Calculation Of Gain Research Articles

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ УСИЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ СВОЙСТВ ОБЛУЧАЕМОЙ НЕЙТРОНАМИ ДВИЖУЩЕЙСЯ ГАЗОВОЙ СРЕДЫ, СОДЕРЖАЩЕЙ НАНОЧАСТИЦЫ УРАНА

The search for promising ways of nuclear energy usage has led to the emergence of a whole line of research on the direct conversion of the nuclear reaction products energy into laser radiation. In the present work, the amplifying properties of a spatially inhomogeneous nuclear-excited containing uranium nanoparticles moving argon-xenon medium irradiated by an inhomogeneous neutron field were studied. This work purpose is to investigate the dependence of the laser active medium amplifying properties on the initial gas mixture velocity, neutron pulse duration, and the neutron flux space-time distribution. As a short result, we could present the radial dependence of the laser radiation intensity gain at different points in time showed on the picture below. Summarizing laser radiation intensity gain calculations results: an active laser- medium with a length of 1 m provides a significant amplification (10 or more times) of the laser radiation in one pass. And it seems to be reasonable to continue studying the amplifying properties of such laser-active medium, considering the laser radiation’s wave nature.

Dynamic Load Calculation of Solar Radiation Heat Gain for Energy-saving Buildings Envelope in Winter

The paper analyzes the influence of solar radiation load for energy-saving building in winter, considering the thermal inertia of building envelope, a mathematical model of unsteady heat transfer is established, and a program is compiled to calculate the dynamic solar radiation load of building envelope in winter, which is a very practical calculation of solar radiation dynamic load. It not only changes the current situation that the calculation of solar radiation load in winter for energy-saving buildings can only use the steady-state algorithm, but also provides scientific and reliable data support for thermal comfort and the dynamic analysis of heating energy consumption for energy-saving buildings.

Efficacy and production benefits following use of eprinomectin extended-release injection in pastured dairy heifers

A study was conducted in grazing dairy heifers to assess anthelmintic efficacy and production responses in dairy heifers treated with a single injection of eprinomectin in an extended-release formulation over a 123 day-period. The study was conducted on a pasture-based dairy in the Southeastern United States (North Carolina) over the summer months. Sixty crossbred dairy heifers were weighed and randomly allocated into 2 groups. One group (n = 30) was given 5% eprinomectin subcutaneously in the cervical region while the other group (n = 30) was given an equivalent volume of saline. Calves were weighed every 30 days throughout the trial for calculation of average daily gain and differences in overall weight gain. In addition, fecal samples were collected at days 0, 30, 60, 90 and 123 for worm egg count and coproculture. Both groups of cattle had similar worm egg concentrations at the start of the study. However, the control group had increasing concentrations of fecal worm eggs throughout the summer months while the heifers that received eprinomectin had minimal fecal worm eggs. The primary parasite species identified in this study were Haemonchus placei, Cooperia species and Ostertagia. The heifers that received eprinomectin gained 105 + 2.8 kg during the 123-day study period, representing an average daily gain of 0.85 kg/day compared to 78.3 + 4.1 kg (0.64 kg/day) for the control group. This represented a 33 % increase in average daily gain associated with deworming. The results of this study indicate that a single dose of extended-release eprinomectin was sufficient to control parasites through a 123-day summer grazing season and that administration of the anthelmintic had a significant impact on weight gain.

Analysis and design of a high voltage‐gain quasi‐Z‐source DC–DC converter

In this study, a modified DC–DC converter is proposed, which can achieve a high voltage-gain exploiting both quasi-Z-source and switched-capacitor networks. In addition to the high voltage-gain, the proposed converter has low voltage stresses on its elements. The steady-state analysis in both continuous and discontinuous conduction modes is given in this study. Moreover, the design of the passive elements, the calculation of the non-ideal voltage gain, and the power loss analysis are done. Then, an extended topology of the proposed converter is presented, which further enhances the voltage gain, while maintaining the voltage stresses of the components. A comprehensive comparison with the prior-art converters is performed to accentuate the advantages of the proposed converter. Finally, simulations and experimental tests are provided to substantiate the theoretical analysis.

