Calcium Dobesilate Research Articles

Development and validation of analytical method for assessment of calcium dobesilate in varied hydrogel compositions

Development and validation of analytical method for assessment of calcium dobesilate in varied hydrogel compositions

Effect of calcium dobesilate on fundus microcirculation in patients with diabetic retinopathy and cataract

Effect of calcium dobesilate on fundus microcirculation in patients with diabetic retinopathy and cataract

Calcium dobesilate: A drug treatment for diabetic retinopathy can negatively interfere with the measurement of glycated albumin using the enzymatic method

BackgroundWe reported that calcium dobesilate, a vasoprotective agent mainly used for diabetic retinopathy (DR), negatively interferes with glycated albumin (GA) assays involving enzymatic methods. MethodsA calcium dobesilate standard was added to 3serum pools in vitro to prepare concentration-response series according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute EP7-A2 guidelines. Percentage deviation between each drug concentration and the drug-free sample was calculated for 6 commercially available GA assays. The acceptable limit of deviation for GA was ±5.61%. For in vivo analyses, changes in serum concentrations of GA and calcium dobesilate were monitored in eight healthy participants before and after oral calcium dobesilate administration. ResultsAt 16 μg/ml calcium dobesilate, within the therapeutic range, the percentage deviations for Asahi Kasei, Maccura, Leadman, Homa, and Medicalsystem assays were −8.7% to −49.7%, −2.0% to −47.7%, and −10.1% to −35.7% for low-, medium- and high-GA level interference pools, respectively, exhibiting dose-dependent negative interference. In vivo, calcium dobesilate ingestion was associated with statistically significant, falsely decreased measurements in 5 GA assays, 2 h after daily 500 mg administration. ConclusionsCalcium dobesilate ingestion was associated with erroneously low measurements in 5 GA assays. The degree of interference varied greatly among the assays examined.

The Effect of Calcium Dobesilate on Liver Damage in Experimental Obstructive Jaundice

ABSTRACTPurpose/Aim of the study: Inflammation and oxidative stress are two significant factors affecting the degree of liver damage in obstructive jaundice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of calcium dobesilate (CaDob), an effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drug, on damage to liver caused by experimental obstructive jaundice. Materials and Methods: 30 rats in total were randomly placed into three groups, each group consisting of 10 rats. The sham group (Group 1) only received solely laparotomy. In the control group (Group 2), ligation was applied to the biliary tract and no treatment was implemented. In the CaDob group (Group 3), following ligation of the biliary tract, 100 mg/kg/day CaDob was implemented via an orogastric tube for a 10–day period. Liver tissue and blood samples were taken for histopathological and biochemical examination. Results: The CaDob group had significantly lower test values for serum liver functions when compared to the control group. Statistically lower levels of tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and fluorescent oxidation products (FOP) were detected in the CaDob group, and the CaDob group had significantly higher levels of sulfydryl (SH) than the control group. Histopathological scores in the CaDob group were found out to be statistically less than the scores the control group received (p < 0.05). Conclusions: CaDob treatment repaired the histpatological changes induced by bile duct ligation. The hepatoprotective effects of CaDob can be associated with its antioxidant properties of the drug.

Negative interferences by calcium dobesilate in the detection of five serum analytes involving Trinder reaction-based assays.

Previously, we reported the strong negative interference of calcium dobesilate, a vasoprotective agent, in creatinine assays involving the Trinder reaction. It is hypothesized that a similar effect occurs in the detection of uric acid (UA), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The interferences of calcium dobesilate during the detection of the five serum analytes were investigated on automated systems/analysers, and the effects were compared among eight different assay systems for each analyte. A calcium dobesilate standard was added into two sets of the blank serum pools of each analyte at final concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 μg/mL. The percentage deviation of each analyte value was calculated between each drug concentration and the drug-free samples. The clinically acceptable error levels for UA, TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C were defined as ±4.87%, ±4.1%, ±9.57%, ±5.61%, and ±5.46%, respectively. The observed interference was concentration dependent for each analyte. In the presence of 16 μg/mL calcium dobesilate, which was within the therapeutic range, all seven Trinder reaction-based UA assay systems, two TG assay systems, two HDL-C assay systems and one TC assay system exhibited negative drug interferences. Calcium dobesilate negatively interferes with the detection of UA, TG, TC, and HDL-C in assay systems based on the Trinder reaction. The effect was most significant in UA and TG detection.

