By-product Meal Research Articles

Substitution effect of fish meal with various sources of animal by‐product meals in feed on growth, feed utilization, body composition, haematology and non‐specific immune response of olive flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus , Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)

Suitability of various animal by-product meals was evaluated as an alternative source for fish meal (FM) in olive flounder feed when 30% FM was substituted. Juvenile fish (n = 480) was distributed into 24 flow-through tanks. Seven experimental diets were prepared. 65% FM and 12% soybean meal were included as the protein source in the control (Con) diet. Thirty per cent of FM was substituted with tuna by-product, chicken by-product, hydrolysed chicken offal, meat, meat and bone, and blood meals, referred to as the TBM, CBM, HCOM, MM, MBM and BM diets respectively. Each diet was hand-fed to satiation for 8 weeks. Weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of fish fed the TBM diet were greater than those of fish fed all other diets. Weight gain, SGR and FER of fish fed the Con diet was also greater than those of fish fed the MM and BM diets. The proximate composition of the whole body fish was unaffected by the experimental diets. Lysozyme activity of fish fed the Con, TBM and CBM diets was higher than that of fish fed the MM and BM diets. Amino acid profiles of fish were not affected by the experimental diets except for tryptophan. All fatty acid profiles of fish except for eicosadienoic acid were affected by the experimental diets. In conclusion, tuna by-product and chicken by-product meals are the good substitutes for FM in olive flounder feed when 30% of FM at 65% in diet was replaced with animal by-product meals.

Feeding oxidized chicken byproduct meal impacts digestibility more than performance and oxidative status in nursery pigs.

Rendered products from the meat industry provide quality proteins in diets for companion animals. These proteins are exposed to extreme temperatures during processing leading to the potential for decreased diet digestibility and subsequent growth performance. While this would impact production efficiency in livestock species, oxidized ingredients in companion animal diets may impact health and longevity. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which a feedstuff containing oxidized protein and lipid affect diet digestibility, growth performance, and oxidative stress in nursery pigs. A total of 56 male pigs (21 d of age, initial body weight 5.51 ± 0.65 kg) were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two levels of heat and two levels of antioxidant (AOX). Diets were fed for 35 d and growth performance was measured, while total tract digestibility and nitrogen (N) balance was determined during the trial on day 18–20. Blood plasma was collected on day 34 and jejunum, colon, and liver tissues were collected on day 35 to analyze for markers of oxidative stress. Average daily feed intake (ADFI) was reduced in pigs fed diets without AOXs (P = 0.02). Additionally, pigs consuming diets containing heated chicken byproduct (CBP) meal had decreased gain:feed (GF; P = 0.02). There was an interaction between heat and AOX (P = 0.02) where heating CBP reduced N digestibility in the presence of an AOX but did not have an impact when AOX was not present. The removal of AOX resulted in reduced GE digestibility (P < 0.01). Dry matter (P < 0.01), ash (P < 0.01), and protein (P < 0.01) digestibility were reduced (P < 0.01) as a result of heating. Furthermore, heating (P =0.01) as well as absence of AOX (P =0.01) resulted in reduced digestible energy. No difference was detected in N retention suggesting that oxidation reduces digestibility but has no impact on N utilization. This is supported by the fact that systemic oxidative stress was not consistently affected by heating or AOX inclusion. These results suggest that feeding pigs CBP containing oxidized proteins and lipids did not induce oxidative stress. However, feeding young pigs CBP containing oxidized proteins and lipids did result in reduced energy and nutrient digestibility as well as negatively affected feed efficiency. Because CBP is commonly used in companion animal diets, it is reasonable to revisit their impacts on those species.

Standardized ileal phosphorus digestibility of meat and bone meal and poultry byproduct meal for broilers

Two experiments were conducted using direct method to determine the standardized ileal phosphorus (P) digestibility coefficient (SIPDC) of meat and bone meal (MBM) and poultry byproduct meal (PBM) for broilers. In the first experiment, three MBM from different batches were evaluated, with four treatments (MBMI, MBMII, MBMIII, and a P-free diet) and nine replicates of seven birds each, totaling 252 birds distributed across a completely randomized design. The P-free diet was used to determine endogenous P losses. Titanium dioxide [...]

