Calculation Of Gain Research Articles

GeSn/Ge Multiquantum-Well Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting p-i-n Structures and Diode Emitters on a 200 mm Ge-on-Insulator Platform

An efficient monolithically integrated light source with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility remains the missing component to enable Si photonics for various applications. In particular, vertical-cavity-surface-emitting (VCSE) light sources, such as resonant cavity light-emitting diodes (RCLEDs) and vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), are strong contenders due to their compact size, circular emission profile with low beam divergence, wafer-scale fabrication compatibility, high bandwidth, and high coupling efficiency to fiber optic cables. We report the first demonstration of 8-in. wafer-scale GeSn/Ge multiple-quantum-well VCSE p-i-n structures and diodes for laser or light-emitting diode (LED) applications in Si photonics by wafer bonding and layer transfer techniques, which are challenging for all-epitaxy routes. The wafer could be 12 in. (300 mm) since the MQW gain medium is grown on a 300 mm Si wafer, and the bonding is wafer-scale. Alternative dielectric layers (SiO2/SiN/SiO2), introduced by wafer bonding, under the emitting structure, serve as the bottom mirror for the vertical cavity. The Ge0.92Sn0.08/Ge MQW layer is utilized to improve the material quality and to confine injected carriers. As a result, more than 8× enhancement of light emission due to the vertical cavity resonance was demonstrated by photoluminescence spectroscopy. Besides, the spectral purity is enhanced by the single-longitudinal-mode cavity. The intensity of light emission is insensitive to the temperature range from 4 to 300 K and even becomes stronger at higher temperatures since the stronger resonant cavity effect at higher temperatures compensates for the drop in light emission efficiency caused by nonradiative centers. The vertical cavity effect on the light emission is further verified by reflectivity spectroscopy and optical simulations. A positive gain can be achieved as indicated by optical gain calculations. Room-temperature electroluminescence and an excellent carrier injection efficiency of the MQW VCSE diode are observed, showing its potential for electrically injected RCLEDs and VCSELs.

117 Effects of Cattle Removal Date on Sustainability of Cool-Season Annual Grazed Cover Crop Systems

Abstract Grazing of cool-season cover crops has been shown to be a viable tool in extending the grazing season while mitigating environmental risks associated with row crop farming systems. While there is a vast amount of research available on cover crops in relation to soil health, a more novel approach would be to focus on forage production and animal performance when grazing cover crops. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the effects of cattle removal date on forage yield, forage quality, and steer performance when grazing cool-season cover crops. A cool-season forage mix consisting of ‘Cosaque’ oats (Avena strigose), ‘FL401’ cereal rye (Secale cereal), ‘AU Sunrise’ crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum), and ‘T-raptor’ brassica (Brassica napus × B. rapa) was established in twelve, 0.62 ha paddocks in Headland, AL. Each paddock was then randomly allocated to one of four cattle removal treatments: 1) no grazing (CON); 2) February removal (FEB); 3) March removal (MAR); or 4) April removal (APR). Three tester steers were randomly allotted, based on body weight (BW), to each of the grazing treatments, excluding CON. The tester steers were weighed every 30 d for calculation of initial BW, final BW, and average daily gain (ADG). At inception and every subsequent two weeks, forage was harvested to analyze average forage yield, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and crude protein (CP). All data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS version 9.4 (SAS Inst., Cary, NC). Significant differences in forage yield were detected between CON and FEB (3,913 vs. 2,261 kg/ha; P < 0.001), CON and MAR (3,913 vs. 1,790 kg/ha; P < 0.001), and CON and APR (3,913 vs. 1,810 kg/ha; P < 0.001). There were no differences found for ADG (1.2 kg/day; P = 0.56), NDF (50.94%; P = 0.46), or ADF (30.34%; P = 0.25) among treatments. Results indicate that grazing of cool-season annual cover crops will reduce forage yield, but removal date of cattle will not further affect forage yield, quality, or individual cattle performance. Thus, we can reduce winter supplementation needs for cattle by increasing grazing days; however, under continuous grazing for stocker cattle production, forage availability may inevitably be the limiting factor.

