By-product Meal Research Articles

Utilization Of Poultry By-Product Meal As An Alternative Animal Protein Source In The Diet Of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus)

This study was conducted to determine the possibility of using Poultry by-Product Meal (PBM) as an animal protein source for feeding Nile tilapia fry and determining its optimum inclusion level. The study continued for 8 weeks in four 300-liter fiberglass tanks. Each tank was stocked with 40 fry of an average weight of 4.4 g. Fish in the first tank were fed a control diet without (PBM), whereas the fish in the second, third and fourth tanks were fed diets containing 5%, 10% and 15% PBM, respectively. Diets were formulated according to their protein contents, and each contained 35% protein. The diets were made in the form of pellets

Total replacement of fishmeal with poultry by-product meal affected the growth, muscle quality, histological structure, antioxidant capacity and immune response of juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer.

The present study investigates if the total replacement of dietary fishmeal (FM) with poultry by-product meal (PBM), supplemented with methionine influences the muscle fatty acids composition, normal gut morphology, histological traits of the liver, muscle, and gill, liver enzymes, immune and antioxidant response, and stress-related gene in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer in relation to growth and feed utilization. Barramundi (3.58±0.01g) were randomly distributed into six 300 L seawater recirculating tanks (25 fish/tank) and fed two formulated isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets for 6 weeks. The control diet had FM as the sole animal protein source, whereas other test diet had only PBM as an animal protein source. Dietary PBM affected the fish performance and feed utilization. Regarding muscle fatty acid profile, total saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids elevated while total PUFA particularly n-3 LC-PUFA and EPA decreased in PBM fed fish than control diet fed fish. Liver, muscle, gill, and intestinal histology showed no obvious alteration in control diet fed fish, however, more lipid droplets and hepatic vacuolization in the liver, necrotic myotome in muscle, hyperplasia in secondary lamellae in gill and short and broken folds in the intestine were observed in PBM fed fish. Similar to light microscopy observation of intestinal morphology, the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed shorter and smaller microvilli in fish fed PBM. Histopathological alterations in the liver of PBM fed fish were further associated with the elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and the significant upregulation of stress-related genes, HSP70 and HSP90. Also, a negative influence on lysozyme activity, and antioxidant enzymatic activities were recorded in fish fed PBM. Overall, it can be concluded that a total substitution of FM protein by methionine supplemented PBM negatively influenced the growth performance, liver health, histological traits of different organs, immune and antioxidant response, and expression of stress-related genes in juvenile barramundi.

Changes of growth performance and plasma biochemical parameters of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀) in response to substitution of dietary fishmeal with poultry by-product meal

Poultry by-product meal (PBM) has the good properties to replace fishmeal. Present study was conducted to assess the capability of PBM in substituting fishmeal in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀× Epinephelus lanceolatus♂). Six practical diets (52 % crude protein, 12.5 % crude lipid) were formulated with differently PBM replaced level: 0 % (control diet), 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 % and 100 % (namely PBM0, PBM20, PBM40, PBM60, PBM80 and PBM100, respectively). Hybrid grouper with the initial body weight of 80.00 ± 0.02 g were fed different diets at the circulating water system for 8 weeks. Results presented that compared with the control diet (weight gain ratio: 308.83 ± 2.56 %, specific growth performance: 2.52 ± 0.01 %/d), significant differences were not found in the weight gain ratio (286.42 ± 3.65 %) and specific growth performance (2.42 ± 0.02 %/d) after 60 % fishmeal protein replaced by PBM. Higher inclusion of PBM in the diet had markedly decreased growth performance (P < 0.05). Fish fed with PBM40 diet made no significant effect on the feed, protein and lipid efficiency ratio (1.19±0.01, 2.29±0.01, 9.33±0.12) than the fish fed with PBM0 diet (1.24±0.01, 2.40±0.02, 9.80±0.07). However, the PBM60 diet decreased the feed, protein and lipid efficiency ratio (1.12±0.01, 2.15±0.02, 9.08±0.10) significantly than the control diet (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary 60 % PBM inclusion level also had no significant effect on decreasing the whole body, muscle and plasma proximate nutrient contents and whole body amino acids, fatty acids contents compared to the control diet group. Based on the results, PBM could successfully replace 40 %–60 % protein from fishmeal in the formulated diets for the hybrid grouper. Present study proposed the supreme inclusion level of PBM in the diets which had important significance to aquafeeds industry.

