Calcium Oxide Catalyst Research Articles

Effects of operating parameters on biodiesel production from waste cooking oil under ultrasonic irradiation

At present with concern about environmentally damaging and costly conventional fuels, the need for sustainable and environmentally friendly energy has taken a leadership in recent times. The use of recycled cooking oil is very harmful for health and can cause environmental problems if not properly disposed. Waste cooking oils can however act as cheap feedstock and the best way of using them is for the development of biodiesel. Ultrasonics, a non-conventional process technology, was implemented in one step for the direct conversion to biodiesel for waste cooking oil. The effects of various operating parameters have been investigated, such as catalyst concentration, molar ratio of oil/alcohol and the temperature at 20 kHz frequency. The experiments were conducted using waste cooking sunflower oil (WCSO) as a feedstock to the molar ratio of oil/alcohol (1:3, 1:4, 1:6), reaction time (60 min), reaction temperature (40 °C 50 °C, 60 °C) of three different percentages (0.5 wt%, 1 wt%, 1.5 wt%), with heterogeneous catalyst calcium oxide (CaO). The results show that biodiesels are generated reasonably easily and efficiently by the ultrasound process.

Mussel shells as sustainable catalyst: Synthesis of liquid fuel from non edible seeds of Bauhinia malabarica and Gymnosporia montana

The utilization of waste resources is an important element of renewability and sustainable growth. The mussel shells are rich in calcium carbonate which can be converted to useable calcium oxide catalyst upon calcination. The novel feed stocks Bauhinia malabarica seed oil (BMSO) and Gymnosporia montana seed oil (GMSO) are investigated for their physico-chemical data source and are opted for liquid fuel synthesis. The catalyst used is characterized by XRD, FT-IR and SEM. The transesterification reaction is carried out by optimizing 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 1.5 (wt %) calcined calcium oxide as catalyst, temperature of 65 ​°C for 3 ​h at 500 ​rpm to yield maximum biodiesel of 93% and 97% from BMSO and GMSO respectively. The methyl esters of BMSO and GMSO are characterized by spectroscopic techniques like FT-IR and 1H NMR. The fuel properties of Bauhinia malabrica methyl esters (BMME) and Gymnosporia montana methyl esters (GMME) are determined and are compared with biodiesel presently in practice and petro-diesel and further authenticated with ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214 limits.

Transition metal oxide (NiO, CuO, ZnO)-doped calcium oxide catalysts derived from eggshells for the transesterification of refined waste cooking oil.

This paper reports the synthesis of new transition metal oxide-modified CaO catalysts derived from eggshells for the transesterification of refined waste cooking oil. CaO is a well-known base catalyst for transesterification. However, its moderate basicity and low surface area have restricted its catalytic performance. Therefore, a new attempt was made to modify the CaO catalyst with transition metal oxides, including Ni, Cu and Zn oxides, via simple wetness impregnation method. The catalytic performance of the resulting modified CaO-based catalysts was evaluated through the transesterification reaction using refined waste cooking oil. The results showed that the NiO/CaO(10 : 90)(ES) catalyst calcined at 700 °C, demonstrated being highly potential as a catalyst. It gave the highest biodiesel production (97.3%) at the optimum conditions of 1 : 18 oil-to-methanol molar ratio, 6 wt% catalyst loading and 180 minutes reaction time as verified by response surface methodology (RSM). The high catalytic activity of NiO/CaO(10 : 90)(ES)(700 °C) was attributed to its high basicity (8.5867 mmol g−1) and relatively large surface area (7.1 m2 g−1). The acid value and free fatty acids of the biodiesel produced under optimal process conditions followed the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 limit with 0.17 mg KOH per g (AV) and 0.09 mg KOH per g (FFA), respectively.

The chicken eggshell calcium oxide ultrasonically dispersed over lignite coal fly ash-based cancrinite zeolite support as a catalyst for biodiesel production

