Administration Of Cadmium Chloride Research Articles

Effect of Cadmium Chloride Administration and Restraint Stress Model on Cardiac Function of Female Wistar Rats

Psychological stress which is becoming an epidemic due to continental economic meltdown, wars, climate change, disasters has reached a point of global health concern and can be mimicked in rats by restraint stress model. Cadmium chloride is a heavy metal salt whose exposure can be through inhalation, drinking contaminated water, sheltering and watering. This study therefore evaluated the combined effects of restraint stress and cadmium chloride on cardiac function of female Wistar rats. Twenty four female Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of six rats each. Control (CTL) group received only water and animal feed ad libitum. Restraint stress (RSS) group was restrained using wire mesh for 30 minutes each day for 21 days. Cadmium chloride (CDC) group received 100mg/kg b.w of Cadmium chloride orally and daily for 21 days. Restraint stress and Cadmium chloride group (RSC) was restrained for 30 minutes and received Cadmium chloride (100mg/kg) daily for 21days. Twenty four hours after the last procedures, the ECG of the rats was taken and then all rats were anesthetized and their blood collected for biochemical assay. Their hearts were also removed for histology studies. The result showed that restraint stress and cadmium chloride caused an altered electrical conductivity of the heart independently and their combination caused an exacerbated effect. The serum troponin I (cTnI), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Creatine kinase (CK) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in RSS and CDC groups when compared with the control however the LDH level was significantly higher in the RSC group when compared with other groups. Histology of the hearts of the rats indicated that both restraint stress and cadmium chloride caused necrosis in the hearts of the rats. In conclusion, the combined exposures to cadmium chloride administration and restraint stress have exacerbated deleterious effects on cardiac function of female Wistar rats.

Metabolic Evaluation of the Combined Effect of Acute Cadmium Chloride and Restraint Stress Exposure in Female Wistar Rats

Cadmium is a heavy metal that has been shown to induce metabolic changes while restraint stress is a model of psychological stress used to induce behavioural and physiological changes. This study investigated the combined effect of cadmium chloride administration and restraint stress exposure on metabolic profile of female Wistar rats. Twenty four female Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups containing six rats per group; Control (CTL) was given only feed and water. Cadmium alone (CCC) and Restraint stress alone(RSS), respectively, were orally administered 100 mg/kg b.w of cadmium chloride and subjected to restraint stress using wire mesh for 30 minutes daily while Cadmium+Restraint stress (RSC) was administered 100 mg/kg b.w of cadmium chloride and restrained for 30 minutes daily. Body weights of the animals were recorded daily throughout the experiment. Twenty-four hours after the last cadmium administration and restraint stress exposure, all animal were anesthetized and sacrificed. Blood was collected via cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis. Results showed significant (p<0.05) increase in serum glucose and cortisol levels but not significant in insulin level of CCC group when compared to control. Serum glucose, insulin, cortisol showed significant (p<0.05) increase in RSS group when compared to control. In RSC group, glucose and insulin was significantly (p<0.05) increased when compared to CCC but not significant when compared with RSS. Cortisol was significantly (p<0.05) increased in RSC group when compared with other groups. Result showed significant (p<0.05) increase in CHO, LDL and TAG of CCC and RSS groups when compared with control. RSC showed significant (p<0.05) increase in CHO, LDL and TAG when compared with CCC and RSS groups. Serum HDL levels showed no significant difference across all groups. Conclusively, cadmium chloride and restraint stress exposure individually lead to metabolic dysfunction and dyslipidemia while the combined exposure exacerbated these effects in female rats.

Subacute cadmium exposure changes different metabolic functions, leading to type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus features in female rats.

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that acts as endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). Few studies have investigated the effects of Cd exposure on metabolic dysfunctions, such as type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM). Thus, we assessed whether subacute Cd exposure at occupational levels causes abnormalities in white adipose tissue (WAT), liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. We administered cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (100 ppm in drinking water for 30 days) to female rats and evaluated Cd levels in serum and metabolic organs, morphophysiology, inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and gene expression. High Cd levels were found in serum, WAT, liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. Cd-exposed rats showed low adiposity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, and oxidative stress compared to controls. Cd exposure reduced adipocyte size, hyperleptinemia, increased cholesterol levels, inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis in WAT. Cd-exposed rats had increased liver cholesterol levels, insulin receptor beta (IRβ) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC1α) expression, karyomegaly, inflammation, and fibrosis. Cd exposure reduced insulin levels and pancreatic islet size and increased inflammation and fibrosis. Cd exposure reduced skeletal muscle fiber diameter and increased IR expression and inflammation. Finally, strong positive correlations were observed between serum, tissue Cd levels, abnormal morphology, tissue inflammation and fibrosis. Thus, these data suggest that subacute Cd exposure impairs WAT, liver, pancreas and skeletal muscle function, leading to T1DM and T2DM features and other complications in female rats.