Complete replacement of fish oil and fish meal in the diet of juvenile California yellowtail Seriola dorsalis

California yellowtail (CYT) Seriola dorsalis is a top candidate for aquaculture in southern California. CYT is fed commercial diets whose nutrient profile and ingredient composition rely heavily on fish meal and fish oil. We evaluated the complete replacement of fish oil and fish meal with a Schizochytrium-derived algal oil as an essential fatty acid source and poultry by-product meal and spirulina as primary protein sources, in the diet of juvenile CYT (average initial weight—19.95 ± 0.09 g). The treatment diets for this study included the following: FMF-FO—fish meal free, fish oil; FMF-AO—fish meal free, algal oil; FMF-SO—fish meal free, soybean oil; FMC-FO—fish meal control, fish oil. Each treatment diet was formulated to contain 45% protein and 15% lipid, and the trial lasted 64 days. At the conclusion of the trial, fish from FMC-FO group had performed significantly better in three key performance metrics: final body weight of 185.96 ± 8.98 g, per cent weight gain of 832.7 ± 47.2% and lowest FCR of 1.16 ± 0.04. Replacing fish meal with poultry by-product meal and spirulina resulted in 20% less weight gain. Replacing fish oil with algal oil, in a fish meal free diet, resulted in equal weight gain, and the fish had higher tissue essential fatty acid content. Based on the results from this trial, we have shown that in CYT juvenile diets, fish oil can be replaced with algal oil with no effect on growth or survival and fish meal can be replaced with no effect on survival and a 20% decrease in weight gain.

Impact of storage conditions on protein oxidation of rendered by-product meals.

Rendered products used in animal feed and pet food undergo extreme temperatures during manufacturing and may be stored up to 2 yr. No information is available on protein oxidation in these products. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which typical antioxidant inclusion at different storage conditions may limit protein oxidation in typical rendered protein meals. Two experiments were conducted on 14 rendered products stored at either 45 °C for 7 or 14 d, or at 20 °C for 3 or 6 mo to determine the extent to which time, temperature, and antioxidants affect protein oxidation. Results from this study show that fish meal and chicken blood meal are susceptible to protein oxidation during storage at 45 °C (P = 0.05; 0.03) as well as during storage at 20 °C (P = 0.01; 0.04). Natural antioxidants were effective at limiting carbonyl formation in fish meal during short-term storage at 45 °C, whereas ethoxyquin was effective at limiting the extent of protein oxidation in fish meal stored long term at 20 °C.

In Silico, Molecular Docking and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of the Major Rapeseed Seed Storage Proteins.

BackgroundIn addition to their use as an edible oil and condiment crop, mustard and rapeseed (Brassica napus L., B. juncea (L.) Czern., B. nigra (L.) W.D.J.Koch, B. rapa L. and Sinapis alba L.) have been commonly used in traditional medicine for relieving pain, coughs and treating infections. The seeds contain high amounts of oil, while the remaining by-product meal after oil extraction, about 40% of seed dry weight, has a low value despite its high protein-content (~85%). The seed storage proteins (SSP) 2S albumin-type napin and 12S globulin-type cruciferin are the two predominant proteins in the seeds and show potential for value adding to the waste stream; however, information on their biological activities is scarce. In this study, purified napin and cruciferin were tested using in silico, molecular docking, and in vitro approaches for their bioactivity as antimicrobial peptides.Materials and MethodsThe 3D-structure of 2S albumin and 12S globulin storage proteins from B. napus were investigated to predict antimicrobial activity employing an antimicrobial peptide database survey. To gain deeper insights into the potential antimicrobial activity of these SSP, in silico molecular docking was performed. The purified B. napus cruciferin and napin were then tested against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria for in vitro antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion and microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing.Results In silico analysis demonstrated both SSP share similar 3D-structure with other well studied antimicrobial proteins. Molecular docking revealed that the proteins exhibited high binding energy to bacterial enzymes. Cruciferin and napin proteins appeared as a double triplet and a single doublet, respectively, following SDS-PAGE. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting also confirmed the purity of the protein samples used for assessment of antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing provided strong evidence for antimicrobial activity for the purified napin protein; however, cruciferin showed no antimicrobial activity, even at the highest dose applied.Discussion In silico and molecular docking results presented evidence for the potential antimicrobial activity of rapeseed cruciferin and napin SSP. However, only the in vitro antimicrobial activity of napin was confirmed. These findings warrant further investigation of this SSP protein as a potential new agent against infectious disease.