Curative effect evaluation of compound Xueshuantong capsule combined with calcium dobesilate for patients with early diabetic retinopathy

Curative effect evaluation of compound Xueshuantong capsule combined with calcium dobesilate for patients with early diabetic retinopathy

Effects of calcium dobesilate in the treatment of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy after panretinal laser photocoagulation

Effects of calcium dobesilate in the treatment of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy after panretinal laser photocoagulation

Ophthalmic Rosacea: etiopathogenesis and modern treatment methods

Rosacea is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease with various clinical manifestations. Primarily it is seen as a dermatological condition, but it's not uncommon for it to develop ophthalmological implications affecting eyelids, cornea and conjunctiva. The article describes main aspects of its etiopathogenesis, variations in its clinical course and treatment approaches. There is currently no universal treatment strategy for the disease due to its varying clinical manifestation, particularly of its ophthalmological form, differing severity of the pathological process, lack of knowledge about its etiology and pathogenesis. Leading role in its pathological process belongs to disturbance of regulatory mechanisms of the vascular, immune and nervous systems. Additionally, higher levels of metalloproteinases and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can be observed. Possible influence of a range of micro-organisms also hasn't been excluded. Basic therapy involves both systemic and topical drugs. The first include tetracycline antibiotics. A new direction in Rosacea treatment that aims at structural and functional restoration of vascular endothelium, improvement of microcirculation and recovery of rheological properties of blood is angioprotector therapy, in particular with Calcium Dobesilate (Doxi-Hem). Aside from systemic drugs, the ophthalmological forms of Rosacea are treated topically with anti-inflammatory preparations, immunosuppressants and artificial tears that are chosen depending on the symptoms' severity. In cases with heavy corneal damage, various types of keratoplasty can be performed. Collaboration between ophthalmology and dermatology specialists is necessary in order to choose adequate strategy for Rosacea treatment.

Assessment of effect of calcium dobesilate in experimental liver ischemia-reperfusion injury

This study investigates the protective effect of calcium dobesilate (CaDob), an effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drug, on experimental liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Forty rats were divided into four groups. In Group 1, (sham), only hepatic pedicle was induced. In Group 2 (control), hepatic pedicle was reperfused for 90 min after being clamped for 60 min. No treatment was given in Group 1 and 2. In Group 3 (perioperative CaDob), 100 mg/kg CaDob was given 2 hours prior to the operation in which hepatic pedicle was reperfused for 90 min following a 60-min clamp. In Group 4 (preoperative CaDob), after 100 mg/kg/day CaDob was given for 10 days before the operation, hepatic pedicle was clamped for 60 min and reperfused for 90 minutes. At the end of these procedures, blood and liver tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological assessment. Liver function tests and tissue oxidative stress parameters were significantly lower in the preoperative and perioperative treatment groups than the control group. Furthermore, it was observed that histopathological injury in the control group significantly decreased in both perioperative and preoperative treatment groups. Calcium dobesilate demonstrated a significant hepatoprotective effect in terms of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Tang Wang Ming Mu Granule Attenuates Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Rats.

Aims: This study aimed to determine the influence of Tang Wang Ming Mu granule (TWMM) on the diabetic retinopathy of diabetic rats.Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups: normal control, diabetes model(DM), diabetes with TWMM (3.6, 7.2, and 14.4 g/kg) treatment, the positive control treatment groups of Qi Ming granules and Calcium dobesilate capsules. All rats were treated for 8 weeks. The levels of body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in blood were measured to evaluate the antihyperglycemic activity of TWMM. Furthermore, malondialdehyde (MDA), intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in serum were measured to study effects of TWMM on oxidative stress and inflammatory in DM2 rats. VEGF, JAK/STAT signaling pathway and SOCS3 in retina was detected by immunohistochemistry.Results: TWMM and the positive control drugs Qi Ming and Calcium dobesilate showed a remarkable suppression of retinal neovascularization and amelioration of retinal internal limiting membrane morphology. Moreover, TWMM significantly decreased HbA1c, MDA, ICAM-1, and VEGF levels in serum of diabetic rats. However, Qi Ming granules showed significantly reduced MDA and VEGF levels (P < 0.01, and P < 0.05, respectively), Calcium dobesilate showed significantly reduced MDA and ICAM-1levels (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) in serum. All drug- treated DM2 rats showed significantly lower levels of VEGF, JAK2, P-JAK2, STAT3, and P-STAT3 in retina than DM group, while TWMM and Calcium dobesilate significantly increased SOCS3 in retina.Conclusion: Our data suggest that the diabetic retina protective effect of TWMM might be related to antiinflammatory, antioxidative, upregulation of SOCS3 expression, inhibition of the JAK/STAT/VEGF signaling pathway.