Lignite coal fly ash (FA) from a domestic thermal power plant was converted into a pure cancrinite zeolitic material (ZMFA) using a novel, custom-made, rotating autoclave reactor system by a short-term alkali activation process. The obtained ZMFA was used as catalyst support of calcium oxide as an active component derived from waste chicken eggshells (ES). The ZMFA supported calcium oxide catalyst (xCaO/ZMFA) was synthesized by means of the ultrasound-assisted method. The influence of different concentrations of dispersed calcium oxide (x = 5–20 wt%) over ZMFA and thermal treatment at different temperatures (450–600 °C) were studied. The structural and morphological characterization showed that the original cancrinite structure was preserved. The basicity and textural properties indicated the presence of strong active sites in a well-defined pore network suitable for the reactions of bulky organic compounds such as triacylglycerols (TAGs). The highest activity (96.5% of fatty acid methyl esters) in the methanolysis of sunflower oil was achieved with the 20CaO/ZMFA catalyst under reaction conditions: temperature of 60 °C, methanol/oil molar ratio of 12:1, catalyst concentration of 4 wt%, and reaction time of 2 h. It was found that the optimal calcination temperature of the catalyst precursor was 550 °C. At calcination temperatures above 550 °C, the melting of the glassy phase became more intense whereby the molten phase partially reacted with calcium oxide forming the catalytically inactive calcium silicate compounds (wollastonite, larnite, etc.). The rate constants of the two tested kinetic models were correlated with the concentrations of active calcium oxide. The MRPD of both models was low indicating their reliability.

Catalytic performance of MgO /Fe2O3-SiO2 core-shell magnetic nanocatalyst for biodiesel production of Camelina sativa seed oil: Optimization by RSM-CCD method

Many investigations have introduced MgO as a favorable solid base catalyst. Although magnesium oxide catalyst does not have as strong of basic sites as calcium oxide catalyst, it is stable under ambient conditions. Furthermore, magnesium oxide catalyst activity is not sensitive to the water content of the reactants, which makes magnesium oxide catalyst possible for commercial purposes. In addition, the use of the non-magnetic catalyst could be facilely recovered by magnetic and reusable several times without a notable decrease in catalytic activity. In the present study, MgO /Fe2O3-SiO2 core-shell magnetic nanocatalyst was synthesized by precipitation method for biodiesel production. This nanocatalyst was characterized by different techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) to recognize functional groups, measurement magnetic characteristics by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), identification of the phase and crystalline structure of nanocatalysts using X-radiation (XRD) and a survey of morphology and surface properties by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then, the synthesized catalyst was utilized to synthesis biodiesel from the transesterification reaction of camelina seed oil with methyl alcohol. A high biodiesel efficiency (99 %) was obtained under optimized conditions using the central composite design (CCD) based on the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimization was carried out in two separate parts; the initial part focuses on the optimization of the variables affecting the catalytic performance and the second part includes optimizing the variables affecting the reaction conditions of biodiesel production. The biodiesel was examined by GC- Mass spectra and physicochemical characteristics such as viscosity and refractive index. The optimum performance was achieved over MgO /Fe2O3-SiO2 core-shell magnetic nanocatalyst at calcination time 2.29 h, calcination temperature 650 ͦ C, 55.25 % w/w MgO to Fe2O3-SiO2 core-shell magnetic nanocatalyst, methanol to oil molar ratio 12/1, the catalyst to oil weight ratio 4.9 % w/w, reaction temperature 70 ͦ C and reaction time 4.1 h. Moreover, MgO /Fe2O3-SiO2 core-shell magnetic nanocatalyst could be removed facilely from the reaction system by a magnet and catalytic performance maintained for the four reused cycles. Based on the results, camelina seed oil could be utilized as a promising alternative biofuel for impressive, renewable and green production of biodiesel.

Green Diesel Production using Egg Shell Derived CaO catalyst: Effect of catalyst and reaction process

Increasing demand for fossil fuels and the resulting emissions for it have become an interesting research topic for biofuel production from renewable natural resources aimed at development and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this research, algae was used as a biological source for the production of biofuels because it has many advantages, represented by its high oil content, which may reach 50% of the dry cell weight, it does not need arable land, it can grow even in salt water. A Cladophora glomerata alga was used and extraction oil from biomass with the help of methanol solvent was using a Soxhlet device. The produced oil was being tested by Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) as well as by thermal analysis and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). After that the resulting oil was used through the process of deoxygenation using a high pressure reactor with a heterogeneous catalyst prepared from natural sources. Recent studies have shown that these catalysts have high performance compared to other catalysts as well as low cost, because they can be obtained from natural sources that are abundantly available. Heterogeneous catalysts were produced in this paper from chicken eggshells by calcining them at high temperatures to obtain calcium oxide (CaO) and these catalysts were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Analysis of Infrared Spectrum (FTIR) and Brunauer Emmet surface area. -Teller (BET). Ultimately, fuel properties similar to those of mineral diesel are obtained. Represented by Flash point 49, Cetane number 39, Cloud point 7, Calorific value 41 and acid value 0.374.