Supplementation of Hermetia illucens Larvae in Poultry By-Product Meal-Based Barramundi, Lates calcarifer Diets Improves Adipocyte Cell Size, Skin Barrier Functions, and Immune Responses.

A 6-week feeding trial was performed to examine the effects of supplementing Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae meal when fishmeal (FM) was replaced with poultry by-product meal (PBM) in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer diet. The effect was evaluated in terms of barramundi growth, filet quality, internal tissue structure, serum biochemistry, skin neutral mucins, immune response, and resistance to Vibrio harveyi. Three isonitrogenous (48% crude protein) and isolipidic (18% crude lipid) diets: an FM-based diet (control) and two diets containing 60 and 75% of PBM supplemented with 10% HI larvae (60PBM + HI and 75PBM + HI) were formulated. A total of 225 barramundi, with an average weight of 15.87 ± 0.14 g, were randomly distributed into nine tanks, each holding 25 fish. There were no significant effects of test diets on growth, but feeding HI-supplemented PBM diets significantly increased the survival rate. A significantly reduced intraperitoneal fat index in HI-supplemented-PBM-fed fish was correlated to a decreased size of peritoneal adipocytes. The observation of no histopathological alteration of the liver in the HI-supplemented-PBM-fed fish was further supported by significant alterations in serum biochemistry, in particular, a decreasing tendency of alanine transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and total bilirubin. A 14-day challenge with V. harveyi indicated that HI-supplemented PBM diets reduced the infection rate in barramundi. After 24 h of infection, increased serum (lysozyme) and skin barrier functions, down-regulation of interleukin-1beta, and upregulation of interleukin-10 were found in HI-supplemented-PBM-fed fish.

The digestibility of raw materials by barramundi Lates calcarifer: Emphasis on the effect of inclusion rate on the digestibility of soybean meal and soy protein concentrate

Two digestibility experiments were done with Barramundi Lates calcarifer (average weight = 386 and 297 g for experiment 1 and 2, respectively) using indirect techniques and the reference diet substitution method. Chromium oxide was used as the inert marker and faecal material was collected by stripping. The same reference diet was used in both experiments. The first experiment determined the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC’s) of solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM) and soy protein concentrate (SPC). The SBM and SPC were tested at two dietary inclusion levels (30 or 50 %). A high-quality South American fishmeal (FM-SA) was included in the experiment for comparative purposes (30 %). The second experiment determined the ADC’s of feed grade poultry by-product meal (PBM), blood meal (BLM), corn gluten meal (CGM), standard prime fishmeal (FM-P), tuna meal (FM-T), wheat (WH) and pregelatinized wheat starch (PGWS). Each of these raw materials was tested at 30 % inclusion. The results demonstrate that dry matter and energy ADC’s of SBM were adversely affected by inclusion level, decreasing from 60 % to 45 % and from 72 % to 63 %, respectively when inclusion level was increased from 30 to 50 %. In contrast, the protein ADC of SBM was relatively high (>83 %) and was not affected by inclusion level. The SPC was more digestible than SBM and recorded similar protein ADC to FM-SA (95 %), irrespective of its inclusion level. However, both dry matter (74 %) and energy ADC’s (82 %) of SPC were lower than those for FM-SA. The digestibility of amino acids from SBM, SPC and FM-SA were similar to their respective protein ADC’s. The protein and total amino acid ADC’s from FM-P were significantly higher than those for FM-T (100 % vs 88 %), however the energy ADC’s of both products were close to 100 %. The dry matter, protein and energy ADC’s of PBM were significantly higher than those in BLM, as was the digestibility of all individual amino acids. Dry matter digestibility of WH was very low (30 %), but far higher than PGWS (4 %). The CGM was more digestible than WH in terms of dry matter and energy ADC’s, but somewhat similar in terms of protein and total amino acid digestibility. The coefficients presented here, especially the amino acid coefficients, will be useful in formulating aquafeeds for Barramundi on a digestible amino acid and energy basis as well as maximizing the dietary inclusion of products such as SBM and SPC.