Clinical effects of calcium dobesilate combined with insulin in the treatment of elderly patients with diabetic nephropathy in early stage

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of calcium dobesilate combined with insulin in the treatment of elderly patients with diabetic nephropathy in early stage. Methods 100 elderly patients with diabetic nephropathy in early stage were chosen, and they were randomly divided into two groups according to the digital table, each group in 50cases.The control group were given benazepril alone, and the observation group were given benazepril combined with calcium dobesilate on the basis of intensive insulin intervention.The levels of FPG, 2hPG, Scr, BUN, mAlb, β2-MG, Cys-C and hs-CRP and QOL-C30 scores before and after treatment of the two groups were compared. Results There were no statistically significant differences in the levels of FPG, 2hPG after treatment between the two groups(all P>0.05). Before treatment, the levels of Scr, BUN, mAlb and β2-MG of the control group were (81.16±18.92)mmol/L, (5.63±1.15)mmol/L, (105.71±21.77)mg/24h, (543.46±74.70)μg/L, respectively, which of the observation group were (81.59±19.04)mmol/L, (5.58±1.13)mmol/L, (106.33±21.82)mg/24h, (548.20±75.37)μg/L, respectively.After treatment, the levels of Scr, BUN, mAlb and β2-MG of the control group were (78.35±14.35)mmol/L, (5.17±0.97)mmol/L, (69.84±14.24)mg/24h, (395.56±42.38)μg/L, respectively, which of the observation group were (73.10±10.74)mmol/L, (4.63±0.71)mmol/L, (52.92±10.52)mg/24h, (337.89±25.04)μg/L, respectively.The levels of Scr, BUN, mAlb and β2-MG after treatment of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group and before treatment(t=2.45, 2.66, 2.18.2.40; 2.82, 3.10, 2.58.3.34; 2.61, 3.20; 2.66.3.05; all P<0.05). Before treatment, the levels of Cys-C and hs-CRP of the control group were (1.82±0.67)mg/L, (22.73±6.54)mg/L, respectively, which of the observation group were (1.87±0.70)mg/L, (1.17±0.27)mg/L, respectively.After treatment, the levels of Cys-C and hs-CRP of the control group were (1.59±0.50)mg/L, (19.35±5.60)mg/L, respectively, which of the observation group were (22.58±6.50)mg/L, (15.88±4.03)mg/L, respectively.The levels of Cys-C and hs-CRP after treatment of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group and before treatment(t=2.32, 2.67; 2.85, 3.19, 2.66, 3.02; all P<0.05). The QOL-C30 scores of the control group before and after treatment were (52.65±7.70)points, (68.29±9.84)points, respectively.The QOL-C30 scores of the observation group before and after treatment were (53.22±7.78)points, (80.53±12.10)points, respectively.The QOL-C30 scores of the observation group after treatment were significantly higher than those of the control group and before treatment(t=2.38, 2.78, 3.15, all P<0.05). Conclusion Bigeminy drug regimen assisted with intensive insulin intervention in the treatment of elderly patients with diabetic nephropathy in early stage can efficiently protect renal function, reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokines and is helpful to improve the quality of life. Key words: Diabetic nephropathy; Enalapril; Calcium dobesilate

Effects of calcium dobesilate on Nrf2, Keap1 and HO-1 in the lenses of D-galactose-induced cataracts in rats.