CHRONIC EFFECT OF CADMIUM AND COPPER EXPOSURE ON THE HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SMALL INTESTINE IN RAT EMBRYOS

The search for bioantagonistic elements that mitigate cadmium toxicity and accumulation in the body is a pressing area of research. In this context, investigating the potential of trace element succinates holds promise, given their increasing application in medicine, biological experimentation, and pharmaceutical development.
 This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic, isolated intragastric administration of cadmium chloride, and its combined administration with copper succinate, on the small intestine morphogenesis in developing rat embryos. Pregnant rats were exposed daily throughout pregnancy by oral gavage with solutions containing the respective agents at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg. Chronic daily exposure of pregnant rats to cadmium chloride via gavage resulted in structural alterations in the small intestine of embryos, evident as early as day 13 and becoming more pronounced by day 19. Compared to controls, cadmium exposure led to a thinner small intestine wall and a larger villus diameter in the intestinal mucosa. Notably, mucosal crypts were absent in the cadmium-exposed group at both time points. Conversely, the combined administration of cadmium chloride with copper succinate significantly restored most of the investigated histological parameters in the small intestine of embryos at both study days. Thus, the analysis of the obtained data has proven the effect of the isolated introduction of cadmium chloride leads to a reliable thickening of the villi of the small intestine and thinning of the mucosal walls in comparison to the control, and with the combined introduction of cadmium chloride with copper succinates, the indicators of the thickness of the mucous layer of the wall of the small intestine of the embryos had a tendency recovery to control group data. The obtained data allow us to consider copper succinate as a bioantagonist of cadmium chloride when administered intragastrically in the indicated doses in an experiment on rats.

Attenuation of Pulmonary Damage Associated with COPD in a Cadmium-Exposed Model Due to the Administration of a siRNA Targeting PAD4

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterised by persistent airflow limitation during breathing, is considered to be the third leading cause of death worldwide. Among the mechanisms involved in this pathology is the excessive generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which can induce an unwanted inflammatory response. These traps have been reported to be generated by the enzyme peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4). The aim of this work is therefore to evaluate the effect of the administration of a siRNA targeting PAD4 on lung damage in a COPD animal model. Wistar rats weighing 300–350 g were administered cadmium chloride (5 mg/kg i.p.) every 24 h. Then, following one week of the administration of cadmium chloride, the PAD4-targeted siRNA was administered, and at the second week, lung function was measured, as were lung and heart weights, as well as PAD4 expression by RT-PCR. Our results showed that cadmium administration generated a COPD model, which increased PAD4 expression and decreased lung and heart weights and respiratory function. SiRNA administration partially reversed the changes associated with the COPD model. In conclusion, our results suggest that administration of an siRNA targeting PAD4 could improve respiratory function by decreasing lung and heart damage.

Vanillylacetone attenuates cadmium chloride-induced hippocampal damage and memory loss through up-regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 gene and protein expression.

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202412000-00030/figure1/v/2024-04-08T165401Z/r/image-tiff Memory loss and dementia are major public health concerns with a substantial economic burden. Oxidative stress has been shown to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of hippocampal damage-induced memory impairment. To investigate whether the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound vanillylacetone (zingerone) can protect against hippocampal damage and memory loss induced by cadmium chloride (CdCl2) administration in rats, we explored the potential involvement of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway, which is known to modulate oxidative stress and inflammation. Sixty healthy male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: vehicle-treated (control), vanillylacetone, CdCl2, vanillylacetone + CdCl2, vanillylacetone + CdCl2 + brusatol (a selective pharmacological Nrf2 inhibitor) groups. Vanillylacetone effectively attenuated CdCl2-induced damage in the dental gyrus of the hippocampus and improved the memory function assessed by the Morris Water Maze test. Additionally, vanillylacetone markedly decreased the hippocampal tissue levels of inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, intracellular cell adhesive molecules) and apoptosis biomarkers (Bax and cleaved caspase-3). The control and CdCl2-treated groups treated with vanillylacetone showed reduced generation of reactive oxygen species, decreased malondialdehyde levels, and increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione activities, along with significant elevation of nuclear Nrf2 mRNA and protein expression in hippocampal tissue. All the protective effects of vanillylacetone were substantially blocked by the co-administration of brusatol (a selective Nrf2 inhibitor). Vanillylacetone mitigated hippocampal damage and memory loss induced by CdCl2, at least in part, by activating the nuclear transcription factor Nrf2. Additionally, vanillylacetone exerted its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.