Atomistic analysis of radiative recombination rate, Stokes shift, and density of states in c-plane InGaN/GaN quantum wells

Recent experimental studies have revealed an unusual temperature dependence of the radiative recombination rate in polar InGaN/GaN quantum wells. We show, by direct atomistic evaluation of the radiative recombination rate, that the experimentally observed trend of an increasing rate with increasing temperature results from the population of energetically higher lying electron and hole states with dipole matrix elements larger than those of the band edge states relevant to low temperature studies. Given that the overall evolution of this recombination rate is tightly linked to the energetic distribution of localized states, we investigate the hole density of states and absorption spectra. Based on the calculated absorption spectra, Stokes shift energies are extracted for InGaN quantum wells with In contents ranging from 5% to 25%. Here, good agreement with experimental literature results is found. We provide also hole tail state characteristic energies as a function of the In content, a quantity that indicates the localization character of the ensemble of hole states and which serves often as a key component in modified continuum-based models to capture carrier localization effects in transport or optical gain calculations.

Development a multi-loop modulation method on the servo drives for lower limb rehabilitation exoskeleton

This paper proposed a multi-loop modulation method (MMM; 3M) on the servo drives applied for the lower limb rehabilitation exoskeleton (LLRE). This proposed 3M included the current, speed and position 3-loop with the auto-tuning, inertia identifier and external load torque observer. The controller gains by searching the optimal bandwidth and by identifying the inertia of the LLRE system were derived from the 3-loop auto-tuning. The controller gains could be instantly adjusted according to the system's oscillation during the LLRE gait motion. In particular, a concept of the phase margin (PM) was introduced in the calculation of the controller gain to ensure system stability. The proposed method could avoid system turbulence due to the excessive bandwidth. On the other hand, a torque observer and inertia identifier were adopted to compensate the external load. Compared the traditional parameter design method and traditional auto-tuning method with this proposed 3M in terms of tracking error and root mean square error (RMSE), the result showed that this proposed 3M provided better response and stability for gait tracking. Also, this proposed 3M could be adapted to variations in different loads.

The design of multiple feedback topology Chebyshev low-pass active filter with average differential evolution algorithm

This study presents the design of a tenth-order multiple feedback Chebyshev low-pass filter (MF-C-LPF). Component selection and gain calculation of filters are generally achieved over long periods of time using traditional methods. For 1-dB and 3-dB gains, the component values of the filter were optimized for both continuous and discrete values using four different metaheuristic algorithms. In the first case where continuous values were used, component values were accepted as ideal and unlimited in order to minimize gains. In the second case, industrial E196 series component values were used to transform the design problem into a discrete optimization problem. In this case where the design problem became more complex, the performance of the metaheuristic algorithms was compared. The literature review shows that this study is the first attempt to design a 10th-order MF-C-LPF for E196 series values. The average differential evolution algorithm is proposed to determine the optimal component values of the tenth-order MF-C-LPF. The performance of the proposed method was compared with three commonly used algorithms (PSO, CSS and DE). The optimal filter component values and quality factors (Q) were presented for each stage. We believe that the quality factor values will be a reference for future studies.

Effect of Gaze Angle During the Vertical Video Head Impulse Test Across Two Devices in Healthy Adults and Subjects With Vestibular Loss.

To evaluate the effect of gaze angle on vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain using two different video head impulse (vHIT) devices in healthy adults and subjects with bilateral vestibular loss (BVL). Prospective study. Hospital research laboratory. Twenty-four healthy adults (mean [standard deviation {SD}] age = 32 [4.8]; 23-42; 8 men) and four subjects with previously diagnosed BVL (mean age [SD] = 32 [8.2]; 21-40; 3 men) participated. Vertical canal vHIT was administered with two different devices using three gaze angles (-45 degrees, 0 degree, +45 degrees). These devices have different gain calculation algorithms and different head and gaze angle protocols. Vertical canal gain and presence or absence of reset saccades. A significant stepwise reduction in vHIT gain was noted as gaze moved away from the plane of the canals stimulated (from -45 degrees to 0 degree, to +45 degrees) for both healthy adults and subjects with BVL. vHIT gain was able to separate the two groups using gaze angles -45 degrees and 0 degree. In spite of their differences in gain algorithm and recommended head position and gaze angle, each device was able to appropriately separate healthy adults from subjects with BVL with high sensitivity/specificity.

