultivation has gradually increased over the last decade. Among these crops, vegetables exhibit the highest emissions, comprising nearly half of the total emissions from 2019 onwards. However, the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of cash crops is less than 30%, with higher nitrogen surplus, ammonia volatilization, and nitrogen leaching per unit area, and the total amount is higher than that of grain crops. Among cash crops, vegetables exhibit the highest amount of nitrogen surplus, ammonia volatilization, and nitrogen leaching, constituting nearly half of the total amount in the study area since 2019. Our findings significantly affect sustainable and low-carbon cultivation industry development in the study area.

Carbon Footprint for Jeans’ Circular Economy Model Using Bagasse

To date, clothing has been produced and disposed of in large quantities. It is also known that each process, from the procurement of raw materials to production, transportation, sales, laundry, and disposal, has a significant environmental impact. According to the Global Fashion Agenda, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the fashion industry account for 4% of the global total. Therefore, apparel makers are shifting from a linear economy to a circular economy. For example, the Japanese start-up Curelabo Co., Ltd. (Okinawa, Japan) developed jeans (bagasse washi jeans) made from bagasse, which is a residual material derived from sugarcane after the extraction of cane juice. Furthermore, the use of improved dyeing reduces boiler fuel consumption and eliminates the need for detergents and acid. For disposal, the used jeans and their production waste are processed into biochar for carbon sequestration. In this study, we attempted to calculate GHG emissions using life cycle assessment (LCA) for the circular economy model developed by Curelabo Co., Ltd. GHG emissions from the production of bagasse washi jeans were 1.09 × 101 kg-CO2e. Dyeing, bleaching, and fabric finishing, known as the wet processes, were found to contribute a large proportion of GHG emissions due to their high energy consumption. Furthermore, the entire lifecycle of GHG emissions from bagasse washi jeans, including transport, sales, laundry, and disposal, were 1.53 × 101 kg-CO2e. First, the use of bagasse washi yarn for the weft reduced by 2.99 × 10−1 kg-CO2e compared with the use of conventional 100% bleached cotton yarn. Second, compared with conventional dyeing, GHG emissions from the improved dyeing process were reduced by 2.78 kg-CO2e. Third, the disposal of the used jeans and their production waste into biochar reduced GHG emissions by 9.01 × 10−1 kg-CO2e. Additionally, GHG emissions can be reduced by re-inputting waste in the paper-making process and by using liquefied natural gas as boiler fuel in the dyeing process.

Exploring urban spatial heterogeneity and socio-environmental attributes of household greenhouse gas emissions

Understanding urban spatial heterogeneity of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from sectoral household consumption is crucial to facilitate moves towards low-carbon cities. In this study, we use Xiamen city of China as a case study to reveal the emission characteristics of household GHG as well as spatial heterogeneity. We conducted a face-to-face questionnaire survey and calculated GHG emissions of districts from household energy consumption, food consumption, transportation, housing, household waste and wastewater treatment. The GHG emissions and the amount of urban residential household consumption shows obvious spatial heterogeneity across districts. Total GHG emissions of Xiamen city were 8.39 Mt. CO2e, and average household and per capita of GHG emissions were 8.11 and 2.72 tCO2e, respectively. While total GHG emissions vary from 0.41 to 2.45 Mt. CO2e across six districts and range from 0.16 to 3.39 Mt. CO2e among six sectors. Household GHG emissions differ from 7.08 to 9.40 tCO2e, while the per capita emissions range between 2.41 to 3.14 tCO2e among districts. Results also showed that more urbanized areas with higher population density have larger total urban residential GHG emissions, whereas household emissions were comparatively lower in these areas. In contrast, our study did not show an (inverted-) U relationship or linear relationship between emissions and population, nor between emissions and income level. Household energy use is the largest sector emitting GHGs. These findings will be useful to underpin policy making towards low-carbon cities.