Application of grey relational analysis in biodiesel production from linseed oil using novel eggshell catalyst

This present investigation aimed to find out the best parameter level for transesterification process for the biodiesel production from the unused linseed oil with the help of low cost, eco-friendly eggshell derived catalyst. A novel catalyst calcium oxide (CaO) was derived from the consumed chicken eggshell with use of laboratory muffle furnace at 900 °C (calcination process) for 4 h. Multi parameter optimization was carried out by Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) with the help of 9 experimental run (L9 orthogonal arrays) 3 factors 3 levels based on the Taguchi technique to determine the best transesterification process parameter level. , the process parameters such as methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature and catalyst loading were optimized with consideration of multi-performance parameters such as percentage of biodiesel yield and viscosity. By examining the grey relational grade, it was observed that the methanol to oil molar ratio and catalyst loading have more effects on responses followed by reaction temperature. Based on the GRA the optimal transesterification process parameters for the biodiesel production from the linseed oil with eggshell catalyst were found to be A3B3C3.

Catalytic enhancement of calcium oxide from green mussel shell by potassium chloride impregnation for waste cooking oil-based biodiesel production

This work investigates the optimization of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE, biodiesel) production from waste cooking oil (WCO) via the transesterification with ethanol (EtOH) under calcium oxide catalyst from green mussel shell impregnated with potassium chloride (KCl). The green mussel shell is calcined at 900 °C for 5 h, grounded into powder prior to immersion into KCl solution, and characterized by an attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR/FT-IR) spectrophotometer and X-ray diffraction (XRD) before using as a catalyst. The catalytic performances are evaluated via WCO-EtOH transesterification and optimized for production parameters. The maximum yield of FAEE is 97% w/w from the following optimum conditions: catalyst ratio of 4.0% w/w, EtOH-to-WCO molar ratio of 10:1 at 80 °C in 3 h. This work benefits on value-added raw materials, such as green mussel shell and WCO, which can be renewed for energy.

Modification and characterization of chicken eggshell for possible catalytic applications

Researchers have shown considerable interest in finding a sustainable, low cost, and readily available substitute for the commercial calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst. In this work, raw chicken eggshell was modified by boiling and calcination at 900 °C for 3 h. The x-ray diffraction characterization revealed that while the proportion of CaCO3 in the raw and boiled samples was found to be 79.3 % and 99.2 % respectively, the CaCO3 had been converted to 63.8 % CaO and CO2 in the calcined sample. This was due to the thermal decomposition during calcination. The outcome of the infrared spectroscopy showed that the raw and boiled chicken eggshell presented a similar absorption profile with peaks at 1 394 cm−1, 873 cm−1, and 712 cm−1, which were as a result of the presence of asymmetric stretch, out-of-plane bend, and in-plane bend vibration modes. The major peaks presented by the calcined sample at 3642 cm−1 can be attributed to the OAH stretching vibration and bending hydroxyl groups present in Ca(OH)2. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas for the raw, boiled and calcined chicken eggshell were found to be 2.33 m2/g, 3.26 m2/g, and 4.6 m2/g respectively, indicating increased catalytic activity of the calcined sample. Overall, boiling was found to have a negligible effect on the chicken eggshell, while high-temperature calcination greatly affected the pore size, surface area, composition, and thermal decomposition profile of the chicken eggshell sample.

Investigation on the effect of ultrasonic-assisted transesterification for green synthesis of glycerol carbonate from crude glycerol

The present work demonstrates the utilization of ultrasonic-irradiation for synthesis of glycerol carbonate (GC) with direct use of crude glycerol (C.Gly) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). This transesterification reaction was catalysed by calcium oxide (CaO) and the effect of ultrasonic-assisted transesterification reaction was studied. In order to verify the contents of C.Gly, the C.Gly obtained from biodiesel production plant was characterized and the results showed that C.Gly consists of 71.21%w/w glycerol, 16.01%w/w of moisture, 7.10%w/w of methanol, 2.76%w/w of ash, 3.60 %w/w of soap and 10.02%w/w of matter organic non-glycerol (MONG). Subsequently, effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, molar ratios of reactants and catalyst loading on C.Gly conversion and GC yield have been investigated. The highest yield of GC (95.41%) was attained with 9 mol% of CaO catalyst loading, 3:1 molar ratio of (DMC:C.Gly) at 70 °C for 90 min. The yield of GC was observed to rise with all the reaction parameters till the optimum conditions obtained. Moreover, the yield of GC obtained from ultrasonic-assisted was compared with the conventional-heating method done in the previous study. It was noticeable that the yield of GC obtained via ultrasonic-assisted was found to be 51.44% better than conventional-heating transesterification. In conclusion, the production of GC via ultrasonic-assisted transesterification shows better feasibility than that of the conventional-heating method.