Differential Gain Comparison of Optical Planar Amplifier on Silica Glasses Doped with Bi-Ge and Er, Yb Ions

The paper presents the measurement and calculation of the optical amplifier gain and the optimal length of the active optical amplifier waveguide doped with Bi-Ge radiation complexes compared to an optical amplifier with active doping with ions Er3+, Yb3+. At present are using optical amplifiers for the high-capacity optical communication systems in the narrow spectral region of 1530–1560 nm, determined by the gain bandwidth of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) or erbium-doped optical planar amplifiers (EDPA) realized as active planar waveguides in the optical integrated circuits technique. However, it is possible increase wavelength region up to 1610 nm, where optical losses of telecommunication fibers are less than 0.3 dB per km, if appropriate amplifiers are available. In this regard, the development of novel optical amplifiers operating in this spectral region have of great importance. The paper summarizes the results measurement of the attenuation and emission spectra for net gain spectra calculation of the new ion exchange Ag+ – Na+ optical Er3+ and Yb3+ doped active planar waveguides realized on silica glass substrates and parameters of novel optical amplifiers for extension of the bandwidth from 1530 to 1610 nm doped by bismuth – erbium ions.

To the Issue of Strengthening the Monolithic Reinforced Concrete Slab with Carbon Canvases

The main issue of the study is the modern ways to improve the bearing capacity of building structures. As one of these methods may be strengthening composite materials. Structural degradation of reinforced concrete structures is largely due to their composite base. The aim of the study is a systematic integrated approach to solving the problem of improving the reliability of structures through the use of composite materials. The main advantages and disadvantages of composites are considered. Their classification by type of reinforcing element is given. The main areas of application of composites in construction – in the composition of plastics, concrete, aluminum panels. Approbation of methodical provisions is carried out by calculation of a reinforced concrete plate (δ=0,3 m) in the program complex of the SCAD PC. The gain calculation was performed by the finite element method. The purpose of the calculation was to observe the stress-strain state of the plate before and after its strengthening, to check the correctness of the external composite reinforcement. The calculation results showed that in the case of composite reinforcement in the plate there is a decrease in vertical deformations (about 1.1%) and tensile stresses (1.5%). Conclusions: the results show the feasibility of using composite materials to improve the bearing capacity of building structures.

Decision tree analysis approach to determine factors that affect the quote order lead time fulfillment

Problem identification is a critical step to resolve the delay problem in many industries.Fishbone Diagram is one method that is widely used to explore various alternative causes of problems.Other approaches are still needed to define the level of significance of the relationship between each alternative cause of the problem with the perceived problem.The Decision Tree with C5.0 and J48 algorithm approaches are used to classify enormous amounts of data. This study used these algorithms to obtain the root cause of delay. The calculation of information gain shows that most influence variables for the classification process of delay are warehouse capacity and quote order lead time.

Horizontal Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Gain Measures During Convergence Using a Monocular Video Technique.

Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) response measures during convergence, which are clinically important to measure peripheral vestibular organ function during rotational and translational rapid head movements, can be implemented using existing clinically available monocular video-oculography (VOG) systems. We have developed and validated a monocular VOG technique that allows for accurate measurement of the convergence angle immediately before a rapid translational or rotational head movement. We recorded binocular eye movements while subjects performed active or passive horizontal head impulses while viewing near and far targets. We calculated the convergence angles and VOR gains using monocular and binocular methods and compared them with a geometric model. The monocular VOG technique resulted in convergence angle and VOR gain (eye velocity/head velocity) calculations that differed by ∼10% compared with values calculated using the binocular data. The monocular VOG technique can be clinically implemented using any unmodified, commercially available, monocular VOG system, provided its camera can be positioned to track either eye. Many vestibular clinics already have access to such systems. This method makes possible reliable measurement of the near-viewing horizontal angular VOR during the head impulse test, the translational VOR during the head heave test in patients, and the clinical measurement of convergence insufficiency.