Life Cycle Assessment Framework for Diagnostic Imaging

The increasing focus on environmental sustainability is becoming essential in the diagnostic imaging sector, which is accredited for about 10% of the healthcare industry’s carbon footprint. A multitude of research initiatives investigated the environmental impacts of diagnostic imaging, encompassing factors like electricity consumption, carbon emissions, and waste generation from these procedures. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) stands as a prominent method for structural assessment of environmental impacts, offering a detailed framework for examining the environmental consequences of specific processes. The aim of this study includes analyzing existing LCA approaches in literature to identify their limitations and to suggest an elaborate framework for LCA application in diagnostic imaging.Out of 17 original articles on environmental sustainability in radiology published since 2014, but only a part, 29.4% (5/17), described an LCA approach. The different characteristics of these studies provide valuable insights, enabling the proposal of a more comprehensive LCA research methodology.The reviewed articles did not present a uniform research outcome. According to the GreenHouse Gas (GHG) Protocol Corporate Standard, the optimal outcome for assessing environmental impact is the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions. For a thorough methodological approach in LCA, it is essential to cover all direct and indirect emissions associated with diagnostic imaging. All studies (100%, 5/5) considered the electricity consumption of imaging equipment. Usage of consumables was included in 80% (4/5) of the studies. Only 40% (2/5) of articles considered auxiliary equipment like computers and contrast-medium injectors, as well as heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Factors like equipment manufacture, staff travel, and waste generation, though crucial to overall greenhouse gas emissions, were each covered in only 20% (1/5) of the studies. The articles also varied in their LCA versions, with two employing the detailed Cradle-to-Grave approach, while others used partial Cradle-to-Gate and Input-Output LCA methods.The insights from this analysis could lead to a valuable framework for a new LCA methodological approach in diagnostic imaging. This novel approach is designed to overcome the limitations observed in existing research, offering a more comprehensive analysis. By enhancing the LCA framework, it will be possible identify the phases in diagnostic imaging that have the most substantial environmental impact, allowing for the development of more targeted strategies to reduce GHG emissions associated with diagnostic procedures.

Quality of Carbon Emissions Disclosure on Corporate Sustainability Report Gojek Period 2020 and Goto Period 2021 – 2022

The high level of air pollution which is increasing from year to year causes air quality to decline. One of the causes of the increase in air is the growth in the number of motorized vehicles which causes an increase in the amount of emissions released in the form of Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbons (HC), Nitrogen Oxide (NO). This shows that climate change is occurring. Climate change is one of the environmental problems that is currently of concern to stakeholders. The Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) is a non-profit organization that operates focused on addressing environmental issues. CDP works by publishing information sheets which are useful as a guide for companies to disclose greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from the company's business activities. The company publishes a sustainability report which reveals carbon emissions. GoTo is a merger between Gojek and Tokopedia where in 2020 Gojek published a sustainability report. Scoring of carbon emission disclosures both quantitatively and qualitatively was carried out in this research. During the 2020-2021 period, the highest level of suitability and quality of disclosure was obtained by GoTo. Quantitatively, the climate change category has high disclosure quality. Qualitatively, the GHG emissions calculation category has the highest disclosure quality.

The environmental impact of hip and knee arthroplasty: An analysis of carbon emissions and disposal costs

Background and purposeThe rise in hip and knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis requires addressing healthcare system pollution to support Ireland's climate change goals. This research aimed to quantify waste generated and determine environmental and economic impacts to promote sustainable strategies in joint arthroplasty and shed light on the suboptimal waste management practices. MethodsThe study was conducted at National Orthopaedic Hospital Cappagh (NOHC), measuring waste generated during hip and knee arthroplasty. Clinical, domestic, and recycled waste weights were recorded, including the segregation of Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD) Blue Wrap waste in ten operations. Kilograms of carbon dioxide emissions (kgCO2e) and disposal costs were calculated. ResultsIn a sample of 100 joint arthroplasty operations, the study found that revision knees produced 23.58 ​kgCO2e per case, revision hips 23.50 ​kgCO2e, primary knees 15.82 ​kgCO2e, and primary hips 14.64 ​kgCO2e. CSSD Blue Wrap contributed on average 13.5% of OT waste. Extrapolating these findings to the estimated number of joint arthroplasties performed in 2022 ​at NOHC (1556 hip and knee joint arthroplasties), the emissions were estimated to be 24,576 kgCO2e, with the cost of disposal up to €29,228. Strategies to mitigate this waste have been identified and proposed. ConclusionThe research aimed to address the environmental impact of orthopaedic joint arthroplasties, offering strategies to reduce waste generation, carbon emissions, and cost. Utilising our methodology to calculate greenhouse gas emissions will empower sustainability offices to conduct their own waste audits and implementing our strategies for waste management practices can help minimise environmental waste.