The Effect of Two Dietary Protein Sources on Water Quality and the Aquatic Microbial Communities in Marron (Cherax cainii) Culture

Feeding freshwater crayfish species with different diets not only affects the water quality but also induces the abundance of various microbial communities in their digestive tracts. In this context, very limited research has been undertaken to understand the impacts of various protein incorporated aqua-diets on the characteristics of water and its microbial communities. In this study, we have critically analysed the water quality parameters including pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and phosphorus, as well as bacterial communities under marron (Cherax cainii) aquaculture, fed fishmeal (FM) and poultry by-product meal (PBM)-based diets for 60days. The results unveiled that over the time, feeding has significant impacts on organic waste accumulation, especially ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate, while no effects were observed on pH and dissolved oxygen. Analysis of 16S rRNA sequence data of water sample indicated significant (P < 0.05) shift of microbial abundance in post-fed FM and PBM water with the evidence of microbial transmission from the gut of marron. Post-fed marron resulted in a significant correlation of Hafnia, Enterobacter, Candidatus Bacilloplasma and Aquitella with the quality and microbial population of water. The results of this study generated valuable knowledge database of microbes-water relationship for better health management practices and production of marron aquaculture fed with FM and PBM diets in under restricted feeding regime with the feeding ratios provided.

Efficacy of modified canola oil to replace fish oil in practical diets of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Current study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of modified canola oil (MCO) with enhanced levels of omega 3 fatty acids, to replace menhaden fish oil (MFO) in practical diets (36% protein and 8% lipid) of Litopenaeus vannamei. In first two trials, the basal diet containing 100% MFO was incrementally replaced by 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% MCO, which clearly demonstrated the potential of using MCO as a replacement for up to 75% of the supplemented MFO in poultry meal-based diets. In the third trial, two series of diets were evaluated including fishmeal-based diets replacing MFO by 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% MCO and three poultry meal-based diets with 100% MFO, 75% MCO and 75% MCO supplemented with 4% hydrolysed salmon by-product meal (HSM) as an attractant. In conclusion, no significant differences in performances of shrimp between diets were noted indicating no palatability issue in poultry meal-based MCO diet and confirmed the efficacy of replacing 100% MFO by MCO in a low fishmeal diets and up to 75% in poultrymeal-based diets without compromising the growth of shrimp.

ЭКСПОРТ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО МАСЛА – ДРАЙВЕР ЭКОНОМИКИ АПК

The growth in the production of vegetable oils in recent years has created an opportunity to increase their exports. Exports in 2020 increased in all major groups of goods that Russia supplies abroad: grain, fat and oil, meat and dairy products, as well as food and processing industry products. Foreign supplies of fat and oil products increased by 12%, to 8.1 million tons, in physical terms and by 22%, to $ 5 billion, in monetary terms. The growth was provided primarily by the export of sunflower oil, of which 3.7 million tons (+ 19%) were shipped for $ 2.8 billion (+ 28%). Sales were particularly strong in the first half of 2020 after a record sunflower harvest in 2019. In 2020, foreign exchange earnings from the export of sunflower and rapeseed oils could have been higher, if not for the restrictive measures taken by the government. Foreign exchange earnings from the export of vegetable oils from Russia can be significantly increased by reducing the sale of oilseeds. At the same time, additional jobs can be created in Russia, and most importantly, the most valuable by-product (meal) will remain to ensure livestock breeding in the country. This requires the modernization of the material and technical base of the processing industry and the restoration of domestic seed production of oilseeds.

Amino Acids in the Nutrition, Metabolism, and Health of Domestic Cats.