This study investigated the effects of calcium dobesilate on Nrf2, Keap1 and HO-1 in the lenses of D-galactose-induced cataracts in rats. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: a blank control group, a model control group and a model administration group. A normal diet was given to the rats in the blank control group and the rats with D-galactose-induced cataracts of the model control group. Calcium dobesilate was also given to the rats with D-galactose-induced cataracts of the model administration group. A slit lamp microscope was used to check the degree of lens opacity. RT-PCR and western blot analysis were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of Nrf2, Keap1 and HO-1 in the lenses of the three groups. There was a significant difference in the degree of lens opacity among the three groups (P<0.05). The model control group was the most turbid of the three groups, followed by the model administration group. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expression of Nrf2, Keap1 and HO-1 in the lenses of the three groups were also significantly different (P<0.05). The mRNA levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 were the highest in the model control group, followed by the model administration group, and were the lowest in the blank control group. However, the mRNA expression level of Keap1 among the three groups had an opposite trend. In conclusion, calcium dobesilate can effectively increase the levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 in the lenses of diabetic cataract rats and inhibit the level of Keap1. Therefore, the therapeutic effect of calcium dobesilate against cataracts is related to the improvement of the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway.

Determination of Calcium Dobesilate by Differential Pulse Voltammetry at a Disposable Pencil Graphite Electrode

ABSTRACTThe electrochemistry of calcium dobesilate was investigated by recording cyclic and differential pulse voltammograms at a disposable and inexpensive pencil graphite electrode (PGE). Cyclic voltammograms of calcium dobesilate recorded in 0.1 M HCl showed a pair of well-defined redox peaks at the PGE indicating excellent electrochemical activity. The oxidation peak current of the calcium dobesilate was used for its determination by recording its differential pulse voltammograms. The anodic peak current increased linearly with the concentration of calcium dobesilate in the range from 0.2 to 100 µM with a detection limit 0.065 µM. Relative standard deviations of 2.0 and 1.1% for innerday and 3.6 and 2.0% for intraday precision were obtained for three successive determinations of 0.5 and 10 µM calcium dobesilate, respectively, which indicates acceptable repeatability and reproducibility. This voltammetric method was also successfully applied to the direct determination of calcium dobesilate in pharmaceutical samples. The effect of various interfering compounds on the calcium dobesilate peak current was studied. Thus, an unmodified PGE provides a new, promising, and alternative method of achieving sensitive, inexpensive, and selective determination of calcium dobesilate.

Calcium dobesilate may alleviate diabetes‑induced endothelial dysfunction and inflammation.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease. However, the pathogenesis of DKD remains unclear, and no effective treatments for the disease are available. Thus, there is an urgent need to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of DKD and to develop more effective therapies for this disease. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured using different D-glucose concentrations to determine the effect of high glucose (HG) on the cells. Alternatively, HUVECs were incubated with 100 µmol/l calcium dobesilate (CaD) to detect its effects. The authors subsequently measured HUVEC proliferation via cell counting kit-8 assays. In addition, HUVEC angiogenesis was investigated via migration assays and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled bovine serum albumin (BSA) permeability assays. The content or distribution of markers of endothelial dysfunction [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor (R) and endocan) or inflammation [intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and pentraxin-related protein (PTX3)] was evaluated via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. HG treatment induced increased in VEGF, VEGFR, endocan, ICAM-1, MCP-1 and PTX3 mRNA and protein expression in HUVECs. HG treatment for 24 to 48 h increased cell proliferation in a time-dependent manner, but the cell proliferation rate was decreased at 72 h of HG treatment. Conversely, CaD inhibited abnormal cell proliferation. HG treatment also significantly enhanced HVUEC migration compared to the control treatment. In contrast, CaD treatment partially inhibited HUVEC migration compared to HG exposure. HG-treated HUVECs exhibited increased FITC-BSA permeability compared to control cells cultured in medium alone; however, CaD application prevented the HG-induced increase in FITC-BSA permeability and suppressed HG-induced overexpression of endothelial markers (VEGF, VEGFR-2, endocan) and inflammation markers (ICAM-1, MCP-1, PTX3) in HUVECs. CaD has angioprotective properties and protects endothelial cells partly by ameliorating HG-induced inflammation. The current results demonstrated the potential applicability of CaD to the treatment of diabetic nephropathy, particularly during the early stages of this disease.