Performance of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède, 1802), fed fishmeal-and fish oil-free diets

Diets were manufactured for largemouth bass (LMB) replacing fishmeal (FM) with poultry by-product meal (PBM), soybean meal (SBM), and a hydrolyzed soy meal. Experimental diets included a FM control (FMC), and three FM-free formulations containing equal amounts of PBM and SBM with fish oil (diet F2), Algal meal DHA (F3) or a soy protein concentrate (SPC). A commercial LMB diet was included for reference. Fish (n=20 per group) were randomly dispersed into one of 20 tanks with group weights of ±5%, and densities of 7.39±0.17 kg m-3. Tanks were maintained as a RAS (28.3±0.76 oC, DO2 at 7.7±1.19 mg L-1) and randomly assigned to one of the five diets (n=80 fish per diet). Animals were fed to apparent satiation 3x daily for 12-weeks. Groups were weighed every 3 weeks and feed consumption recorded for calculation of FCRs. At trial end all fish were weighed and measured individually and 3 fish per tank employed for various analyses and comparisons against pre-trial samples. At trial end no differences (P > 0.05) were observed between groups for growth, SGR, or condition. FCR differed between the commercial and F3 diets (P < 0.05). F2 fed fish had higher (P < 0.05) visceral fat than F3 fed fish. Survival was 98-100% across all groups. Results indicate that judicious dietary manipulations may allow elimination of FM from LMB diets without compromising overall performance.

Effect of dietary poultry meal and oil on growth, digestive capacity, and gut microbiota of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal by poultry by-product meal (PBM) in actual commercial standard diets for gilthead seabream juveniles on growth performance, diet digestibility, digestive function, intestinal microbiota, and provide an economic analysis of using PBM in practical diets.Six isoproteic and isolipidic diets were formulated including increasing levels (from 0 to 37.5%) of PBM in replacement of fish meal, corresponding to a fish meal protein replacement in the diets up to 83%. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of fish (IBW 63 g) and the growth trial lasted 70 days. No differences between groups were observed on growth performance, voluntary feed intake, feed efficiency, nitrogen utilization, and whole-body composition. Digestive enzymes activity and the ADC of protein, phosphorus, and energy were also not affected by dietary treatment. Regarding gut microbiota, fish fed diet PBM22.5 showed higher species richness and diversity of digesta microbiota, but no differences between groups were observed in mucosa OTUs, richness, and diversity indices. The cost of diet formulation decreased with the dietary replacement of FM by PBM, highlighting the potential of poultry by-products inclusion in commercial diets.Overall, this study indicates that dietary FM could be replaced at least up to 83% with PBM in diets for gilthead seabream juveniles without affecting growth performance and feed utilization while improving the economic efficiency of these diets.

Effects of Fish By-product Meal Inclusion in Broiler Feeds on Growth Performance

Background: The presence of inadequate and inconsistent feeds to the chicken resulted in lower performance of chick production in Ethiopia. Broilers are meat type chickens with fast income generation and depend on high quality feed. Feed costs alone currently account for over 65-70% of poultry production in third world countries, there has been recent interest in determining the feeding value of different locally available alternative feeding resources. As fish is generally appreciated as one of the healthiest and cheapest source of protein and it is available in Gambella water bodies, this research is intended to investigate the effects of fish by-product inclusion in broiler feeds on growth performance. Two hundred and forty (240) day old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were reared and assigned to four treatments for 42 days. Treatment one was the control without fish by-product meal, treatment 2 contained 2% fish by-product meal, treatment 3 contained 3% fish by-product meal and treatment 4 contained 5% fish by-product meal. Each treatment was replicated 3 times with 20 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design. Parameters measured for the experiment were the initial body weight, final weight, daily feed intake while weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. Data were analyzed using General linear model procedure of statistical analysis software (SAS) version 9.2.&#x0D; Results: This study indicated that the average daily feed intake of broiler significantly increased (P&lt;0.05) in 3 and 5% fish by-product meal level to the diets during 11-20 days of age. At the age of 32 – 42 days the average body weight and daily feed intake at the age of 21-32 days were significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased in 3 and 5% fish by-product meal level compared to control and 2% fishmeal diet.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study revealed that inclusion of fish by-product meal in the diet improved the performance of broiler. To utilize and exploit the potential of fish by-product meal as broiler feed in Gambella region, farmers should get training on preparation and utilization of fish by product.