Domestic cats (carnivores) require high amounts of dietary amino acids (AAs) for normal growth, development, and reproduction. Amino acids had been traditionally categorised as nutritionally essential (EAAs) or nonessential (NEAAs), depending on whether they are synthesized de novo in the body. This review will focus on AA nutrition and metabolism in cats. Like other mammals, cats do not synthesize the carbon skeletons of twelve proteinogenic AAs: Arg, Cys, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Tyr, and Val. Like other feline carnivores but unlike many mammals, cats do not synthesize citrulline and have a very limited ability to produce taurine from Cys. Except for Leu and Lys that are strictly ketogenic AAs, most EAAs are both glucogenic and ketogenic AAs. All the EAAs (includingtaurine) must be provided in diets for cats. These animals are sensitive to dietary deficiencies of Arg and taurine, which rapidly result in life-threatening hyperammonemia and retinal damage, respectively. Although the National Research Council (NCR, Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats. National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2006) does not recommend dietary requirements of cats for NEAAs, much attention should be directed to this critical issue of nutrition. Cats can synthesize de novo eight proteinogenic AAs: Ala, Asn, Asp, Gln, Glu, Gly, Pro, and Ser, as well as some nonproteinogenic AAs, such as γ-aminobutyrate, ornithine, and β-alanine with important physiological functions. Some of these AAs (e.g., Gln, Glu, Pro, and Gly) are crucial for intestinal integrity and health. Except for Gln, AAs in the arterial blood of catsmay not be available to the mucosa of the small intestine. Plant-source foodstuffs lack taurine and generally contain inadequate Met and Cys and, therefore, should not befed to cats in any age group. Besides meat, animal-source foodstuffs (including ruminant meat & bone meal, poultry by-product meal, porcine mucosal protein, and chicken visceral digest) are good sources of proteinogenic AAs and taurine for cats. Meeting dietary requirements for both EAAs and NEAAs in proper amounts and balances is crucial for improving the health, wellbeing, longevity, and reproduction of cats.

Use of alternative protein sources for fishmeal replacement in the diet of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Part II: effects of supplementation with methionine or taurine on growth, feed utilization, and health.

Fishmeal has long been a staple protein feedstuff for fish, but its global shortage and high price have prompted its replacement with alternative sustainable sources. In this experiment involving largemouth bass (a carnivorous fish), a new mixture of feedstuffs (45% poultry byproduct meal, 30% soybean meal, 15% blood meal, and 10% krill shrimp meal) was added to low (14.5%) fishmeal diets along with 0.0%, 0.5% taurine, 0.5% methionine, or 0.5% taurine plus 0.5% methionine (dry matter basis). The positive control diet [65.3% fishmeal (46% crude protein on dry matter basis)] and all low-fishmeal diets contained 40% true protein and 10% lipids. There were 3 tanks per treatment group (20 fish/tank). Fish with the mean initial body weight of 16.6 g were fed to satiety twice daily. Compared with the unsupplemented low-fishmeal group, supplementing either 0.5% methionine or 0.5% methionine plus 0.5% taurine to the low-fishmeal diet improved (P < 0.05) the growth, feed utilization, retention of dietary protein and lipids, and health of largemouth bass, reduced (P < 0.05) the occurrence of black skin syndrome from ~ 40 to ~ 10%. Histological sections of tissues from the fish with black skin syndrome showed retina degeneration, liver damage, and enteritis in the intestine. Compared with methionine supplementation, supplementing 0.5% taurine alone to the low-fishmeal diet did not affect the growth or feed efficiency of fish andhad less beneficial effects (P < 0.05) on ameliorating the black skin syndrome. These results indicated that: (a) the basal low-fishmeal diet was inadequate in methionine or taurine; and (b) dietary supplementation with methionine was an effective method to improve the growth performance, feed efficiency, and health of largemouth bass. Further studies are warranted to understand the pathogenesis of the black skin syndrome in largemouth bass.

Evaluation of poultry by-product meal treated with ginger (Zingiber officinale (L) Rosc)

This study was aimed at investigating the effect of ginger as natural antioxidant (NA) treatment in stabilizing poultry by-product meal. Poultry by-products meal (PBPM) were randomly prepared into four treatment groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4) and treated with 0, 750, 1250 and 1750 gram of ginger/100kg respectively and stored for 60 days. Microbial assessment and oxidative properties of PBPM was estimated fortnightly using total aerobiccount (TAPC), total coli-form unit count (TCC), peroxide value (POV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test. Poultry by-product meal treated with 1750 gram of ginger/100kg presented the least oxidation for both TBAs (0.064 mg/g) and POV (0.4 mEq/kg) after the 60 days storage period. Both TAPC and TCC for all samples observed in this study are all below satisfactory levels with reference to the standard microbial load specification. It is concluded that ginger rhizome used as a natural antioxidant was effective in stabilizing poultry byproduct meal as it presented better microbial and antioxidant status at 1750 g/100kg.