Novel Solar Parabolic Trough Collector cum Reactor for the Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil using Calcium Oxide catalyst derived from seashells waste

Waste cooking oil was converted to biodiesel using a parabolic trough collector using solar radiations as a heating source and a parabolic trough collector as an intensifier. Calcium oxide (CaO) derived from seashells was used as a catalyst in order to boost the rate of the reaction. Temperatures of almost 95 °C were reached using this collector although the temperature was limited to below 78.4 °C in order to prevent the vaporization of ethanol. The influence of different parameters on the reaction was analyzed. The maximum yield was found to be 95.84%, obtained under conditions of 180 LPH reactant flow rate, 300 rpm stirring speed, 60 minutes reaction time, 9:1 ethanol to oil ratio and 90 cm catalyst bed height. The composition and properties of the biodiesel were found to be in accordance with literature and ASTM and BIS norms. The energy efficiency of the process was analyzed by net energy ratio (NER). The net energy efficiency index (NEEI) was obtained from the ratio of NER of the solar method to the conventional method. NEEI of the process was found to be 4.16, thereby making the process a highly promising method of biodiesel production.

Efficient W-Mo mixed oxide supported CaO catalyst for the production of biodiesel from high FFA waste cooking oil: Stoichiometric effect

Biodiesel is considered as one of the most promising biofuels produced from the vegetable oils. This is due to its environmental benign and availability of variety of feedstock. It is generally produced by either esterification reaction of free fatty acid (FFA) or transesterification reaction of triglycerides, using acid or base catalysts, respectively. In this work, the solid tungsten molybdenum supported by calcium oxide catalyst (Wx-Moy/CaO 0.3≤x, 0.7≤y) was developed and used to produce biodiesel from high FFA waste cooking oil. The catalyst was synthesized using simple wet impregnation method. The stoichiometric effects of transition metal oxides loading on acid-base properties, surface area and porosity of the catalyst were studied. The catalytic activity of the catalyst for transesterification reaction increases with the increase in the tungsten molar weight ratio over Molybdenum from 0.3 to 0.7. The W0.6-Mo0.4/CaO catalyst recorded the highest biodiesel yield of 96.2% under mild reaction conditions of 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 70°C reaction temperature, 2 wt.% catalyst loading and 2 h reaction time. The newly synthesized catalysts were characterised using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Temperature Programmed Desorption(TPD) and Vapour Pressure Scanning Electron Microscope (VPSEM).

Recycled eggshells as precursors for iron-impregnated calcium oxide catalysts for partial oxidation of methane

There is a significant interest in converting eggshells into value-added products. Therefore, the goal of this research is to synthesize and study iron-impregnated eggshells as a catalyst for partial oxidation of methane. The objectives of this research were to test the effects of iron loading, flow rate, oxygen concentration, and temperature on methane oxidation. The catalysts were synthesized using ferric chloride hexahydrate at various loadings and tested in a heated stainless-steel reactor under different experimental conditions. The reaction products included C2–C7 hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide depending on the reaction conditions. Results indicated that iron loading beyond 5 wt% caused a decrease in methane conversion. A decrease in oxygen concentration enhanced methane conversion with a substantial drop in the production of CO2. Besides, an increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in methane conversion with a simultaneous increase in the production of CO2 via overoxidation. The reusability experiments indicated that the catalyst was active for four reaction cycles. Our results indicate that eggshells can be used as catalyst support for methane partial oxidation and can simultaneously solve the waste disposal problems faced by the poultry industry.