Contribution of local metabolic control to coronary pressure-flow autoregulation

The coronary circulation has an innate ability to maintain constant blood flow over a wide range of perfusion pressures. This study interrogated the local metabolic hypothesis, which proposes that myocardial oxygen tension, indexed by coronary venous PO 2 (CvPO 2 ), determines the degree of coronary pressure-flow autoregulation by increasing the production of vasodilator metabolites as coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) is reduced. We tested this hypothesis by examining the extent to which dobutamine-induced increases in myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO 2 ) under both normoxic and hypoxemic conditions, influences coronary autoregulatory capability. Experiments were performed on open-chest anesthetized swine during 20 mmHg stepwise changes in coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) from 140 to 40 mmHg, via servo-controlled roller pump. Measurements were made in 3 conditions: a) normoxia (n = 7); b) normoxia with dobutamine (10 μg/kg/min, iv; n = 7); and c) hypoxemia (PaO 2 36-38 mmHg) plus dobutamine (n = 5). Under control-normoxic conditions, CvPO 2 decreased from 38 ± 2 to 22 ± 1 mmHg and coronary blood flow fell from 0.93 ± 0.15 to 0.32 ± 0.03 ml/min/g as CPP was reduced from 140 to 40 mmHg. Administration of dobutamine significantly increased heart rate (~60%; P < 0.001), but the combination of hypoxemia plus dobutamine did not further influence heart rate. Further, dobutamine with and without hypoxemia significantly increased MVO 2 (P < 0.001); however, CvPO 2 was reduced (P < 0.001) only in the presence of hypoxemia. Calculation of closed-loop autoregulatory gain (Gc) over a CPP range of 120 to 60 mmHg (value of 1 represents perfect autoregulation) was unaffected by dobutamine alone but tended to increase when dobutamine infusion was combined with reductions in PaO 2 ≤ 40 mmHg (P = 0.069). Additional analysis of the autoregulatory slope within this same CPP range revealed no differences between groups. However, there was a significant inverse association between Gc and CvPO 2 , measured at CPP of 100 mmHg, in the absence and presence of dobutamine-induced increases in MVO 2 ± hypoxemic conditions (P < 0.001, r = -0.722). The relationship of coronary resistance (CPP range of 120 to 60 mmHg) relative to respective CvPO 2 revealed that decreases in CvPO 2 were not associated with changes in coronary resistance until CvPO 2 fell below a relative threshold of ~ 25 mmHg (r = 0.88). These findings support the interpretation that the sensitivity of coronary autoregulatory behavior is directly coupled with the activation of local metabolic vasodilator pathways below a critical level of myocardial oxygenation. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grant R01 HL158723. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Optical gain calculation and structure optimization of type-II GaAsSb/InAs/InGaAs quantum well heterostructures

This paper reports an optimization scheme of type-II GaAsSb/InAs/InGaAs quantum wells using the six bands k · p method. By calculating the optical gain, the optimal structures of the quantum wells are obtained. We observed that without an electric field, the thickness values of symmetrical quantum wells designed by the AdaGrad algorithm are 2.97, 2.81, and 6.21 nm, respectively, and the gain intensity is 6489 cm−1 that is about 1600 cm−1 higher than the original empirical design scheme. The thickness of asymmetric quantum wells designed by the Adam algorithm is 5.56, 2.72, 1.88, 3.16, and 2.46 nm under the external electric field of 75 kV/cm, respectively, and the gain intensity is 5729 cm−1 that is about 2300 cm−1 higher than the original empirical design scheme. The optimized scheme effectively suppresses the gain attenuation caused by the electric field and is helpful to improve the performance of interband cascade lasers.

Design of Full State Observer Based on Data-Driven Dual System Representation

This paper addresses an observer-design method only using data. Usually, the observer requires a mathematical model of a system for state prediction and observer gain calculation. As an alternative to the model-based prediction, the proposed predictor calculates the states using a linear combination of the given data. To design the observer gain, the data which represent dual systems are derived from the data which represent the original system. Linear matrix inequalities that depend on data of the dual system provides the observer gains.

A New Method for Gain Calculation in Quantified Visuo-vestibular Interaction Test.