CHANGES IN INDICATORS OF EMBRYOTOXICITY OF CADMIUM CHLORIDE IN COMBINED ADMINISTRATION WITH ZINC AND COPPER SUCCINATE IN A CHRONIC EXPERIMENT ON RATS

The search for bioantagonists of cadmium toxicity, its negative impact on the body and the developing embryo remains a relevant and, at the same time, is understudied issue in modern science. In recent years, the effectiveness of the use of succinic acid salts for the prevention and treatment of diseases of various human organs and systems has been established.
 Objective: To determine changes in the level of embryotoxic effect of cadmium chloride in a dose of 2 mg/kg with isolated and combined with copper or zinc succinate intragastric administration in a chronic experiment on pregnant female rats.
 Objects and methods. This embryological study included female rats with a defined gestation period, which were categorized into four distinct experimental groups: the first group served as the control, the second group received an isolated administration of cadmium chloride solution, the third group underwent combined administration of cadmium chloride solution and zinc succinate solution, and the fourth group experienced combined administration of a solution containing cadmium chloride and copper succinate. The collection of embryonic material occurred on the 13th and 20th days of embryogenesis. Statistical analysis of the collected data was performed using the STATISTICA program. Statistically significant differences were determined at a p-value of less than 0.05 (a significance level of 5%). The description, assessment, and comparison of the mean indicators among the groups were conducted employing variance analysis and the Kruskal-Wallis test.
 Results and discussions. All female rats in the experiment survived. The obtained results demonstrate a significant increase in all indicators of embryonic mortality in the group exposed to cadmium chloride in comparison with the control group on both the 13th and 20th days of the experiment. At the same time, comparing the groups exposed to cadmium in combination with zinc and copper succinates with the group of isolated exposure, can visualize statistically significant differences in the main indicators of embryonic development.
 Conclusion. Isolated chronic administration of cadmium chloride to pregnant female rats in doses of 2.0 mg/kg leads to a decrease in the average number of embryos and an increase in embryonic mortality in the group, whereas the combined administration of cadmium chloride in the same dose with zinc and copper succinates, all indicators of embryotoxicity are reduced, which enables to consider copper succinate and especially zinc succinates as bioantagonists of cadmium.

THE EFFECT OF CRONIC ISOLATED ADMINISTRATION OF CADMIUM CHLORIDE ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURES IN THE WALLS OF SMALL INTESTINE OF PREGNANT FEMALE RATS

In recent years, the anthropopolitical environmental polluntion with heavy metals has become one of the main threats to living organisms, including humans, and economic and technological progress is increasingly resulting in the disruption of natural ecosystems. Heavy metals include more than forty chemical elements of the periodic table, including chromium, cadmium, manganese, mercury, iron, cobalt, nickel, and others. They are often used in industry and are part of herbicides, insecticides, and medicines. In excessive quantities, they can change the structure of proteins, negatively affect metabolism, lead to cellular mutations, disrupt the structure and permeability of cell membranes, and cause malfunctioning of internal organs. Today, it is important to determine the impact of heavy metal compounds on the body in case of their constant (chronic) intake and accumulation in the body.
 The purpose of this study was to determine morphological changes in the structure of the walls in the small intestine of rats subjected to the chronic isolated exposure to cadmium salts in a dose of 2.0 mg/kg (enteral administration).
 The study involved 32 young female Wistar rats, with weights ranging from 180 to 300 g. Female rats with confirmed pregnancies were divided into the following groups: the first group served as the control, and the second group underwent isolated injection of cadmium chloride solution at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg.
 The results of the experimental daily intragastric long-term administration of cadmium chloride showed morphological changes in the structure of the small intestine in rats. The analysis of the data obtained showed that exposure to cadmium chloride in a dose of 2.0 mg/kg leads to a significant thinning of the villi of the small intestine and mucous membrane compared to the control. When exposed to cadmium chloride in the specified dose, the number of goblet cells in the mucous membrane of the small intestine villi increased at both periods of the study, which indicates an increase in the protective function of the small intestinal mucosa against the action of a negative factor. Under the influence of cadmium, the narrowing of the outer and inner diameters of the crypt was also determined that is confirmed by the calculation of the index of the diameter of the small intestine crypt.