A derived novel mesoporous catalyst for biodiesel synthesis from Hura creptian-Sesamum indicum-Blighia sapida-Ayo/Ncho oil blend: A case of Brachyura, Achatina fulica and Littorina littorea shells mix

In this study, the emphasis was laid on the synthesis of a novel heterogeneous base catalyst from the mixture of Brachyura, Achatina fulica and Littorina littorea shells powders. Methanolysis of the synthesized catalyst was applied to the esterified oil obtained from the Hura creptian-Sesamum indicum-Blighia sapida-Ayo/Ncho oil blend via API gravity ratio. Each calcined catalyst A, B, C, and D (derived) was characterized by EDX-ray and BET analysis, but D was further characterized by SEM and FTIR. The strength of the basicity of the D catalyst was tested by the catalyst reusability test. The biodiesel was compared with biodiesel standard to ascertain its suitability in the C.I. engine. Resultsshowed a high conversion of calcium oxide was obtained from thermal decomposition of catalysts at 1000 °C for 3 h. The ratio of 19.6:22.6:22.8:36.0 was used for oil mix, which was sufficient to convert the esterified oil to biodiesel with a high experimental yield of 98.33 (wt. %). The statistical analysis predicted biodiesel yield of 98.00 (wt. %), at a reaction time of 60 min, reaction temperature of 59.40 °C, CH3OH/OMR of 4:1 (ml/ml), and catalyst amount of 3.0 wt%, which was validated in triplicate to obtain average of 97.88 (wt. %). Analysis of variance test confirmed the variables are highly significant with p-value<0.0001. Properties of the biodiesel conformed to the recommended standard. The study concluded that the four calcined catalysts can be served as an industrial feedstock and their fusion can further enhance their catalytic activities as a promising source of calcium oxide catalyst for many industries.

Changing of Particle Size and Pore Structures of Calcium Oxide during Calcinations of Industrial Eggshell Waste

Surface area and particle size are significant properties of a catalyst that determine the reaction rate of the heterogeneous catalyst. In this research, calcium oxide derived from industrial eggshell waste was synthesized by thermal decomposition method under air-atmosphere. The obtained eggshell waste was washed, dried, and ground to 420 μm followed by calcination of the ground eggshell in different conditions including calcination temperature (800 to 900 °C) and holding time (1 to 4 hours). Changes of pore structure and the median particle size diameter of the obtained calcium oxides were systematically investigated by various scientific instruments. Results from powder X-ray diffractometer (PXRD) indicated that the calcium oxide can be obtained after calcination at both 800 and at 900°C. Laser diffractometer shows that median particle size diameter of calcium oxide significantly decreased by about 76-95 % with increasing of both calcination temperature and holding time. Additionally, specific surface area of calcium oxides determined by N2 adsorption experiment at-195 °C shows that surface area of calcium oxide dramatically decreased (37-84 %) with increasing both calcination temperature from 800 to 900 °C and calcination time from 1 to 4 hours. These results indicated that both calcination temperature and time play an important role in the shrinkage of pores of calcium oxide. Higher calcination temperature and longer holding time induce more shrinkage of pore leading to smaller particle size diameter and lower surface area of the calcium oxide catalyst.

Production of glycerol carbonate from glycerol over modified sodium-aluminate-doped calcium oxide catalysts

Glycerol is a low-cost coproduct from the biodiesel production process. Currently, production of value-added products from glycerol is still of great interest. This research studied the production of glycerol carbonate (GLC) from the transesterification reaction of glycerol and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) using modified sodium aluminate catalysts. Sodium aluminate was modified with CaO to increase its basicity and glycerol was also used as a template during catalyst preparation to increase its surface area. The results showed that sodium aluminate modified with CaO at 5 % by weight (NA5Ca) and using 45 % glycerol template by weight of NA5Ca (NA5Ca-45 G) produced the most active catalyst among those prepared. By varying the operational parameters, the maximum GLC yield of NA5Ca-45 G was 90.5 % with 100 % selectivity, a catalyst content of 30 % by weight of glycerol reactant, a glycerol:DMC molar ratio of 1:4, a reaction temperature of 70 °C, and a reaction time of 3 h. The study of catalyst reusability revealed that NA5Ca-45 G has problems with agglomeration and a small amount of leaching, which require further study for their prevention.