Energy values of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal and tilapia byproduct meal for broiler chickens determined using the regression method

A study was conducted to determine ileal digestible energy (IDE), metabolizable energy (ME), and nitrogen-corrected ME (MEn) of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal and Nile tilapia byproduct meal for broiler chickens using the regression method. A total of 315 slow feathering Cobb 500 male broilers were fed 5 experimental diets with 9 replicate cages of 7 birds each, in a completely randomized design. Broilers were fed a maize-soybean meal reference diet (RD) and 4 test diets (TD) from d 14 to 21 posthatch. The TD consisted of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal and tilapia byproduct meal that partly replaced the energy sources in the reference diet at 100 or 200 g/kg and 75 or 150 g/kg, respectively, such that equal ratios were maintained for all energy containing ingredients across all experimental diets. Excreta samples were collected twice daily from d 19 to 21, and ileal digesta were collected on d 21. Apparent ileal digestibility of DM, N, amino acids as well as metabolizability coefficients of DM, N, and energy were calculated. Addition of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal to the RD linearly increased (P < 0.05) ileal and total tract of DM and N digestibilities as well as IDE, ME, and MEn. For diets with Tenebrio molitor larvae meal substitution, regression equations were IDE = 21.52x – 0.0234, ME = 21.93x – 0.0189, and MEn = 20.62x – 0.0241. Addition of tilapia byproduct meal to the RD linearly decreased (P < 0.05) ileal and total tract coefficients of DM and IDE, ME, and MEn, as well as ileal digestibility of amino acids (P < 0.001). The equations for the tilapia byproduct meal diets were IDE = 12.49x – 0.0264, ME = 14.29x – 0.0152, and MEn = 11.94x – 0.0129. In conclusion, the current study showed that broiler chickens can utilize a considerable amount of energy and amino acids from insect meal or fish meal. The IDE, ME, MEn values (MJ/kg of DM) were 21.52, 21.93 and 20.62 for Tenebrio molitor larvae meal, and 12.49, 14.29 and 11.94 for tilapia byproduct meal, respectively.

Effects of enzymatically hydrolysed poultry byproduct meal in extruded diets on serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and aldosterone in cats

ABSTRACT Several peptides found in hydrolysed poultry byproduct meal can inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, a property that indicates potential antihypertensive and health-promoting effects. This study aimed to assess the effects of extruded diets containing enzymatically hydrolysed poultry byproduct meal (HPM) on cat serum ACE activity and aldosterone (ALD) concentration, nutrient digestibility, and faecal characteristics. On the basis of a preliminary in vitro ACE inhibitory activity assay, a commercial HPM and a commercial conventional poultry byproduct meal (CPM) were selected for further investigation. Two isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets were formulated: CPM diet (25.7% CPM) and HPM diet (24.7% HPM). In trial 1, the effect of diet on serum ACE activity and ALD concentration was evaluated using 8 healthy cats (4 female and 4 male, 4.1 ± 0.38 kg BW) in a crossover design, with 5 d of adaptation and blood collection on d 6. In trial 2, apparent total tract digestibility and faecal characteristics were evaluated using 12 cats (6 female and 6 male, 4.0 ± 0.72 kg BW) in a completely randomised design. Serum ACE and ALD were analysed using a mixed model, with diet as the fixed effect and cat as the random effect. Data from trial 2 were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared by Tukey’s test. In vitro ACE inhibitory activity of HPM (90.4%) was higher than that of CPM (52.0%). Cats fed the HPM diet tended to have lower serum ACE activity than those fed the CPM diet (126 versus 142 U/l, p = 0.09). Serum ALD was not influenced by diet. Diets had similar digestibility values, and faecal consistency scores tended to be higher (firmer faeces) in cats fed the CPM diet than in cats fed the HPM diet (4.6 versus 4.0, p = 0.09). Inclusion of HPM in extruded diets may reduce cat serum ACE activity and promote good faecal consistency without affecting digestibility. Further investigations are needed to explore the potential health benefits of HPM in hypertensive cats.