Naphthaleneoxypropargyl-Containing Piperazine as a Regulator of Effector Immune Cell Populations upon an Aseptic Inflammation.

This study investigated the effects of aseptic inflammation and heavy metal exposure on immune responses, as well as the potential immunomodulatory properties of the newly synthesized 1-[1-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-(naphthalene-1-yloxy)but-2-ynyl]-4-methylpiperazine complexed with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Aseptic inflammation was induced by a subcutaneous injection of turpentine in rats, while heavy metal exposure was achieved through a daily administration of cadmium chloride and lead acetate. The levels of immune cell populations, including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), monocytes, and granulocytes, were assessed in the spleen. The results showed that aseptic inflammation led to decreased levels of CTL, monocytes, and granulocytes on the 14th day, indicating an inflammatory response accompanied by a migration of effector cells to the inflamed tissues. The exposure to cadmium chloride and lead acetate resulted in systemic immunotoxic effects, with reduced levels of B cells, CD4+ Th cells, monocytes, and granulocytes in the spleen. Notably, piperazine complexed with β-CD (the complex) exhibited significant stimulatory effects on CD4+, CD8+, and myeloid cell populations during aseptic inflammation, even in the presence of heavy metal exposure. These findings suggest the potential immunomodulatory properties of the complex in the context of aseptic inflammation and heavy metal exposure.

Study the Effect of Selenium Supplementations on the Liver, Kidney and Thyroid Gland Activities in Male Rats

The liver, kidney, and thyroid glands are main vital in biochemical and physiological activities in animals and humans. In this study, we examined the effects of adding selenium supplementation on the improvement activity of many glands such as the liver, kidney, and thyroid after cadmium chloride administration (induced toxicity) in male rabbits. This study included 16 male rabbits divided into four groups, the 1st group (CON) was control and administration normal fed and drinking water, the 2nd group (NC ) was negative control group that administration of 1ml of cadmium chloride (100ppm) with normal fed, the 3rd group (S1) was administration of 1ml of sodium selenite, and 4th group (S2) was administration of 5ml of selenium and all groups continuous for same style up to 8th week of experiment. Antioxidant and oxidative stress status was investigated by measuring the levels of T-AOC and MDA. The liver was assessed by estimation of ALT, AST, TP, and TB while kidney was assessed by calculation of blood CRI and UR and the thyroid gland assessed by measurement of serum T3 and T4. The levels of selenoprotein (SeP) mg/l were assessed by HPLC for standard and S2 group. The results of present study shows highly statistical differences between four group when compare the mean±SD of the levels of ALT,AST,TP,TB,CRI,UR,T3, and T4 (p-value <0.005). In conclusion, this study showing highly ability of selenium supplementation to lowering the levels of the markers of liver, kidney, and thyroid gland and work as protective factor from toxicity induced by cadmium in male rabbits.

Viscum album prevents haematological changes, electrolyte imbalance, changes in liver function enzymes and histological alterations in some selected tissues in cadmium chloride-intoxicated rats

BackgroundThe use of Viscum album to treat different diseases is popular in the practise of alternative medicine. We investigated the ability of the aqueous extract of V. album to protect against the toxic effects of cadmium. MethodsThirty rats used for the experiment were treated as follows; Group 1 – no cadmium or extract. Group 2–10 mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride. Group 3–10 mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride and 200 mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of V. album. Group 4–10 mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride and 400 mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of V. album. Group 5–10 mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride with 800 mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of V. album. Group 6–10 mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride and atorvastatin (100 mg/kg body weight). ResultsApart from WBC and platelets, other haematological parameters and electrolytes, urea and creatinine levels were not significantly affected by the administration of cadmium chloride along with the aqueous extract of V. album. Treatment with the extract caused significant decreases in the hepatosomatic index, cardiosomatic index, and increase in renosomatic index of the test rats. It also resulted in significant (P < 0.05) decrease in AST level. Histological report also shows that treatment with the extract restored the normal myocardium and vascular architecture of the heart, normal portal and vascular architecture of the liver and normal glomerular and tubular architecture of the kidney, in the cadmium-intoxicated experimental rats. ConclusionV. album protects against the toxic effects of cadmium chloride.