Intensified synthesis of biodiesel using low-cost feedstock and catalyst via conventional as well as ultrasonic irradiation based approach

In the present work, the synthesis of biodiesel has been investigated using low-cost feedstock and a catalyst using conventional and ultrasonic irradiation based approach. The novelty of the present work is used of calcium oxide (CaO) as a catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel using frying oil as a feedstock via esterification followed by transesterification process. Reaction parameters such as concentration of catalyst, operating temperature, and a molar ratio of oil to methanol (MROM) have been optimized for esterification and transesterification. Reduced free fatty acid value (FFA) helps in the production of pure biodiesel of utmost quality through the transesterification reaction. Decreasing trends of FFA of oil with the increasing temperature, MROM, and catalyst concentration up to the optimized conditions has been obtained during esterification reaction. The maximum reduction in the FFA of oil up to 0.51 mg KOH/g of oil was obtained in 20 min only at an optimal temperature 55°C, MROM of 1:3 and 1 wt. % of H2SO4 during the esterification reaction. The energy required for the conventional based approach was found to be 37.3 kJ/mg. In case of transesterification reaction, it has been observed that the effect of MROM, catalyst concentration, and temperature on yield of biodiesel strongly affects the yield of biodiesel. Decreasing trends of biodiesel yield with increasing range of reaction parameters such as MROM and reaction temperature has been observed for conventional as well as the US irradiation based approach. Furthermore, with increasing heterogeneous CaO catalyst concentration from 0.1 to 0.2 wt. %, yield of biodiesel increases from 72.1 wt. % to 85.7 wt. % and 64.3 wt. % to 68.5 wt. % using a convention-based approach and US-based approach, respectively. The maximum yield of biodiesel as 85.7 wt.% (energy required was 1.8 × 10−4 g/J) was obtained using a conventional based approach and 68.57% (energy required 5.1 × 10−4 g/J) US irradiation based approach at an optimal MROM of 1:8, 0.2 wt. % of CaO and 55°C temperature. Hence, the present study clearly established that significant intensified synthesis of biodiesel can be obtained using optimum MROM, temperature and catalyst concentration via a conventional based approach than the US irradiation based approach.

Biodiesel Synthesis through Methanolysis of Palm Olein Using Calcium Oxide Catalyst Derived from Staghorn Coral

Biodiesel Synthesis through Methanolysis of Palm Olein Using Calcium Oxide Catalyst Derived from Staghorn Coral

Study of The Effect of Calcium Oxide (CaO) Catalyst Derived From Blood Clam (Anadara Granosa) And Reaction Time To Quality of Biodiesel From Waste Cooking Oil

This study aims to determine the effect of CaO catalyst amount and reaction time to the quality of biodiesel produced. The CaO catalyst used was obtained from the shell of the blood clam by means of calcinations at temperature of 1000 °C for 5 hours, in order to activate the CaO compound in the shell of the blood clam. The transesterification process was carried out with 2 independent variables, namely the amount of catalyst and reaction time. Variations of catalyst were 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% tothe weight of waste cooking oil, while the reaction times were varied in 60 minutes, 120 minutes and 210 minutes. The results of the research shown that the amount of catalyst and reaction time affected the quality of biodiesel produced.Theoptimum amount of catalyst was 2.5% of weight at120 minutes optimum reaction time yielded of 59.89%, with 0.868 gr/mLdensity, 5.65 cStviscosity, 0.458 mgKOH/gr acid value, 0.045% moisture content, 1780Cflash point, and 9557.78 cal / gr calorific value.

The Analysis of The Use Calcium Oxide (Anadara Granosa) and Sodium Hydroxide Catalyst Reviewed on Yield of Biodiesel

The energy crisis in Indonesia is caused by an increase in the need for fuel oil which has increased in the replacement of fossil energy reserves. It’s the time to dependency of the petroleum by developing an alternative energy sources that can be renewable. One of the way to overcome this matter is developing the fuel production such as biodiesel which is made by waste cooking oil. The level of FFA is contained the waste cooking oil is used below 5%, namely 1.945% so that the transesterification process can be directly carried out. This research was conducted to determine the effect and the type of catalysts concentration (NaOH and CaO), ((0.5-2.5%) with 3000 ml of waste cooking oil) on the quality of biodiesel. The results of the study shows the effect and the type of catalysts concentration is affected of the quality of biodiesel is produced. The optimum point is using of NaOH catalyst with the amount of catalyst 1% w/w waste cooking oil is yield 84.65%, density 0.8540 gr/ml, viscosity 5.65 cSt, acid number 0.447 mgKOH/gr, water content 0.048%, point flame 167°C, and calorific value 9757.7096 cal/gr, these values have fulfilled the biodiesel quality standards in accordance with SNI-04-7182-2015. while the optimum point is used of CaO catalyst and the amount of catalyst is 2.5% w/w waste cooking oil is yield 58.57%, density 0.8740 gr / ml, viscosity 5.66 cSt, acid number 0.447 mgKOH / gr, water content 0.040 %, flash point 179.6°C, and heating value 9543.5214 cal/gr.