Dietary Lysine Regulates Body Growth Performance via the Nutrient-Sensing Signaling Pathways in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Lysine is known to be a functional nutrient from yeast to human beings. However, the mechanisms for lysine to regulate body growth and metabolism in fish species are far from fully illuminated. In order to elucidate the molecular effects of lysine on growth performance and metabolism, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), which is extremely sensitive to protein composition, was chosen as the experimental model. Juvenile largemouth bass (4.16 ± 0.02g) were fed with the lysine control diet (LC diet), the lysine supplementation diet (LS diet), and the low lysine diet (LL diet) for 8 weeks. The results showed that the LS diet group significantly increased fish growth, feed efficiency, and nutrient retention compared with those of the LL diet group in largemouth bass. Moreover, compared to the LL diet, lysine supplementation also elevated the plasma total protein, total EAA, total AA, and some individual AA concentrations. Mechanistically, lysine supplementation had a significant effect to decrease the mRNA expression levels of peptide and AA transporters induced by lysine restriction. Lysine supplementation also had an important impact on regulating the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway. More importantly, the key regulators in the amino acid response (AAR) signaling pathway were also down-regulated by lysine supplementation. Our results provide a clear elucidation of how dietary lysine affected growth performance, physiological and biochemical responses, and signaling responses and represent a sound foundation for using lysine to improve the nutrient utilization of poultry by-product meal in largemouth bass.

85 Impacts of dietary profile on starch content and gelatinization in canine diets

Abstract Starch gelatinization of pet foods can be impacted by several factors, including moisture, retention time, and ingredients used. Starch gelatinization has been associated with effects on digestibility, but isn’t well studied in non-traditional canine diets. The objective of this research was to examine the impacts of dietary ingredient profile (traditional vs. non-traditional) and assess impacts to total starch content and starch gelatinization. Traditional diets (n = 10) utilizing meat-based ingredients including chicken, chicken byproduct meal, meat and bone meal and plant-based ingredients including rice, barley, oats, and corn were examined in comparison with non-traditional diets (n = 10) utilizing meat-based ingredients including alligator, buffalo, venison, kangaroo, squid, quail, rabbit, rabbit and salmon along with plant-based ingredients including tapioca, peas, chickpeas, lentils, potato, and pumpkin. Representative samples were collected via grab sample technique (5 samples/diet) and were assessed for total starch content as well as percent starch gelatinization. Variation between both diet types were assessed with a nonlinear regression using SAS 9.4. Significance was set at P &amp;lt; 0.05. Distribution of total starch content based on ingredient type (traditional vs non-traditional) reveal that mean total starch content is 15% higher in traditional diets as compared to non-traditional diets (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Conversely, percent starch gelatinization was found to be 10% higher in non-traditional diets (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Total starch content and percent gelatinization had a highly significant non-linear relationship (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). These novel data reveal important differences between starch content and gelatinization and could impact manufacturing processes for ingredient types as well as feeding recommendations.

161 Dietary oxidized protein result in growth and histology differences in pigs

Abstract Rendered by-products are common feedstuffs in diets. During processing, these sources have potential to become oxidized. While most research on oxidative stress has focused on dietary oxidized lipids, little research has been done in dietary oxidized proteins and the potential to induce oxidative stress. Recent studies have shown consumption of dietary oxidized proteins resulted in shifts in oxidative status. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary oxidized protein on oxidative stress in pigs as a model for canines. Fifty-six, 3 weeks old pigs (5.55 ± 0.71 Kg) were fed 4 dietary treatments each varying in dietary oxidized protein. Each treatment was fed the same diet, with the exception of the degree of oxidation in chicken by-product meal which was included in the diet at 23 percent to represent typical inclusion levels of a companion animal diet. Oxidation was induced by 2 levels of heating and 2 levels of antioxidants (mixed tocopherol), in a 2 x 2 factorial design. A significant antioxidant effect was observed in villi height (P-value &amp;lt; 0.05) where pigs fed diets without antioxidant had increased villi height (674 μm) compared to those fed diets with antioxidants (576 μm). Additionally, pigs fed diets without antioxidant had significantly greater villi:crypt (3.22) compared to those fed diets with antioxidants (2.84 ; P-value &amp;lt; 0.05). Additionally, feed efficiency measured by gain:feed, was significantly decreased in pigs fed heated protein (0.65) compared to not heated (0.69; P-value &amp;lt; 0.05). Results from this study are consistent with previous studies (Dibner, et al., 1996). Future studies should examine the effects of feeding oxidized proteins in regard to oxidative status, such as markers of protein, lipid, DNA, and antioxidative enzyme damage. In conclusion, dietary oxidized protein can reduce feed efficiency in pigs.