Repositioning Linagliptin for the Mitigation of Cadmium-Induced Testicular Dysfunction in Rats: Targeting HMGB1/TLR4/NLRP3 Axis and Autophagy.

Cadmium, a ubiquitous environmental toxicant, disrupts testicular function and fertility. The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin has shown pronounced anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic features; however, its effects against cadmium-evoked testicular impairment have not been examined. Herein, the present study investigated targeting inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy by linagliptin for potential modulation of cadmium-induced testicular dysfunction in rats. After 60 days of cadmium chloride administration (5 mg/kg/day, by gavage), testes, epididymis, and blood were collected for analysis. The present findings revealed that linagliptin improved the histopathological lesions, including spermatogenesis impairment and germ cell loss. Moreover, it improved sperm count/motility and serum testosterone. The favorable effects of linagliptin were mediated by curbing testicular inflammation seen by dampening of HMGB1/TLR4 pathway and associated lowering of nuclear NF-κBp65. In tandem, linagliptin suppressed the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome/caspase 1 axis with consequent lowering of the pro-inflammatory IL-1β and IL-18. Jointly, linagliptin attenuated testicular apoptotic responses seen by Bax downregulation, Bcl-2 upregulation, and suppressed caspase 3 activity. With respect to autophagy, linagliptin enhanced the testicular autophagy flux seen by lowered accumulation of p62 SQSTM1 alongside upregulation of Beclin 1. The observed autophagy stimulation was associated with elevated AMPK (Ser487) phosphorylation and lowered mTOR (Ser2448) phosphorylation, indicating AMPK/mTOR pathway activation. In conclusion, inhibition of testicular HMGB1/TLR4/NLRP3 pro-inflammatory axis and apoptosis alongside stimulation of autophagy were implicated in the favorable actions of linagliptin against cadmium-triggered testicular impairment.

Вплив солей кадмію на морфометричні показники яєчників щурів в експерименті

The purpose of the study was to experimentally study and compare the morphometric parameters of the ovaries of rats against the background of exposure to chloride and cadmium citrate during 13 or 20 days of gestation. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on 60 adult white female Wistar rats weighing 170–200 g, divided into 3 groups, depending on the intragastric administration of solutions of the studied metals – rats receiving cadmium chloride at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg – Group 1 (n females = 20); cadmium citrate at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg – Group 2 (n females = 20), Group 3 – control (n females = 20) – a proportional volume of sterile saline in the same way. In each experimental group, the females were divided into 2 subgroups of 10 animals each, depending on the duration of the administration of the test substances (13 or 20 days), the possible effect of which on the morphometric parameters of the ovaries was determined by the change in the average absolute and relative weight, volume, specific gravity and number of corpus luteum in the ovaries. Results and discussion. It was established that under the action of cadmium salts (chloride and citrate) the weight indices of rats of the experimental groups decreased by 4.2%-8.9% relative to the control group. In the cadmium chloride exposure group, the indicators of absolute mass, relative mass and volume of the ovaries increased as on the 13th day by 7.1%; 14.4%; 14.6%, and on the 20th day by 9.3%; 15.0%; 5.2% respectively. The same trend was observed in the group of action of cadmium citrate: the listed indicators increased by 3.2% on the 13th day of gestation by 12.0%; 5.63%, and on the 20th day by 3.7%; 5.4%; 13.9%, respectively, which is presumably due to edema and hypertrophy. When analyzing the specific gravity of the ovaries – an integral indicator that reflects the mass, linear dimensions and volume of organs, it was found that on the 13th day of gestation, both under the action of cadmium chloride and cadmium citrate, this indicator decreased by 3.12% (D No.1) and 2.08% (D No.2). On the 20th day of pregnancy in the experimental group No. 1, this indicator decreased by 1.03%, while in the experimental group No. 2 it increased by 2.1%, which indicates the compaction of the organ. The analysis of the obtained results showed that on the 13th day of gestation, the lowest average value of the number of corpus luteum per 1 female was observed in the group exposed to cadmium chloride and amounted to 10.00±0.27, the highest one was in the control group on the 20th day and amounted to 11.00±0.71. Conclusion. The results obtained demonstrate changes in the morphometric parameters of the ovaries of pregnant female rats with intragastric administration of cadmium chloride and cadmium citrate to Wistar rats at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg (in terms of metal), and are expressed in an increase in absolute and relative weight and indicate the toxic effect of the studied substances on the gonads of experimental animals