Diet containing grape seed meal by-product counteracts AFB1 toxicity in liver of pig after weaning

Liver is the earliest target for AFB1 toxicity in both human and animals. In the last decade, plant derived by-products have been used in animal feed to reduce AFB1 induced toxicity. In the present study we investigated whether the presence of 8% grape seed meal by-product is able to counteract the hepatotoxic effects produced by AFB1 in liver of pig after weaning exposed to the toxin through the contaminated feed for 28 days.Twenty four weaned cross-bred TOPIGS-40 piglets with an average body weight of 9.13±0.03 were allocated to the following experimentally treatments: control diet without AFB1 (normal compound feed for weaned pigs); contaminated diet with 320 mg kg−1 AFB1; GSM diet (compound feed plus 8% grape seed meal) and AFB1+GSM diet (320 mg kg−1 AFB1 contaminated feed plus 8% grape seed meal).Pigs fed AFB1 diet had altered performance, body weight decreasing with 25.1% (b.w.: 17.17 kg for AFB1 vs 22.92 kg for control). Exposure of piglets to AFB1 contaminated diet caused liver oxidative stress as well as liver histological damage, manly characterized by inflammatory infiltrate, fibrosis and parenchyma cells vacuolation when compared to control and GSM meal group. 94.12% of the total analysed genes (34) related to inflammation and immune response was up-regulated. The addition of GSM into the AFB1 diet diminished the gene overexpression and ameliorate histological liver injuries and oxidative stress. The protective effect of GSM diet in diminishing the AFB1 harmful effect was mediated through the decreasing of gene and protein expression of MAPKs and NF-κB signalling overexpressed by AFB1 diet. The inclusion of grape seed by-products in the diet of pigs after weaning might be used as a novel nutritional intervention to reduce aflatoxin toxicity.

Impact of Yeast Fermented Poultry by-Product Meal on Growth, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Intestinal Morphometry and Immune Response Traits of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Abstract The current study was carried out to investigate the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-fermented poultry by product meal (PBM) on growth performance, micromorphological, and immunological changes in common carp. Five experimental diets were prepared to include fermented PBM at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 % level in the diet of common carp (4.91±0.01 g). The fish were reared for 90 days on these diets. The obtained results revealed that yeast fermented PBM significantly changed the final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the fish in a dose dependent manner (P&lt;0.05). Fish fed 20 % fermented PBM showed the highest FBW, WG, SGR, FI, and lowest FCR. However, whole body composition did not vary significantly among fish fed different diets (P&gt;0.05). Dietary yeast fermented PBM at 10 and 20 % level significantly increased the lipase, amylase, and protease activities than the other groups (P&lt;0.05). The anterior, middle, and posterior intestinal villus length was significantly increased in fish fed fermented PBM at 15 and 20 % level when compared to the other groups (P&lt;0.05). The number of goblet cells was significantly increased in the middle section of intestine in fish fed yeast fermented PBM at 20 % level, while in the posterior region of intestine the number of goblet cells was significantly increased in fish fed yeast fermented PBM at 15 and 20 % level (P&lt;0.05). The histomorphology of intestine showed an increased length, branching and density of intestinal villi in fish fed yeast fermented PBM diets. Most of the measured blood parameters showed insignificant (P&gt;0.05) differences except for Hb, RBCs, WBCs, total blood protein, and globulin which were significantly affected by the inclusion of yeast fermented PBM (P&lt;0.05). Lysozyme activity was significantly increased in fish fed yeast fermented PBM at 5, 10, and 15 % level, while the phagocytic activity and phagocytic index were significantly increased at 20 % level when compared to the control groups (P&lt;0.05). It is concluded from this study that inclusion of yeast fermented PBM in the diet of common carp at 15-20% level increased digestive enzyme activities, immune function and growth of the fish.