Methane emission, ruminal fermentation parameters and fatty acid profile of meat in Santa Inês lambs fed the legume macrotiloma

Context Using legumes in ruminant production system may provide benefits such as improvement in animal performance and decrease in methane (CH4) emissions, mainly based on nutritional characteristics of these plants and the presence of tannins. Macrotiloma (Macrotyloma axillare) is a tropical legume that still lacks studies regarding its effects on animal performance and CH4 emissions. Aims The objective of this experiment was to evaluate productive performance, CH4 emission, ruminal fermentation parameters, carcass characteristics and fatty acid profile of the meat from lambs fed tropical grass hay supplemented with the legume forage macrotiloma. Methods For a 90-day experimental period, 14 Santa Inês male lambs (aging 100 days; 18.06 ± 3.26 kg initial bodyweight) were allocated in individual pens and divided into two treatments: chopped aruana grass (Panicum maximum cv. Aruana) hay (CON); aruana hay supplemented with chopped macrotiloma hay at a ratio of 75:25 grass to legume (MAC). Lambs were weighed fortnightly for calculation of average daily bodyweight gain (ADG) and CH4 emission was measured on three occasions (days 28 to 32; 57 to 61; 85 to 89) using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer technique. At the last day of CH4 collection, rumen fluid samples were collected for: determination of ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA); ruminal protozoa count; and relative abundance determination of general bacteria (BACT); Ruminococcus flavefaciens (RUMI); Fibrobacter succinogenes (FIBRO); methanogenic archaea (METH) by real-time quantitative PCR (real-time-qPCR) analysis. Subsequently, after 16 h fasting, the animals were slaughtered; carcass characteristics were then evaluated and longissimus thoracis samples were collected for fatty acid profile analysis. Key results No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed between MAC and CON for productive performance, CH4 emission, SCFA and carcass characteristics. Reduced protozoa count and relative abundance of METH were observed for MAC (P < 0.05). Conclusions Despite the lack of effects on productive performance and CH4 emission, the decreased relative abundance of METH and protozoa count indicated that macrotiloma may possibly present anti-methanogenic activity. Implications The inclusion of this legume in the diet of ruminants may affect rumen microbes and potentially decrease environmental impacts of the production system.

A model of heat gain calculation for buildings with shuttle louvers: Verification and a case study

Louver blinds are commonly used in buildings to control indoor solar radiation for energy conservation. However, for shaded buildings, existing models for solar heat gain calculation may cause errors due to the simplification of louvers' curvature, purely diffuse reflecting assumption and the neglection of each layer’ heat capacity. Therefore, a new model was developed to improve the prediction of heat gain in a room with shuttle louvers. Firstly, based on MATLAB, the optical model for calculating the solar radiation transmission was developed by combining the net-radiation method, the analytical method, and the ray-tracing method. Secondly, based on MATLAB, the thermal transfer model for envelope with shuttle louvers was established by using the finite difference method. Thirdly, verification test and comparison work were carried out to verify the heat gain calculating model, and good agreement was achieved. Compared with the models used in ISO 15099 and EnergyPlus, the new model shows better accuracy in heat gain calculating of the window when shuttle louvers are attached. Finally, a case study was conducted to an office-building zone with shuttle louvers in Xiamen. The influence of shuttle louvers on the heat gain through window and wall was investigated by using the new model developed. This presented model for calculating heat gain can be used to analyze the heat transfer through building envelopes in details and provide more accurate results for the building with shuttle louvers.

Analytic Model of Coax-Fed Printed Metasurfaces and Analysis of Antenna Parameters

We present a model for waveguide-backed metasurface antennas fed by one or more coaxial ports and compute key antenna parameters using the model. The metasurface antenna consists of a coax-fed planar waveguide/cavity embedded with subwavelength-sized metamaterial radiators that convert energy from the guided mode into a radiated wave. Designing a metasurface requires tailoring the geometry of the individual metamaterial elements and arranging them over the aperture to achieve a desired radiation pattern—a typically cumbersome and time-consuming task when performed with full-wave solvers. In recent work, a coupled-dipole approach has been applied to modeling metasurfaces that significantly accelerates the design process by avoiding reliance on full-wave simulations or experimental trials. In this article, we extend the coupled-dipole model of a metasurface by including the analytic model of a coaxial port. Using the reaction and equivalent circuit model of a coaxial-to-waveguide transition, we also propose an efficient method to compute the input impedance of a metasurface, enabling the calculation of gain and efficiency. Close agreement between the proposed model and full-wave studies is demonstrated. The proposed method can find utility as an effective tool for the design and optimization of metasurfaces for applications including wireless communication systems, imaging, and wireless power transfer.