To develop a new method to quantify visually-enhanced vestibulo-ocular reflex (VVOR) gain, in patients with vestibular function loss, that is mathematically suitable given the nature of the test, and determine the reliability of the method by comparing results with those of the gold standard, the video head impulse test (vHIT). We developed a new method for VVOR gain quantification and conducted a cross-sectional study in patients diagnosed with vestibular function loss and controls, all participants undergoing both a VVOR test and a vHIT. We measured VVOR gain with three different methods: area under the curve (AUC), slope regression, and a Fourier method (VVORAUC , VVORSP , and VVORFR , respectively); and compared these gain values with vHIT gain calculated using the AUC method. Overall, 111 patients were included: 29 healthy subjects and 82 patients with vestibular function loss. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC(1,1)) between gain from the gold standard and each of the VVOR gain methods were: 0.68 (CI: 0.61-0.75) for VVORAUC , 0.66 (CI: 0.58-0.73) for VVORSP and 0.71 (CI: 0.64-0.77) for VVORFR . No interference was found between VVOR gain calculation methods and potentially influential variables considered (p ≥ 0.98). The new method for quantifying VVOR gain showed good concordance with the vHIT method. 2: Individual cross-sectional studies with consistently applied reference standard and blinding (Diagnosis) Laryngoscope, 133:3554-3563, 2023.

Static anti-windup compensator design for locally Lipschitz systems under input and output delays.

This paper proposes a static anti-windup compensator (AWC) design methodology for the locally Lipschitz nonlinear systems, containing time-varying interval delays in input and output of the system in the presence of actuator saturation. Static AWC design is proposed for the systems by considering a delay-range-dependent methodology to consider less conservative delay bounds. The approach has been developed by utilizing an improved Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, locally Lipschitz nonlinearity property, delay-interval, delay derivative upper bound, local sector condition, L2 gain reduction from exogenous input to exogenous output, improved Wirtinger inequality, additive time-varying delays, and convex optimization algorithms to obtain convex conditions for AWC gain calculations. In contrast to the existing results, the present work considers both input and output delays for the AWC design (along with their combined additive effect) and deals with a more generic locally Lipschitz class of nonlinear systems. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated via simulations for a nonlinear DC servo motor system, possessing multiple time-delays, dynamic nonlinearity and actuator constraints.

Didactic Sequence for Learning the Formulation of Medicines with the Use of ICT, at Upper Middle Level

The teaching of Chemistry has long been stigmatized as something difficult for teachers to do and at the same time complicated for students to understand. Some reasons may be the abstract nature of certain topics, among which is the identification of functional groups in compounds of biological interest such as the active principles of medicines. This article presents the structuring and implementation of a didactic strategy focused on the teaching-learning process of the subject of Chemistry for the theme Formulation of Medicines for which it was supported using ICT (Information and Communication Technologies). Subject taught in the curriculum of the College of Sciences and Humanities belonging to the National Autonomous University of Mexico at the high school level. The development of the strategy is based on an instructional design type ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation., Evaluation) which allows to have the opportunity for a continuous improvement of the strategy, using LKT (Learning and Knowledge Technologies) tools with a playful approach. The subject of the formulation of medicines is novel for students due to the social and environmental impact it can have on everyday life, in addition, the use of analogies allows a transfer of the knowledge taught to something more common and close to students. The results obtained reflected the influence that the use of LKT with a playful approach can have on student learning on the topic of drug formulation measured through the calculation of Hake's learning gain. We can take as an indication that the improvement of learning is real by using playful activities in the teaching of topics such as the identification of functional groups in medicines.

Analysis of Grid-Connected VSCs Subject to Voltage Harmonic Disturbances: Prediction and Design Tool of Resonant Controllers

The influence of current and voltage harmonics in the power quality of electrical facilities is currently an important topic in discussion. Considering that in Voltage Source Converter (VSC) applications it is common to utilize resonant controllers to mitigate characteristic current harmonics, this work proposes a methodology to allow the tuning of resonant controllers through a power quality criterion during the design process, enabling the designer to select between harmonic content and stability. The disturbance rejection model that relates the output harmonic currents with the grid voltage harmonics is utilized as basis for the methodology, also providing an analytical calculation of the resonant controller gain according to the imposed harmonic limitations, both for VSCs with regular L as with LCL output filters. Simulations and experiments validate the proposal.

Endoscopic versus microscopic ossiculoplasty: Does the functional outcome vary according to the type of osciculoplasty?