Efficacy of Poultry By-product Meal as an Effective Alternative to Fish Meal in Aquaculture Feed for Milkfish &lt;i&gt;Chanos chanos&lt;/i&gt;

Efficacy of Poultry By-product Meal as an Effective Alternative to Fish Meal in Aquaculture Feed for Milkfish &lt;i&gt;Chanos chanos&lt;/i&gt;

Protease inclusion in plant- and animal-based broiler diets: Performance, digestibility and biometry of digestive organs

The addition of protease to broiler diets may complement the action of endogenous enzymes and improve protein digestibility. Here, the authors evaluated the effect of adding protease to broiler diets that contained animal-based meal on bird performance, digestibility, and biometry of digestive tract organs. Four treatments, which contained animal- or plant-based meals with or without supplementary protease were compared, namely basal vegetable feed (BVF), BVF + protease (BFP), basal vegetable feed + animal by-product meal (BFA), and BFA + protease. In the first experiment, 320 one-day-old Cobb 500® chicks were allocated to eight replicates with 10 birds per replicate. The experimental period was seven days, and nutrient metabolizability was evaluated. In the second experiment, 720 one-day-old Cobb 500® chicks were assigned to treatments in a similar manner, with six replicates and 30 birds per replicate, but the experimental period was 42 days. Significant differences (P &lt;0.05) were observed between treatments for nutrient digestibility, weight gain, feed consumption, average final weight, food conversion, viability, and biometry of the pancreas. Treatments with animal-based meals had the highest digestibility. Birds fed these meals grew faster in the pre-starter phase and consumed less feed between 1 and 21 days. However, between 1 and 42 days old, broilers fed plant-based diets had better feed conversion, and the group that did not receive protease supplementation had a better liveability rate.Keywords: additive, exogenous enzyme, nutrition, organ biometry, poultry

The ameliorative effects of various fish protein hydrolysates in poultry by-product meal based diets on muscle quality, serum biochemistry and immunity in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer

In an effort to reduce the use of fishmeal (FM), the effect of using protein from poultry by product meal (PBM) along with the supplementation of three different fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) including yellowtail kingfish, carp and tuna hydrolysate (designated as KH, CH and TH, respectively) were evaluated in juvenile barramundi for growth performance, fillet quality, mucosal immunity, serum biochemistry, immune response and infection against Vibrio harveyi. Fish were fed a FM based control diet + three isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing 90% of PBM protein supplemented with different types of hydrolysates: 90% PBM +10% KH (90PBM + KH), 90% PBM + 10% CH (90PBM + CH) and 90% PBM + 10% TH (90PBM + TH). Growth performance and indices were unaffected by the hydrolysate supplemented diets when compared to the control. FPH supplemented PBM diets resulted in improved muscle quality by improving poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), ∑n-3, ∑n-6 and ∑n-9, and health related lipid indexes were not affected. The internal architecture of spleen and kidney were not altered by test diets whilst FPH supplemented PBM modulated acidic mucins in intestine and skin of fish. Improved infection rate in response to two weeks post infection with V. harveyi in the FPH supplemented diets was further associated with an increased serum immune response and a concomitant regulation of proinflammatory and inflammatory cytokines in the head kidney. Serum biochemistry including alanine transaminase (ALT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and total bilirubin (TB) showed a decreasing trend both in pre-challenge and post-challenge barramundi fed FPH supplemented diets whereas cholesterol level decreased significantly in post-challenge groups fed 90PBM + KH and 90PBM + TH than pre-challenge barramundi. This study signifies that supplementation of 10% with different three FPH, hydrolysed by an alcalase® enzyme in PBM-based diets for barramundi could be good strategies to overcome the negative consequences triggered by animal by-product ingredients.