Modeling and Device Simulation of Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting Lasers Based on Modal Index Analysis

We present a novel semi-analytical method utilising modal index analysis, for modelling the field resonances of photonic crystal surface emitting lasers (PCSELs). This method shows very good agreement with other modelling techniques in terms of mode calculations, with the added advantages of computational simplicity, the calculation of threshold gain, and rapid analysis of finite structures. We are able to model the effect of external lateral feedback and simulations indicate that the near-field peak can be electronically displaced and the threshold as well as the frequency can be controlled through external in-plane feedback, paving the way to dynamic control of PCSELs.

Loss and gain of the bird species after the establishment of oil palm plantation in South Sumatra

The development of oil palm has been documented as one of factor caused deforestation leading to the loss of biodiversity, however, to what extent the impacts of oil palm conversion on biodiversity in South Sumatra remain little-known. To answer this issue, we studied the diversity of bird in the area before and after oil palm established by calculating species number, richness, evenness, similarity, and composition. Secondary forest, shrubs and rubber plantation were identified as area before oil palm establishment through Landsat image analysis, while in the established oil palm plantation area, we classified into the young, mature and old stand of oil palm. We recorded 49 bird species, 25 families and 298 individuals. Our result showed that conversion secondary forest, shrubs and rubber plantation to oil palm plantation resulted in the variation of losing, gaining, and persisting of bird species at both habitats. Losses of bird species varied about 16%-38%, but the loss of bird species was more drastic in shrubs. Gaining of bird species also varied about 12.5% to 45% where conversion rubber plantation to oil palm impacted the highest bird species procuration. Meanwhile, bird species persistence ranged between 38%-50%. Secondary forest as the habitat condition before the establishment of oil palm had the highest bird diversity (33 species), while the palm oil plantations had the lowest bird species (11 species). The most of bird species lost were insectivorous birds. However, bird species gain was also dominated by insectivorous birds. Declines in insectivorous bird species that are important for an ecosystem process service in this study area may not significantly decline in that process service because of the other species in the similar functionally group increase in the response. Calculation of loss and gain of biodiversity as a result of land use change is necessary as a strategy for biodiversity conservation in an agricultural landscape.

1645P - Introducing standardized medical procedure and dynamic decision support program in precision oncology for the community of practice

BackgroundWhile increasing number of diagnostic laboratories perform new generation sequencing on tumor DNA at a rapidly decreasing cost, beyond companion diagnostics, multi-gene panels are still underutilized due to lack of reimbursement and value based technical assessment. Besides financial reasons, prioritizing between diagnostic tests, multiple genetic alterations and multiple on-label or off-label targeted treatment options linked to these alterations can be a major challenge without having a reproducible, standardized and effective information service system in hand that a molecular tumor board could safely rely on. Here, we present an easily clinically adaptable, dynamic treatment decision support program (Protocol), that makes tumor molecular profile-based oncology care feasible and potentially reimbursed by public insurance funds. MethodsOur Protocol was developed based on 4868 cancer cases with 429 different histology, 2367 genes with 36492 variants. Our program utilizes multidisciplinary molecular tumor board (MTB) supported by Realtime Oncology Treatment CalculatorTM (Calculator) with the idea of integrating molecular and clinical data to provide genomics-driven treatment strategy plan. MTB mobilizes multiple sub-specialties for managing patients and tumor samples. The Calculator under constant upgrade is currently operating based on 24000 rules, 4000+ curated evidence, 101 registered and 618 targeted drugs under development. ResultsThis medical procedure (protocol) was endorsed by the Hungarian National Health Insurance Fund based on QUALY gain calculation and value-based technology assessment. ConclusionsIt is crucial to have an established protocol in the community of practice to indicate effective and eliminate ineffective genomics-driven treatments based on molecular profiling. The technology assessment provided evidence that standardized decision support of the molecular tumor board (MTB) to select diagnostic tests and treatments can assure clinical utility and cost effectiveness of multigene testing (NGS). Legal entity responsible for the studyThe authors. FundingHas not received any funding. DisclosureI. Petak: Leadership role, ownership: Oncompass Medicine Hungary Ltd. C. Hegedus: Full / Part-time employment: Oncompass Medicine Hungary Ltd. E. Várkondi: Full / Part-time employment: Oncompass Medicine Hungary Ltd. Z. Farkas: Full / Part-time employment: Oncompass Medicine Hungary Ltd. D. Tihanyi: Full / Part-time employment: Oncompass Medicine Hungary Ltd. R. Dóczi: Full / Part-time employment: Oncompass Medicine Hungary Ltd. D. Mathiasz: Full / Part-time employment: Oncompass Medicine Hungary Ltd. G. Pajkos: Full / Part-time employment: Oncompass Medicine Hungary Ltd. R. Schwab: Advisory / Consultancy, ownership: Oncompass Medicine Hungary Ltd. J. Deri: Full / Part-time employment: Oncompass Medicine Hungary Ltd. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