Хронічний вплив хлориду кадмію на ембріогенез щурів при ізольованому та комбінованому з сукцинатами цинку та міді внутрішньошлунковому введенні в експерименті

The purpose of the study was to determine the degree of embryotoxicity of cadmium chloride at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg in isolated intragastric administration and to search for possible bioantagonists among zinc and copper succinates in combination with cadmium chloride in a chronic experiment in pregnant female rats. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 64 pregnant female Wistar rats, which were distributed as follows: the first group – control; the second group – the isolated introduction of a solution of cadmium chloride at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg; the third group – the combined introduction of a solution of cadmium chloride at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg and zinc succinate at a dose of 5 mg/kg; the fourth group – the combined introduction of a solution of cadmium chloride at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg and copper succinate at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg. The possible negative effect of the studied substances on embryonic development was determined by the ability to increase the level of all types of embryonic mortality. Results and discussion. The calculation of the obtained results showed that the isolated chronic administration of cadmium chloride at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg has a pronounced embryotoxic effect on the number of embryos, total embryonic mortality, preimplantation and postimplantation embryonic mortality on the 13th and 19th day of embryogenesis in the experiment on rats. Cadmium and its compounds are one of the first eco-pollutants. The problem of embryotoxicity and fetotoxicity of microelements is of great practical importance, because a significant number of women work in industry and in hazardous production conditions and are often exposed to heavy metals, which is very dangerous for the fetus and offspring. Aspects of chronic influence on the course of embryogenesis of cadmium salts with microelements, which have bioanatagonistic properties in relation to the toxicity of heavy metals, have been little studied. Thus, an important area of morphological experimental research is the search for new possible bioantagonists of cadmium toxicity among trace elements that can affect dyslementosis, maintaining homeostasis, including during pregnancy. Conclusion. According to all criteria of embryotoxicity, isolated administration of cadmium has a pronounced embryotoxic effect, which is expressed in reducing the number of embryos in the manure and increasing all types of embryonic mortality. Combined administration of zinc or copper succinates with cadmium chloride has a modifying effect on the embryotoxicity of cadmium chloride in terms of basic embryotoxicity, and succinates themselves can be considered as potential bioantagonists of cadmium in chronic exposure in the experiment on rats

Nerve growth factor protects against cadmium-induced hypertension in mice via vascular remodeling

Purpose: To investigate the effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on cadmium ion (Cd2+)-induced hypertension in a mouse model, and the mechanism of action involved.&#x0D; Methods: Hypertension was induced in mice by administration of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) at a dose of 100 mg/L in deionised water. Then, NGF was administered daily for 45 days via the intragastric route. Immunohistochemical technique employing Vectastain ABC kit was used for determination of the levels of matrix metalloproteinases in mice aorta.&#x0D; Results: Treatment with NGF significantly and dose-dependently alleviated Cd-induced increase in blood pressure in mice (p &lt; 0.05). The Cd-induced elevation in mean arterial pressure (MAP) in mice was also reduced on treatment with NGF at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg. At the two doses of NGF, vascular responsiveness was enhanced in Cd-administered mice. Exposure to NGF dose-dependently reversed Cd-mediated suppression of eNOS expression and elevation in iNOS level. Moreover, NGF at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg, reversed Cd-mediated enhancement in nitrate/nitrite levels in urine samples, and reversed Cd-induced elevation in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) count and collagen content in mice arterial wall. The NGF treatment also significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced Cd-induced increases in levels of MMP’s.&#x0D; Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that NGF increased vascularity and arterial stiffness, and protected against Cd-induced hypertension in mice. Moreover, NGF treatment elevated eNOS expression, suppressed iNOS level and inhibited MMP expression in mice exposed to Cd. Thus, NGF has anti-hypertensive potential and may be beneficial in the treatment of hypertension.