23 Protein Source Selection During Choice-Feeding in Nursery Pigs

Abstract Animal by-product feeding practices decrease waste from animal processing and create feedstuffs with favorable nutrient profiles. Including animal proteins has decreased recently due to consumer push to increase vegetarian fed animals. Pigs have demonstrated abilities to choose diets meeting their nutritional requirements when presented with a choice-feeding system (Rose and Kyriazakis, 1991). The objective of this study was to observe nursery pig behaviors in selecting animal and plant protein sources given a choice-feeding system. Pigs (n=72) were housed in groups of nine and given ad libitum access to ground corn, soybean meal (SBM), vitamin premix, ruminant blood meal (RBM), bovine meat and bone meal (BMB), and chicken by-product meal (CBP). Feedstuffs were randomly assigned to feeders and weighed daily. The study was repeated with individually housed pigs (n=8) to compare feeding behaviors. Pigs were weighed at the beginning of the trial with mean weights of 16.83 kg for group and 24.71 kg for individual and end of the trial with mean weights of 24.25 kg for group and 34.90 kg for individual. No intake differences were seen between housing treatment (P &amp;gt;0.05). Protein source intake differed (P&amp;lt; 0.0001), with CBP having the greatest consumption followed by SBM. A second trial (n=30) was conducted to determine preference when protein sources were mixed into corn-soy based diets and given ad libitum in a choice-feeding system for both groups of four (n=24) and individually housed pigs (n=6); starting mean weights of 14.83 kg and ending weights of 21.14 kg. Preference did not differ between housing or pen (P &amp;gt;0.05) showing no feeder preferences or diet preference (P=0.9997). Data concludes that pigs preferentially select animal by-products as part of their diet when presented with a choice-feeding system. Nursery pigs do not have a preference when choosing from diets.

Use of alternative protein sources for fishmeal replacement in the diet of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Part I: effects of poultry by-product meal and soybean meal on growth, feed utilization, and health.

Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets [containing 54, 30, 15, 10, and 5% fishmeal crude-protein (CP), dry matter (DM) basis] were prepared by replacing fishmeal with poultry by-product meal plus soybean meal to feed juvenile largemouth bass (LMB, with an initial mean body weight of 4.9g) for 8weeks. All diets contained 54% CP and 13% lipids. There were four tanks of fish per treatment group (15 fish/tank). The fish were fed twice daily with the same feed intake (g/fish) in all the dietary groups. Results indicated that the inclusion of 15% fishmeal protein in the diet is sufficient for LMB growth. However, some of the fish that were fed diets containing ≤ 15% fishmeal CP had black skin syndrome (characterized by skin darkening and retinal degeneration, as well as intestinal and liver atrophies and structural abnormalities). The concentrations of taurine, methionine, threonine and histidine in serum were reduced (P < 0.05) in fish fed the diets containing 5, 10 and 15% fishmeal CP, compared with the 30 and 54% fishmeal CP diets. Interestingly, the concentrations of tyrosine and tryptophan in serum were higher in fish fed diets with ≤ 15% fishmeal CP than those in the 54% fishmeal CP group. These results indicated that 15% fishmeal CP in the diet containing poultry by-product meal and soybean meal was sufficient for the maximum growth and feed efficiency in LMB but inadequate for their intestinal, skin, eye, and liver health. A reduction in dietary methionine and taurine content and the possible presence of antinutritional factors in the fishmeal replacements diets containing high inclusion levels of soybean meal may contribute to black skin syndrome in LMB. We recommend that the diets of juvenile LMB contain 30% fishmeal CP (DM basis).

Poultry by-product meal as a replacement to xylose-treated soybean meal in diet of early- to mid-lactation Holstein cows.