To compare functional outcome of microscopic and endoscopic approach regarding type of ossiculoplasty. In this retrospective study, cases who had undergone type-II and type-III tympanoplasty between February 2007 to September 2019 were divided into two groups according to the type of approach as microscopic and endoscopic. In cases with type-II reconstruction; Partial Ossicular chain Replacement Prosthesis (PORP), incus interposition and bone cement were used in order of frequency. Whereas in cases with type-III reconstruction, only Total Ossicular chain Replacement Prosthesis (TORP) was used. The average Air Bone Gap (ABG) was determined pre- and post-operatively for the calculation of Air Conductance Gain (ACG). The ACG, pre- and post-operative ABG values of each group were compared with regard to the type of ossiculoplasty. A total of 79 cases consisting of 32 females and 47 males who had undergone type-II and type-III tympanoplasty were enrolled. No statistically significant difference between microscopic and endoscopic approach was found in terms of ACG (p = 0.42), pre-(p = 0.23) and postoperative ABG (p = 0.99). We did not find any significant difference in terms of ACG, pre- and postoperative ABG between two approaches for type-II and type-III reconstructions (p > 0.05). According to the current study, endoscopic approach in type-II and type-III reconstruction is at least reliable as microscopic approach regarding functional outcome. Since both techniques have similar functional results, other factors (anatomic characteristics, habitude of the surgeon and duration of the surgery) should be considered when choosing the technique. In the current paper we present a retrospective comparative study of two different approaches of a particular type of otologic surgery. Level of evidence corresponds to level III.

Psychological dominant stressor modification to an animal model of depression with chronic unpredictable mild stress.

Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) is a protocol widely used to create an animal model of depression with food deprivation, water deprivation, and physical-dominant stressors as routine procedures. However, human depression mainly involves psychological stressors and does not always involve a lack of food and water; thus, CUMS procedures should be modified accordingly. Therefore, this study aimed to create an animal model of depression, mainly focusing on a psychologically dominant stressor without food and water deprivation. The CUMS and control groups, respectively, received CUMS modification (psychologically dominant stressors without food and water deprivation) for 21 days. A 24-h sucrose preference test (SPT) was used to assess the successful creation of an animal model of depression. Daily food intake measurements, weekly weight monitoring, and weight gain calculations were performed. Either an independent sample t-test or the Mann-Whitney test was used. Of the 42 rats included, 39 completed the study. Chronic unpredictable mild stress procedures for 21 days significantly reduced the SPT (p < 0.05), mean body weight (p < 0.05), and weekly weight gain (p < 0.05) in the CUMS group compared to the control group. However, the weekly average food intake did not statistically differ between the two groups. Psychological dominant CUMS modification to an animal model of depression resulted in lower SPT, body weight, and weekly weight gain in the CUMS group than in the control group.

Feed Value of Emmer Wheat (Triticum dicoccum) and By-products for Ruminant Animals

Ancient wheat species attracts more attention recently due to their health benefits and suitability for organic farming. With this attention, the possibilities of using ancient wheat species and especially their by-products in animal nutrition are emerging. Unlike modern wheat varieties, emmer is known as one of the ancient wheat varieties, has hull covering its grains. Approximately 70% of the total plant weight consists of hulls and stalks. Looking at the literature, limited studies has been conducted regarding the evaluation of the hull and stalk parts of emmer wheat as feed. Herein, this study aims to determine the nutritional values of emmer wheat and its by-products. The feed value of the plant was analyzed in five parts (hulled grain, stalk of plant, hull, naked grain and flour). For each part, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether exract (EE), crude ash (CA), starch, crude fiber (CF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP), neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP), lignin and mineral analyzes were made. In addition, non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC), digestible dry matter (DDM), dry matter intake by animal body weight (DMIBW), total digestible nutriton (TDN1X), net energy lactation (NEL3X), metabolic energy (ME), net energy maintanence (NEM), net energy gain (NEG), energy and digestibility calculations were performed. The protein content of emmer grain was observed higher than that of modern wheat. ADF and NDF values of the emmer wheat stalks are lower than modern wheat stalks and therefore have better digestibility values. Additionally, the higher resistance to starch digestion compared to modern wheat varieties may be a reason for preference in ruminant feeding.

