Intake Of Butter Research Articles

Obesogenic eating behaviour and dietary intake in German children and adolescents: results from the GINIplus and LISA birth cohort studies

Background/objectivesThe transition to adolescence is characterised by considerable behavioural changes, including diet. This study describes the level of obesogenic eating behaviours in 10- and 15-year-olds, and their association with dietary intake.Subjects/methodsParticipants of the 10- and 15-year follow-ups of the German GINIplus and LISA birth cohort studies were included (N10 = 2257; N15 = 1880). Eating behaviours and dietary intake were assessed via self-report questionnaires. Sex-stratified, cross-sectional associations of “external eating”, “emotional eating” and “dietary restraint” (the latter at age 15 years only) with dietary intake (17 food groups—categorised into tertiles, macronutrients, and total energy) were assessed using multinomial logistic or multiple linear regression as required, adjusting for covariates and correcting for multiple testing.ResultsReported levels of eating behaviours were low in both age-groups. External eating was higher in 10-year-old males than females, while all eating behaviours were most pronounced in 15-year-old females. At 10 years, emotional eating was associated with medium vegetable intake in females (Relative Risk Ratio (RRR) = 1.84, p = 0.0017). At 15 years, external eating was associated with total energy (kJ) in females (β = 718, p = 0.0002) and high butter intake in males (RRR = 1.96, p = 0.0019). Dietary restraint in females was inversely associated with total energy (β = −967, p < 0.0001) and omega-3 fatty acids (Means Ratio (MR) = 0.94, p = 0.0017), and positively associated with high fruit (RRR = 2.20, p = 0.0003) and whole grains (RRR = 1.94, p = 0.0013).ConclusionObesogenic eating behaviour scores are low among children and adolescents of a predominantly high socioeconomic status population and present only few associations with specific aspects of diet, mainly among adolescent females.

Associations Between Dietary Patterns and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: Prospective Cohort Study of 120,343 UK Biobank Participants.

To identify dietary patterns (DPs) characterized by a set of nutrients of concern and their association with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). A total of 120,343 participants from the U.K. Biobank study with at least two 24 h dietary assessments were studied. Reduced rank regression was used to derive DPs explaining variability in energy density, free sugars, saturated fat, and fiber intakes. We investigated prospective associations with T2D using Cox proportional hazard models. Over 8.4 years of follow-up from the latest dietary assessment, 2,878 participants developed T2D. Two DPs were identified that jointly explained a total of 63% variation in four nutrients. DP1 was characterized by high intakes of chocolate and confectionery, butter, low-fiber bread, and sugars and preserves, and low intakes of fruits and vegetables. DP1 was linearly associated with T2D in multivariable models without BMI adjustment (per z score, hazard ratio [HR] 1.11 [95% CI 1.08-1.14]) and after BMI adjustment (HR 1.09 [95% CI 1.06-1.12]). DP2 was characterized by high intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juice, table sugars and preserves, and low intakes of high-fat cheese and butter, but showed no clear association with T2D. There were significant interactions between both DPs and age, with increased risks among younger people in DP1 (HR 1.13 [95% CI 1.09-1.18]) and DP2 (HR 1.10 [95% CI 1.05-1.15]), as well as with DP1 and BMI, with increased risks among people with obesity (HR 1.11 [95% CI 1.07-1.16]). A DP characterized by high intakes of chocolate and confectionery, butter, low-fiber bread, and added sugars, and low in fresh fruits and vegetables intake is associated with a higher incidence of T2D, particularly among younger people and those with obesity.

Dose-response relationships between dairy intake and non-communicable chronic diseases: an NHANES-based cross-sectional study

The purpose of this study was to explore the possible association between dairy and NCDs and identify possible dairy types that could lower the odds of NCDs. Data were from the 2003–2016 NHANES, a cross-sectional study with 20,297 adults. Multivariable logistic regression analyses and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were conducted. In the highest intake group (>250 g/d, 1 daily serving), yogurt and milk were inversely associated with the odds of general obesity and central obesity [OR (95% CI), general obesity, 0.74 (0.60–0.91) and 0.75 (0.68–0.83); central obesity, 0.70 (0.56–0.87), and 0.77 (0.70–0.86), respectively, p < 0.05]. Higher milk intake is inversely associated with diabetes, and higher cream intake is associated with a lower likelihood of hyperlipidaemia. The intake of yogurt, milk, cheese, and butter was 0–308 g/d (0–1.2 daily servings), 0–887 g/d (0–3.5 daily servings), <75 g/d (1.7 daily servings), and <15 g/d (0.5 daily servings), respectively.