Characteristics and distribution of greenhouse gas emissions from motorcycles in Hanoi, Vietnam

Motorcycles contribute to the notable emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) and air pollutants in urban areas. These vehicles are the most widely used means of road transportation in Vietnam. This study is the first to use the EMISENS model in combination with the IVE modelling system to calculate greenhouse gas emissions from motorcycles at tier 3 in IPCC guideline. There are more than 8700 motorcycles circulating on the roads in Hanoi per hour. With the characteristics of motorcycles compiled, the average age of motorcycles is around 11 years, and each vehicle travels an average of 16.4 km per day with an average start-up frequency of 3.46. The emission factors of greenhouse gases CO2 and CH4 when running (erunning) were 72.55 and 0.24 grams per km, respectively. The emission factors for CO2, CH4 and N2O during vehicle start-up (estart-up) were 6.96, 0.53 and 0.0009 grams per start-up, respectively. Inventory emission data from 2021-2023 reveal that that motorcycles in Hanoi emitted nearly 4.6 mil tons of CO2e per year. Emission distribution is concentrated in inner-city districts and some residential areas at the intersections with provincial roads, national highways, and industrial parks.

Enhancing sustainable ethanol fuel production from cassava in Vietnam

This study focused on developing a comprehensive model to perform techno-economic analysis and calculate greenhouse gas emissions and net energy balance of cassava-based ethanol production in Vietnam. Four steps were involved in this study: (1) collecting data on the cassava-based ethanol conversion pathway, (2) modeling an ethanol production plant, (3) calculating greenhouse gas emissions and net energy balance, and (4) evaluating economic feasibility. The total capital investment and production cost per liter of ethanol are 0.6 $/l/yr and 0.4 $/l, respectively. The fossil energy consumption and net energy ratio during cultivation, transportation, production, and use of ethanol are 12.4 MJ/l and 1.70, respectively. The total greenhouse gas emissions of cassava-based ethanol production are 1252 gCO2eq/l or 59.1 gCO2eq/MJ, which equals 63 % of greenhouse gas emissions from gasoline. This finding confirms that cassava-based ethanol can be an alternative fuel based on economic feasibility and environmental benefit by reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Vietnam.

Is South Korea's 2050 Carbon-Neutral scenario sufficient for meeting greenhouse gas emissions reduction goal?

In line with Global Climate Change Alliance initiated in 2007 by the European Commission, the South Korean government announced the “2050 Carbon-Neutral Strategy” in October 2020. The 2050 Carbon-Neutral Scenario was announced in October 2021, with the aim of reducing the country's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 40 % by 2030 compared to those in 2018. The primary objective of this study is to conduct a scenario-based comparative analysis focusing on the forecast of greenhouse gas emissions and the potential for reduction within the building sector. The methodology employed in this study utilizes the greenhouse gas emission calculation methods outlined in the IPCC Guidelines of 1996 and 2006. Based on the national building energy and statistics database for the years 2015 to 2019, the study analyzes building types, building energy intensity, and floor areas to calculate emissions and energy consumption within the sector. The results indicate that the emissions will increase continuously from 2020 (156.9 million tons of CO2 equivalent) to 2050 (217.8 million tons of CO2 equivalent). We have considered the four scenarios outlined in the ‘2050 Carbon Neutrality Scenario’ as the most effective strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the building sector. These include: (1) Mandatory implementation of Zero-Energy Buildings (ZEB) for new buildings by 2050, (2) 100 % execution of green remodeling for existing buildings, (3) Promotion of high-efficiency devices to achieve a 25–30 % improvement in energy consumption efficiency compared to 2018 and an enhancement of device energy use per unit, and (4) Expansion of clean heat utilization such as fuel cells and waste heat utilization in district heating. Thus, the possibility of South Korea achieving the 2050 carbon-neutrality target in the building sector is low. Therefore, it is important to develop effective emissions reduction policies and plans for the building sector.

Reliability Framework for Public and Private Mobility Data Integration for Calculating Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Reliability Framework for Public and Private Mobility Data Integration for Calculating Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Evaluation of the role of urban domestic wastewater treatment systems for greenhouse gases emissions in China

Rapid urbanization has exacerbated the dual challenge of mitigating water pollution and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The present study offers insights into the actual role of urban domestic wastewater treatment systems by shedding light on their capacity to act as GHG emitters. We introduce a modelling framework to calculate GHG emissions from wastewater treatment systems in China over the past two decades. Our analysis showed that treated wastewater volume increased by over 4.5 times, but GHG emissions also increased by 2.9 times. The annual emissions from wastewater treatment were -on average- nearly 60 Tg CO2-eq over the past two decades, accounting for <1% of the total national emissions. We also found a significant spatial variability with thirteen developed areas contributing >70% of the GHG emissions. Constructions and operations of wastewater treatment systems approximately accounted for 17% and 83% of the GHG emissions, respectively. Our study also proposes a hierarchical governance framework based on ten major regions that could maximize the efficiency in mitigating water pollution and GHG emissions in China.