Compensating for Loss of Nature and Landscape in a Growing City—Berlin Case Study

By 2030, around 194,000 new dwellings will be built in Berlin, including almost 52,000 in 16 new urban districts. These and other interventions will impact the city’s nature and landscape. An important means of compensating for these losses is a land-use planning eco-account adapted to Berlin’s needs. It relies on a whole-city compensation concept consisting of three pillars: flagship projects, thematic programmes, and the integrated enhancement of existing land uses. Impacts can be offset in advance via the eco-account. The institutional and legal backgrounds, as well as the allocation of compensations to interventions and the principle of the loss–gain calculation using value points, are presented. Housing construction and its preponed compensation trigger land-use changes. Critical factors affecting this process were identified and categorised as population development, housing requirement, resulting intervention, land-use change, and preponed compensation. A modified causal loop diagram was created to visualise the interdependencies and link the polarities of the derived key variables. The challenges of compensation without a net loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, as well as solutions for avoiding impacts to achieve the goal of no net land take, are discussed. The compensatory approach presented here could be transferred to other growing cities.

Inhibition of microbunching instability in the Shanghai soft X-ray Free-Electron Laser User Facility

A microbunching instability (MBI) driven by beam collective effects can deteriorate electron beam quality in advanced x-ray free electron lasers. In this paper, we demonstrate a scheme to suppress microbunching instability by adjusting the compression ratio of two-stage bunch compressor in linear accelerator of the Shanghai soft X-ray Free-Electron Laser User Facility (SXFEL-UF). The calculation of the microbunching instability gain and the mechanism of MBI suppression scheme can be revealed by the theoretical model in this paper. Numerical simulations are presented to verify the analytical results. Furthermore, benefit by the high temporal resolution of transverse deflecting structure (TDS), beam experiments for direct analysis of MBI were carried out at SXFEL-UF. Theoretical calculations as well as simulation and consistent experimental results illustrate that the suppression of microbunching instability can be achieved by increasing the first stage compression ratio of the linac in the SXFEL-UF. The feasible theme provides a promising beam optimization method for future X-FEL facilities.

Faults Modeling in Networked Environment and Its Tolerant Control with Multiple Simultaneous Faults

This paper presents two new fault models for networked systems. These fault models are more realistic and generalized for networked systems in the sense that they can represent the effects of fault at the node and network levels. At the network layer, the uncertain effects of the network lines are modeled using a Markov chain with complex transition probabilities simultaneously with the stochastic behavior of the network using a Bernoulli process. A new output feedback-based controller, which is two-mode dependent and considers network uncertainties and output measurements for gain calculation, is presented. Using the tools of robust control and stochastic stability, linear matrix inequality-based sufficient conditions are derived. The proposed controller successfully maintains the system’s performance by tolerating the effects of simultaneous sensor and actuator faults, ensuring the stability of networked loops. Simulation results verify the applicability of the presented fault-tolerant control against multiple simultaneous faults.

Correlation of the crystal features, magnetic parameters, and electronic structure of Bi-substituted BaFe12-xBixO19 hexaferrites: Theoretical background

Herein, using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we have investigated the effects of Bi substitution on the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of barium hexaferrite (BaFe12-xBixO19, x = 0; 0.5; 1.5 and 2). As a result of the calculation, it was determined that the most stable structure exists if the spin of the Fe atom on the 2a, 2b, and 12k positions of the barium hexaferrite compound is taken in the upward direction. The calculated lattice constant ca=3.9 and magnetic moment (4.24μB) of iron ions are in reasonable agreement with other experimental works. Moreover, the presence of bismuth reduces the electronic band gap. Energy gain and magnetic anisotropy energy calculations for FIM, FM, and NM states were performed for the most stable states. It has been established that the most stable structural state is characteristic of х = 0.5. It has been calculated that substitution by the large Bi3+ ion dramatically changed the electronic structure and sharply reduced the band gap. This paper is the first step towards establishing the nature of the distribution of ions in M-type hexaferrites under conditions of substitution by ions with a large ionic radius.

Roughage level and supplemental fat for newly received finishing calves: effects on growth performance, health, and physiological responses.