Histopathological evaluation of IBA-1, GFAP activity in the brain cortex of rats administered cadmium chloride.

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the changes in brain tissue and blood-brain barrier due to oxidative stress during cadmium (Cd) poisoning by biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical methods. Methods: 170-190 g weighing eight-week-old female Wistar albino rats were divided into two groups (control and experimental), with 7 animals in each group. Experimental group rats were given 2 mg/kg/day powdered cadmium chloride dissolved in water intraperitoneally every day for two weeks. Biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical examination was performed. Results: It was seen that brain malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased significantly, and glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) activity levels decreased. In addition to degeneration in some pyramidal cells and glial cells, deformity, and picnosis in the nucleus, dilation of the meninges and cortex vessels, and inflammation around the blood vessels were observed. An increase was found in ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA-1) expression in microglia cells and degenerative endothelial cells, and increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was observed in astrocytes and degenerate neurons. Conclusions: It has been shown that cadmium toxicity may cause microgliosis and astrogliogenesis by inducing cytokine production due to cell degeneration, vascularity, and inflammation in the brain cortex and by affecting microglia, astrocytes cells.

Analysis of MT1 and ZIP1 gene expression in the liver of rats with chronic poisoning with cadmium chloride

Introduction. Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal with devastating effects on most organ systems. After absorption, cadmium is transported throughout the body, primarily by binding to proteins by metallothioneins. It is believed that the mechanisms of cadmium-induced transformation arise due to the disruption of zinc-dependent cellular processes. This part is due to the structural and physical similarities between zinc and cadmium. More than half of the incoming cadmium is deposited in the liver and kidneys. The rest part is distributed throughout other organs and their systems. Materials and methods. In total, 40 white outbred rats of both sexes weighing 170-230 g were used in the experiment; they were formed into four experimental groups of 10 animals each, depending on the dose of the injected toxicant. Liver tissue samples were used as research materials, in the homogenate of which the quantitative content of Cd and Zn was determined, as well as the mRNA level of the MT1 and ZIP1 genes. Results. It was found that the most pronounced activity of the MT1 gene in liver tissues was achieved when animals were administered cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg (2.69 ± 0.37; p = 0.017), while the multiplicity of expression of the ZIP1 gene showed the maximum value of the level of transcripts with the minimum dose of toxin (2.70 ± 0.37; p = 0.007). It was also revealed that the highest concentration of zinc in the liver tissue was observed with the introduction of cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg (33.84 ± 0.53; p &lt;0.001), and the concentration of cadmium increased along with an increase in the dose of the toxicant (0, 0049 ± 0.0003; 0.0203 ± 0.0024; 0.664 ± 0.007; 0.76 ± 0.0089). Conclusion. Thus, a comprehensive study of the expression of genes for metallothioneins and zinc transporters can be used as a biomarker of poisoning with cadmium and its compounds.

Експериментальна оцінка ембріотоксичних ризиків кадмію хлориду при ізольованому введенні та у поєднанні з солями цитрату і нанокомпозитом на його основі