Combined treatment of diabetic nephropathy with alprostadil and calcium dobesilate.

This study investigated the effects of alprostadil combined with calcium dobesilate on the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. We recruited 80 patients with diabetic nephropathy, who were randomly divided into experimental (n=40) and control (n=40) groups. Patients received high-quality low-protein diabetic diet intervention and subcutaneous injection of insulin to adjust blood glucose, combined with antihypertensive, antiplatelet drugs, and other comprehensive treatments. The control group received alprostadil and the experimental group received alprostadil combined with calcium dobesilate. Both groups were treated for 12 weeks as one treatment cycle. The time to remission of clinical symptoms such as mental fatigue and weakness, limb edema, soreness and swelling of waist and knee, cold limbs and limb numbness and pain was significantly shorter in the experimental group than that in the control group (p<0.05). After intervention, the blood levels of small molecular weight proteins, such as β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), cystatin C (CysC), and retinol binding protein (RBP), were significantly lower in the experimental group than those in the control group (p<0.05). The levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly lower in the experimental group than those in the control group (p<0.05). The levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone were significantly higher in the experimental group than those in the control group (p<0.05). The level of angiotensin II was lower in the experimental group than that in the control group (p<0.05) and the level of fasting serum insulin was significantly higher in the experimental group than that in the control group (p<0.05). The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index was lower in the experimental group than that in the control group (p<0.05). The levels of renal function indexes, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid, in experimental group were lower than those in control group (p<0.05). The levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were significantly higher in both groups after the intervention than those before the intervention (p<0.05). The levels of BDNF and IGF-1 were higher in the experimental group than that in control group after intervention (p<0.05). The application of alprostadil combined with calcium dobesilate in patients with diabetic nephropathy can effectively relieve clinical symptoms, improve renal functions, reduce blood levels small proteins, alleviate the inflammatory response, and regulate the levels of BDNF and IGF-1, thus improving the clinical treatment effect.

Clinical effect of PRP combined with calcium dobesilate in treatment of patients with DR

Clinical effect of PRP combined with calcium dobesilate in treatment of patients with DR

Calcium dobesilate prevents the oxidative stress and inflammation induced by diabetes in the retina of db/db mice

AimCalcium dobesilate (CaD) is beneficial in early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), but its mechanisms of action remains to be elucidated. The aim was to investigate the effect of CaD on proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. Methodsdb/db mice were randomly assigned to daily oral treatment with CaD (200mg/kg/day) or vehicle for 15days. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (dihydroethidium, malondialdehyde), NF-κB, and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, MCP-1) were examined in the retina by immunohistochemical analysis. Cultures of human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) were used for complementary experiments. ResultsCaD significantly reduced the biomarkers of oxidative stress in the retina of db/db mice. In addition, CaD prevented the increase of NF-κB, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and MCP-1 induced by diabetes. CaD inhibited the activation of NF-kβ induced by IL-1β by preventing IKKB-α phosphorylation in HRECs and reduced the upregulation of IL-6 and IL-18 induced by TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. ConclusionOur results suggest that antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects are crucial in accounting for the effectiveness of CaD for treating DR.

Calcium Dobesilate Prevents Neurodegeneration and Vascular Leakage in Experimental Diabetes