This experiment evaluated the effects of roughage levels and supplemental fat on intake, growth performance, health, and physiological responses of newly received finishing cattle during 58-d receiving period. A total of 72 crossbred steers (initial body weight [BW] = 200 ± 13 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, consisting of two roughage levels (wheat hay at 30% [R30] or 60% [R60]; dry matter [DM] basis) and two levels of supplemental fat (yellow grease at 0% [-FAT; no additional fat] or 3.5% [+FAT]; DM basis). Upon arrival, calves were individually weighed, blocked by off-truck shrunk BW, and assigned to 24 soil-surfaced pens (three calves per pen). Shrunk BW was also collected on day 58 for the calculation of average daily gain (ADG). Throughout the study, calves were assessed for bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Effects of roughage level × supplemental fat interaction were only observed for diet particle size distribution and estimated physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) of diets (P ≤ 0.10). Adding fat to R60 diets tended to increase the percentage of particles retained in the 8-mm screen (P = 0.06) and the estimated peNDF (P = 0.10), but did not affect R30 diets. Dietary roughage level did not affect DM intake (DMI; P = 0.85). Calves-fed R30 tended to have greater ADG and final BW than calves-fed R60 (P ≤ 0.08). Gain efficiency (gain:feed ratio; G:F) was greater for calves-fed R30 than calves-fed R60 (P = 0.01). Dietary roughage level did not affect morbidity and mortality (P ≥ 0.11). Supplemental fat did not affect DMI (P = 0.6) but tended (P = 0.09) to increase ADG compared to -FAT diets. The G:F was greater for calves-fed +FAT than -FAT (P = 0.03). The +FAT diet tended (P = 0.10) to increase the number of retreatments against BRD compared to -FAT, although the total number of antimicrobial treatments required to treat sick calves (P = 0.78) and the mortality rate (P = 0.99) were not affected by supplemental fat. Feeding +FAT diet tended (P ≤ 0.09) to increase plasma concentration of cortisol and immunoglobulin-G compared to -FAT. In summary, feeding 30% roughage diets or adding 3.5% yellow grease (DM basis) as supplemental fat increased G:F during the feedlot receiving period.

Water- and feed-based arginine impacts on gut integrity in weanling pigs.

Two hundred and forty newly weaned pigs (PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were used to determine if supplementing additional arginine (Arg) either in the water or in the feed, and the combinations thereof, improved intestinal integrity and growth performance in nursery pigs. Each of the 80 pens contained three pigs (21 ± 2 d of age) which were randomly allotted to treatments in 4 × 3 factorial arrangement consisting of four water treatments (0%, 4%, 8%, and 12% Arg stock delivered through a 1:128 medication delivery system) in combination with three dietary Arg treatments (1.35%, 1.55%, and 1.75% standardized ileal digestible Arg; SID). Pigs and feeders were weighed at the d0, d6 (water and diet change), d20 (diet change), and d41 for the calculation of average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (G:F). Eighty pigs, 1 pig/pen, were euthanized at d6 for ileum evaluation of villus height and crypt depth. The remaining pigs were taken off the Arg-water treatment and fed phase-2 diets formulated to contain 1.35%, 1.55%, and 1.75% SID Arg. All pigs received a common diet from d20 to d41. Data were analyzed by pen as repeated measures (SAS 9.4). No interaction between water- and dietary-Arg was detected on nursery pig growth performance. There was a significant quadratic effect of SID Arg in the feed on pig final body weight (BW), ADG, ADFI, and G:F (P ≤ 0.037), where feeding 1.55% dietary Arg tended to improve growth performance compared to the 1.35% level for the 41 d of the trial (P ≤ 0.088). The use of the stock 8% Arg in the water resulted in a reduction in crypt depth (0:132.5, 4:140.7, 8:117.3, 12:132.0; P ≤ 0.01) and an improvement in intestinal permeability. The 4% oral Arg significantly reduced villous height:crypt depth ratio (0:2.50, 4:2.09, 8:2.56, 12:2.43; P ≤ 0.02). In conclusion, the feeding of 1.55% Arg resulted in an improvement in nursery pig ADG, ADFI, G:F, and final BW but did not alter intestinal villi morphology; however, the use of Arg in the water resulted in an improvement in intestinal villi, but no phenotypical change in piglet growth in the nursery.

Calculations of internal heat gain from occupants affecting the energy consumption of airport buildings

Calculations of internal heat gain from occupants affecting the energy consumption of airport buildings

Calculations of internal heat gain from occupants affecting the energy consumption of airport buildings

Calculations of internal heat gain from occupants affecting the energy consumption of airport buildings