Cadmium compounds that enter living organisms pose the potential for serious health effects as they exhibit mutagenic, carcinogenic, gonadotoxic, teratogenic, allergenic and embryotoxic effects. It is important to study the mechanisms of their toxic effect on embryonic development and structural and functional formation of organs of living organisms and to search for their bioantogonists. The purpose of the study was to highlight the results of intragastric administration of cadmium chloride (1.0 mg/kg) with isolated administration and in combination with metal citrates (cerium, germanium, zinc, and nanocomposite (iodine + sulfur + selenium citrates)) on the overall course of rat embryogenesis. Materials and methods. For the study, young female Wistar rats weighing 170-200 g were used. They were divided into 6 groups, depending on the test substances, which they received from the 1st to the 19th day of gestation. Results and discussion. The analysis of the results of the experimental study showed the negative effect of cadmium chloride on the analyzed indicators of embryogenesis (preimplantation mortality, postimplantation mortality, total embryonic mortality), indicators of intrauterine survival, morphological (anatomical) malformations, as well as general delay in fetal development), both on the 13th and 20th days of pregnancy relative to the control group. In particular, the indicators of total embryonic mortality significantly increased by 4.2 times (13th day) and 3.7 times (20th day), with significant increase preimplantation mortality by 6.5 times, postimplantation mortality by 3.0 times on the 13th day of embryonic development, and on the 20th day, the preimplantation mortality indicator was by 14.0 times higher (p &lt;0.01), and the postimplantation mortality indicator was insignificantly by 2.5 times higher than the control group. In the groups of the combined effect of cadmium chloride with metal citrates, there was a proven decrease in the indicators of total embryonic mortality (18.18% - 38.10%), preimplantation mortality (21.43% - 53.85%), postimplantation mortality (20.0% - 66.7%), an increase in the number of fetuses per female (12.66% -36.0%). Conclusion. In groups of the combined effect of cadmium chloride with metal citrates, the obtained data indicate a decrease in the accumulation of cadmium under the influence of the studied citrates, which allows them to be considered as potential bioantagonists of cadmium chloride

Effects of Virgin coconut oil on Testicular toxicity induced by Cadmium in rats

One of major threat to the environmental pollution is the contamination the by various heavy metals. Cadmium is found to have toxic effects on testis. VCO is increasingly getting the reputation of being the most versatile and healthiest antioxidant. Objective: To study the effect pre-treatment of virgin coconut oil in cadmium induced testicular toxicity in rats. Materials and methods: Institutional ethics committee clearance was obtained before beginning the experiments. Male rats of wistar strain approximately 150-200 gm body weight was used. They were housed in the central animal house under controlled conditions of temperature and light with normal rat feed and drinking water. Animals were divided into four groups with 6 rats in each group. Sperm count and sperm morphology was done. One of the testis was used for histopathological study. The data was expressed as mean  SD. Significance of the test was set at p&lt;0.05. Results: In the present study administration of cadmium chloride showed a significant decrease in the testicular and epididymal weight as well as sperm count and testosterone level and increase in sperm shape abnormality. Pre-treatment with Virgin coconut oil showed a significant increase in the testicular and epidydimal weight as well as sperm count and testosterone level and decrease in sperm shape abnormality Testicular section in normal control rats and Virgin treated rats showed normal features. But, in cadmium treated rats the testis showed necrosis of most of the tubules but rats pre-treated with virgin coconut oil showed that less than 25 % of the tubules had necrosis. Conclusion: In conclusion, present study showed that Cadmium administration showed a damaging effect on the testis and Virgin coconut oil showed protective role in attuning cadmium induced testicular damage

Protection of histomorphology of vital organs by methanolic seed extract of Nigella sativa against cadmium-induced tissue injuries in rats

Background: Chemical-induced organ injuries have been on a fast rise for decades and these injuries have become common causes of mortality and morbidity in the society. Edible plant materials with medicinal properties have been used for treating various diseases for many centuries in folk medicine. Recently, the role of food or medicinal plants in human health has received considerable attention. Traditional uses of N. sativa seed range from soothing wounds to remedying cough, eczema, diabetes, inflammation of the bronchi and tooth aches; and these point to substantial tissue effects.&#x0D; Objective: We investigated the protective effects of methanolic seed extract of Nigella sativa (MENS) against cadmium-induced histomorphological alterations in heart, kidney and liver tissues of albino rats.&#x0D; Methods: Twenty five (25) male albino rats, weighing (200±20g), were randomly grouped into five groups: A, B, C, D, and E. Group B (Negative Control) received intraperitoneal administration of cadmium chloride (CdCl2, 5mg/kg) only, group C received CdCl2 and low dose MENS (300mg/kg, oral), group D received CdCl2 and high dose MENS (600mg/kg, oral), and group E (Positive control) received CdCl2 and Vitamin C (200mg/kg, oral), for 14 days. Group A (Normal control) received no administration. Heart, kidney and liver were harvested for histopathological analyses.&#x0D; Results: Cadmium (CdCl2) induced significant histomorphological changes in the studied organs, and the heart was the most damaged of all the organs studied; however a significantly ameliorative effect by methanolic seed extracts was observed.&#x0D; Conclusion: Nigella sativa seed extract is potentially tissue-protective against harmful chemical toxins like cadmium.&#x0D;