ABSTRACTPurpose: The mechanisms involved in the reported beneficial effects of Calcium dobesilate monohydrate (CaD) for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR) remain to be elucidated. The main aim of the present study is to examine whether CaD prevents early events in the pathogenesis of DR such as neurodegeneration and vascular leakage. In addition, putative mediators of both neurodegeneration (glutamate/GLAST, ET-1/ETB receptor) and early microvascular impairment (ET-1/ETA receptor, oxidative stress, VEGF, and the PKC-delta-p38 MAPK pathway) have been examined.Methods: Diabetic (db/db) mice were randomly assigned to daily oral treatment with CaD (200 mg/Kg/day) (n = 12) or vehicle (n = 12) for 14 days. In addition, 12 non-diabetic (db/+) mice matched by age were used as the control group. Functional abnormalities were assessed by electroretinography. Neurodegeneration and microvascular abnormalities were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Glutamate was determined by HPLC.Results: CaD significantly decreased glial activation and apoptosis and produced a significant improvement in the electroretinogram parameters. Mechanistically, CaD prevented the diabetes-induced up-regulation of ET-1 and its cognate receptors (ETA-R and ETB-R), which are involved in microvascular impairment and neurodegeneration, respectively. In addition, treatment with CaD downregulated GLAST, the main glutamate transporter, and accordingly prevented the increase in glutamate. Finally, CaD prevented oxidative stress, and the upregulation of VEGF and PKC delta-p38 MAPK pathway induced by diabetes, thus resulting in a significant reduction in vascular leakage.Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate for the first time that CaD exerts neuroprotection in an experimental model of DR. In addition, we provide first evidence that CaD prevents the overexpression of ET-1 and its receptors in the diabetic retina. These beneficial effects on the neurovascular unit could pave the way for clinical trials addressed to confirm the effectiveness of CaD in very early stages of DR.

Clinical analysis of the effect of Rhodiola kirilowii Regel combined with calcium dobesilate in the treatment of early diabetic nephropathy

Objective To explore the effect of Rhodiola kirilowii Regel combined with calcium dobesilate in the treatment of early diabetic nephropathy. Methods 80 patients with early diabetic nephropathy were selected, and they were divided into treatment group and control group according to the digital table, 40 cases in each group.The two groups were given diet control and appropriate exercise and positive controlled blood sugar, blood fat, blood pressure.The control group was given calcium dobesilate, based on this, the treatment group was given Rhodiola kirilowii Regel 10mL into 5% glucose injection 250mL and 3 unit insulin to intravenous drip.The period of treatment was fifteen days.The UAER, Scr and BUN were compared between two groups before treatment and fifteen days after treatment. Results Before treatment, the Scr, BUN and UAER in the control group were (88.00±18.19)μmol/L, (5.98±1.92)mmol/L, (123.31±60.01)μg/min respectively, which in the treatment group were (85.80±18.31)μmol/L, (5.96±1.94)mmol/L, (140.21±62.92)μg/min respectively, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups(t=-1.191, -0.016, 0.432, all P>0.05). After treatment, the Scr, BUN and UAER in the control group were (84.61±11.71)μmol/L, (6.30±1.37)mmol/L, (97.81±49.16)μg/min respectively, which in the treatment group were (75.60±11.44)μmol/L, (5.25±1.24)mmol/L, (39.81±23.43)μg/min.There were no statistically significant differences in Scr and BUN of the two groups compared with before treatment(the control group: t=0.767, -0.657; the treatment group: t=1.947, 1.219, all P>0.05). There was statistically significant difference in UAER of the two groups compared with before treatment(t=2.850, 5.402; P=0.046, 0.006), but UAER of the treatment group after treatment decreased significantly.After treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in Scr and BUN between the two groups(t=-1.229, -1.236, all P>0.05), while there was statistically significant difference in UAER between the two groups(t=-2.394, P=0.044). The effective rate in the treatment group was 87.5%, which was higher than 57.5% of the control group(χ2=9.028, P<0.05). Conclusion Rhodiola kirilowii Regel combined with calcium dobesilate can ameliorate protenuria and improve renal function of the patients with early diabetic nephropathy. Key words: Diabetic nephropathy; Rhodiola kirilowii Regel; Calcium dobesilate

Calcium Dobesilate Prevents Diabetic Kidney Disease by Decreasing Bim and Inhibiting Apoptosis of Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells.

Apoptosis of renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) plays a vital role in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Calcium dobesilate is a vascular protective compound used for treatment of diabetic retinopathy and chronic venous insufficiency. The aim of this study was to determine whether calcium dobesilate can protect PTECs from glucose-induced apoptosis and the potential mechanism of this effect. It is indicated that high glucose promoted abnormal apoptosis of HK2 cells, which was inhibited by treatment of calcium dobesilate, while Bim expression decreased in response to calcium dobesilate in high-glucose-treated HK2 cells. These findings confirmed the therapeutic effects of calcium dobesilate on DKD and emphasized the importance of it as a potentially crucial drug in treatment of DKD.