The objectives were to compare the effectiveness of poultry by-product meal (PBM) with xylose-treated soybean meal (x-SBM) as a conventional protein source and rumen-undegraded protein (RUP):rumen-degraded protein (RDP) ratio on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, and production of early- to mid-lactation Holsteins. Twelve multiparous cows averaging (mean ± SD) 50 ± 9days in milk were randomly assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design within a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each period was 28days in length. Treatments were RUP sources (PBM or x-SBM) with either a high or a low RUP:RDP ratio (high ratio = 40:60 or low ratio = 36:64; based on % of crude protein (CP)). Experimental diets were balanced to be similar in protein and energy contents (CP = 16.7% of DM; NEL = 1.67Mcal/kg DM). Prior to diet formulation, an in situ pilot experiment was conducted to estimate the RUP fractions of x-SBM and PBM as 63.9% and 54.1% of CP, respectively. Treatments had no effect on ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and molar percentage of individual VFAs. Treatments had no effect on total tract apparent digestibility of DM, OM, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), with the exception of N that was greater in diets with a low RUP:RDP ratio (68.2 vs. 70.1% of DM). DM consumption was 0.70kg/day higher when cows were fed PBM diet compared with x-SBM diet. No treatment effect was observed on milk yield and milk composition; however, milk protein yield and milk urea N were greater in cows fed PBM. Inclusion of PBM in the diet in substitution to x-SBM resulted in increased blood levels of urea N, cholesterol, and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA). There was no interaction between the RUP source and the RUP:RDP ratio for urinary and fecal N excretion. Efficiency of N utilization expressed as milk N secretion as a proportion of N intake tended to be greater in cows fed PBM. Feeding diets with a low ratio of RUP:RDP increased efficiency of milk production expressed as milk yield as a proportion of total N excretion (fecal and urinary N). Feeding a diet with PBM supported milk production comparable with x-SBM and had positive effects on feed intake, milk protein yield, and milk N efficiency.

Skin Pigmentation in Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata L.) Fed Conventional and Novel Protein Sources in Diets Deprived of Fish Meal.

Simple SummaryIntensive farming of carnivorous fish species relies on the use of feeds, where fish meals have represented, for a long while, ideal sources of protein to ensure optimal growth, health and quality to cultured fish. Due to the gap between the demand for these commodities by the growing aquaculture industry and the unsustainability of further exploitation of the alieutic resources, their levels of inclusion in fish feeds have been mostly replaced by terrestrial plant protein-rich derivatives and conventional animal processed proteins. Recently, novel ingredients (i.e., insects and microalgae) have been proposed to this end. While the impact of different alternative proteins on fish growth and health has been studied, limited information exists on the effects of such dietary changes on quality traits of cultured fish such as skin pigmentation. The present study was aimed at assessing the pattern of yellow pigmentation of the skin in gilthead seabream fed various alternative protein sources (vegetable ingredients, insects, poultry by-product meal, red swamp crayfish and marine microalgae) included in different proportions in fishmeal-free diets, in order to evaluate new feed formulations on the basis of their coloring capacity, as intense skin coloration have been associated with high-quality of farmed fish products.The pattern of yellowish pigmentation of the skin was assessed in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed for 12 weeks iso-proteic (45%) and iso-lipidic (20%) diets deprived of fish meal and containing either a blend of vegetable protein-rich ingredients or where graded levels of the vegetable protein blend were replaced by insect (Hermetia illucens—10%, 20% or 40%) pupae meal, poultry by-product meal (20%, 30% or 40%), red swamp crayfish meal (10%) and marine microalgae (Tisochrysis lutea and Tetraselmis suecica—10%) dried biomass. Digital images of fish fed diets differing in protein sources were analyzed by means of an automatic and non-invasive image analysis tool, in order to determine the number of yellow pixels and their dispersion on the frontal and lateral sides of the fish. The relationship between the total carotenoid concentration in the diet and the number of yellow pixels was investigated. Test diets differently affected gilthead seabream skin pigmentation both in the forefront and the operculum, due to their carotenoid content. The highest yellow pixels’ number was observed with the diet containing microalgae. Fish fed poultry by-product meal were characterized by the lowest yellow pixels’ number, diets containing insect meal had an intermediate coloring capacity. The vegetable control, the microalgae mix diet and the crayfish diet had significantly higher values of yellow pixels at both inspected skin sites.