In vivo and in vitro protein digestibility and growth performance of animal and no‐conventional plant ingredients for river prawn Macrobrachium americanum (Caridea: Palaemonidae)

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of non-traditional plant and animal protein for river prawn M. americanum on in vivo versus in vitro digestibility in addition to growth performance. In this study, ten ingredients were used: coconut meal, jackfruit meal, soybean meal, poultry by-product meal, squid meal and fish meal. In vivo studies were conducted using the zeolite marker method, whereas in vitro digestibility was determined by the pH-stat method using river prawn hepatopancreas enzymes. According to the findings, river prawns digest animals more efficiently than plant ingredients, with squid and fish meal showing a tendency of higher values. Fish meal (53.66%), squid meal (48.52%) and jackfruit meal (42.21%) were found to have a digestibility greater than 40% in in vivo and in vitro methods, thus suggesting that they are the best ingredients used in this study. This also validates their inclusion in practical diets. The correlation of digestibility of in vivo and in vitro was low (R2 = .6749). The highest daily weight gain was recorded in the diets containing jackfruit, coconut and squid. Given that the potential of no-conventional plant ingredients available regionally was significantly higher, this underscores the need to conduct further research to validate their inclusion in practical diets.

Intestinal Transcriptome Analysis Highlights Key Differentially Expressed Genes Involved in Nutrient Metabolism and Digestion in Yellowtail Kingfish (Seriola lalandi) Fed Terrestrial Animal and Plant Proteins.

This study investigated the effects of dietary terrestrial animal and plant proteins on the intestinal transcriptomes of yellowtail kingfish (YTK), Seriola lalandi, an ecologically and economically important marine species in Australia. Five diets containing fish meal (FM), poultry by-product meal (PBM), blood meal (BLM), faba bean meal (FBM) and corn gluten meal (CGM) were formulated and fed over a period of 4 weeks. The Illumina RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) results identified a suite of differentially expressed genes involved in nutrient metabolism and protein digestion pathways, reinforced by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results. These findings provide molecular support to the notion that PBM and FBM are useful raw materials in commercial diets for YTK. Using the same evidence, we have demonstrated that BLM and CGM may be less useful and their incorporation into commercial aquafeeds for this species should be done cautiously. The differentially expressed genes showed a subtle difference and high correlation with apparent nutrient digestibility of raw materials. Further, our results indicate that transcriptome profiling provides a useful tool to evaluate alternative protein sources for use in aquaculture feeds.

Effects of replacement of fish meal by poultry by-product meal on growth performance and gene expression involved in protein metabolism for juvenile black sea bream (Acanthoparus schlegelii)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacement of fish meal (FM) with poultry by-product meal (PBM) on growth performance, feed utilization and expression of genes involved in protein metabolism in juvenile black sea bream (Acanthoparus schlegelii). Six isonitrogenous (42%) and isolipidic (11%) experimental diets were formulated to replace 0% (control diet), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 60% protein from FM with PBM. All the diets except the control diet were supplemented with lysine and methionine to keep same lysine and methionine levels among all diets. A total of 360 fish (approximately initial weight, 0.46 ± 0.02 g) were randomly stocked and sorted in 18,300-L cylindrical fiberglass tanks, each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 20 juvenile black sea bream and fed twice each day to apparent satiation. The results showed that survival ranged from 88.33 to 93.33%, and there were no significant differences among all treatments (p > .05). Final body weight (FBW) and percent weight gain (PWG) significantly increased with dietary replacement levels of FM with PBM increasing from 0% to 30%, and significantly decreased when replacement of FM with PBM further increased from 30% to 60% (p < .05), fish fed the 30% replacement of FM with PBM diet had higher FBW and PWG than those fed the other diets. Based on PWG against replacement levels of FM with PBM, A two-slope broken-line model analysis indicated that the optimal replacement of FM with FBM is to be 28.30%. Proximate composition in whole body did not show significant differences among all dietary treatments (p > .05). Higher hepatosomatic index (HSI) was observed in fish fed the 30% replacement of FM with PBM compared to the control and other diets, however, viscerosomatic index (VSI) and condition factor (CF) were not significantly influenced by the replacement of FM with PBM(p > .05). Fish fed the diet containing 30% replacement of FM with PBM had higher lysine and methionine concentration in muscles than those fed the other diets, however, other essential or non-essential amino acids in muscle were not significantly affected by dietary replacement of FM with PBM. The relative expressions of igf1, tor, s6k1, pi3k and akt were significantly up-regulated when replacement levels of FM with PBM increased from 0% to 30%, however, the expression levels of these genes significantly down-regulated with the further increase of replacement level of FM by PBM (p < .05). Moreover, the lowest expression of 4e-bp2 was occurred at fish fed the 30% replacement of FM with PBM among all treatments. In summary, the results of present study indicated that dietary PBM supplementation could be an alternative protein source for black sea bream, and 30% replacement of FM with PBM could improve growth and up-regulate the relative expression of genes involved in protein metabolism.