The heat gain-based generation method of coincident weather data for walls with a large thermal lag

The coincident weather data (CWD) means the combination of weather data that affect a moment of indoor heat gains at the same time. It includes the coincidence of dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature and solar irradiation. The selection of design solar irradiation in the current ASHRAE and CIBSE design handbooks is independent on design dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature. And the generation methods of CWD in those are based on the original weather data itself. Furthermore, the generation methods in some related literatures are either ignoring the thermal delay and decay of building envelope or not appropriate for engineering using. Hence, a new method based on the hourly heat gain formula, three weather parameters, building heat characteristics and risk factor was developed for the generation of coincident solar irradiance, dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature. The method was applied to historic weather records of 25 years in Hong Kong and data of 302 kinds of walls to generate coincident design weather data. The result shows that the design dry and wet bulb temperature can be lowered and the solar radiation values are more regular, compared to traditional weather data. In a category of walls, the deviation between the representative parameter and CWD is less than 5%. It’s means that using the new CWD can reduce the building energy consumption, and engineering heat gain calculations can be more precise and concise.

Impacts of postweaning growth rate of replacement beef heifers on their reproductive development and productivity as primiparous cows1.

This experiment evaluated the effects of postweaning body weight (BW) gain of replacement beef heifers on their reproductive development and productivity as primiparous cows. Seventy-two Angus × Hereford heifers were ranked on day -6 of experiment (17 d after weaning) by age and BW (218 ± 1.6 d of age and 234 ± 3 kg of BW), and assigned to receive 1 of 3 supplementation programs from days 0 to 182: 1) no supplementation to maintain limited BW gain (LGAIN), 2) supplementation to promote moderate BW gain (MGAIN), or 3) supplementation to promote elevated BW gain (HGAIN). Heifers were maintained in 2 pastures (36 heifers/pasture, 12 heifers/treatment in each pasture) with free-choice alfalfa-grass hay, and supplements were offered individually 6 d per week. Heifer shrunk BW was recorded on days -6 and 183 for average daily gain (ADG) calculation. Blood samples were collected for puberty evaluation via plasma progesterone weekly from days 0 to 182. On day 183, heifers were combined into a single group and received the same nutritional management until the end of the experimental period (day 718). From days 183 to 253, heifers were assigned to a fixed-time artificial insemination program combined with natural service. Average daily gain from days 0 to 182 was greater (P < 0.01) in HGAIN vs. MGAIN and LGAIN (0.78, 0.60, and 0.37 kg/d, respectively; SEM = 0.02), and greater (P < 0.01) in MGAIN vs. LGAIN heifers. Puberty attainment by the beginning of the breeding season was also greater in HGAIN vs. MGAIN and LGAIN (87.5%, 62.5%, and 56.5%, respectively; SEM = 7.1) but similar (P = 0.68) between MGAIN vs. LGAIN heifers. A treatment × day interaction was detected (P < 0.01) for calving rate, as HGAIN heifers calved earlier compared with MGAIN and LGAIN heifers. Ten heifers per treatment were assessed for milk production via weigh-suckle-weigh at 56.8 ± 1.5 d postpartum, followed by milk sample collection 24 h later. No treatment differences were detected (P ≥ 0.16) for milk yield and composition. However, mRNA expression of GLUT1 in milk fat globules was less (P ≤ 0.02) in LGAIN vs. MGAIN and HGAIN heifers, and expression of GLUT8 mRNA was also less (P = 0.04) in LGAIN vs. HGAIN heifers. No treatment differences were detected (P ≥ 0.44) for offspring weaning BW. Collectively, results from this experiment indicate that HGAIN hastened the reproductive development of replacement heifers, without negatively affecting their milk productivity and offspring weaning weight as primiparous cows.