Apparent digestibility coefficients for amino acids of feed ingredients in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) diets

This study evaluated the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of essential (EAA) and non-essential (NEAA) amino acids of 13 ingredients for tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) diets. Proteic and energetic ingredients were analyzed separately. The trial with energetic and proteic ingredients were arranged in a randomized block design, with four replicates: energetic ingredients (corn, wheat bran, broken rice, and sorghum) with four treatments, whereas proteic ingredients (corn gluten meal, soybean meal, poultry byproduct meal, salmon meal, fish meal [tilapia processing residue], wheat [...]

Fishmeal partial substitution within aquafeed formulations: life cycle assessment of four alternative protein sources

Fed aquaculture has long been based on fishmeal (FM) as the main protein source for carnivorous species, but when its demand and price began increasing, both researchers and the industry started to search for alternative protein sources to meet the challenge of securing aquafeed. Consequently, this study has recourse to life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to identify any critical points and improvement strategies in the current production of four partial substitutes for FM namely dried microalgae biomass from Tetraselmis suecica (DMB_TETRA) and Tisochrysis lutea (DMB_TISO); insect meal (IM) from Hermetia illucens larvae; and poultry by-product meal (PBM). System boundaries are from the cradle to the mill gate, thus including the production phase (and the related upstream activities) and the subsequent biomass processing into unpackaged dried meal. One tonne of protein content was chosen as functional unit. The inventory was based on foreground data provided by the industry and complemented by background data sourced from the Ecoinvent v 3.4 and Agribalyse® v 1.3 LCI databases. The environmental effects were assessed considering five impacts namely global warming (kg CO2 eq.), acidification (kg SO2 eq.) and eutrophication (kg PO43− eq.) estimated via the CML-IA method, plus cumulative energy use (MJ) and water use (m3 m−2 month−1). Two alternative scenarios per production chain were considered in order to increase the robustness of the results. The performance-based ranking indicated the PBM and IM scenarios as the most sustainable options. Both microalgal systems scored the worst performances in four impacts out of five, with eutrophication impact as the only exception. The nutrients provided to poultry and insects (i.e. the feed) as well as to microalgae (the carbon source and the fertilizers) were the main contributors to impacts, together with energy consumption. Despite being cultivated with identical technologies, the two microalgae showed different performances due to their different annual yields and to different consumable goods, water and energy consumptions. The results provided a ranking of these four partial FM substitutes and allowed to make useful considerations on how to improve their environmental sustainability. To this regard, the impacts of IM and DMB production could be reduced by improving nutrient efficiency and reducing energy needs. On the other hand, PBM production is already optimized and is not expected to change substantially in the future years.

Alternative Feed Raw Materials Modulate Intestinal Microbiota and Its Relationship with Digestibility in Yellowtail Kingfish Seriola lalandi

Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in nutrient digestibility and fish health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of alternative feed raw materials on the bacterial communities in the distal intestine and its relationship with nutrient digestibility in yellowtail kingfish (YTK), Seriola lalandi. Two 4-week digestibility trials were conducted to evaluate fish meal (FM), two sources of poultry by-product meal (PBM-1 &amp; PBM-2), blood meal (BLM), faba bean meal (FBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), soy protein concentrate (SPC) and wheat flour (WH). The nutrient digestibility value was determined using the stripping fecal collection method. Bacterial communities were characterized by high-throughput sequencing based on V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The most abundant phylum identified in the present study was Proteobacteria. A significant change in the distal intestine was observed in fish fed diets containing CGM and BLM, characterized by a reduction of species richness and diversity. Additionally, significant correlation between nutrient digestibility and intestinal microbiota was observed. Allivibrio, Vibrio, Curvibacter, Ruminococcaceae, and Clostridium were positively correlated, whereas Ralstonia genus was negatively correlated with nutrient digestibility. This study demonstrated that intestinal microbiota could be a useful tool for evaluating the digestibility of feed raw materials; however, further culture-based study is needed to confirm this observation.