MIND and Mediterranean diet association with Alzheimer’s disease pathology

AbstractBackgroundHealthy dietary patterns, primarily Mediterranean‐DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND), and Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) are related to slower cognitive decline and reduced risk for Alzheimer’s dementia. However, it is unknown if these diets and its primary food groups are associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology in postmortem brains.MethodThe study was conducted in 459 deceased participants (age at death (91.0±6.3 years), 73% female, 20% with APO‐ε4 allele) of the Rush Memory and Aging Project (a clinicopathologic longitudinal cohort) with completed neuropathological evaluations, dietary data, and without mild cognitive impairment or dementia at first dietary assessments. Mean diet scores were obtained from a validated food frequency questionnaire administered annually over follow‐up years (6.8 ± 3.9 years). Multiple brain regions were assessed for percent cortical area occupied by amyloid‐beta and density of cortical phosphorylated tau (p‐tau) tangles. A global AD pathology score was computed, summarizing three pathologies (neuritic and diffuse plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) based on modified Bielschowsky silver‐staining. Linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, education, APO‐ε4 status, and total calories were used. We also assessed diet interaction with age, sex, education, and APO‐ε4 status. Diet was evaluated as continuous and in tertiles.ResultHealthy diet scores were associated with lower global AD pathology (MIND:β=‐0.028,p=0.02; MedDiet:β=‐0.011,p=0.006) and less amyloid load (MIND:β=‐0.077,p=0.04; MedDiet:β=‐0.040,p=0.001). However, when stratified by APO‐ε4 status, this association was significant only in non‐carriers, and diet was also associated with lower p‐tau tangles. Overall, higher fish (p trend=0.007) and green leafy vegetable (p trend=0.014) intakes were associated with less global AD pathology. Sweets and pastries intake was related to higher amyloid load (β=0.021,p=0.009). Those in the highest tertile of legumes/beans (β=‐0.032,p=0.03), and surprisingly, butter intake had fewer p‐tau tangles (β=‐0.030,p=0.04) compared to the lowest tertile group.ConclusionBoth the MIND and Mediterranean diets are associated with less AD pathology, primarily amyloid plaques. Dietary components, including green leafy vegetables, fish, legumes, butter, and sweets, were also related to AD pathology. These relationships were more significant in those without an APOE‐ε4 allele. Further studies with larger numbers should be explored in those with and without APOE‐ ε4 genotypes.

Dietary Patterns Characterized by Fat Type in Association with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: A Longitudinal Study of UK Biobank Participants.

The fat type consumed is considered a risk factor for developing obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, these associations have not been investigated using a dietary patterns approach, which can capture combinations of foods and fat type consumed. This study aimed to investigate associations between dietary patterns with varying proportions of SFAs, MUFAs, or PUFAs and obesity, abdominal obesity, and self-reported T2D incidence. This study included UK Biobank participants with 2 or more 24-h dietary assessments, free from the outcome of interest at recruitment, and with outcome data at follow-up (n=16,523; mean follow-up: 6.3 y). Reduced rank regression was used to derive dietary patterns with SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs (% of energy intake) as response variables. Logistic regression, adjusted for sociodemographic and health characteristics, was used to investigate the associations between dietary patterns and obesity [BMI (kg/m2) ≥30], abdominal obesity (waist circumference; men: ≥102cm; women: ≥88cm) and T2D incidence. Two dietary patterns, DP1 and DP2, were identified: DP1 positively correlated with SFAs (r = 0.48), MUFAs (r = 0.67), and PUFAs (r = 0.56), characterized by higher intake of nuts, seeds, and butter and lower intake of fruit and low-fat yogurt; DP2 positively correlated with SFAs (r = 0.76) and negatively with PUFAs (r = -0.64) and MUFAs (r = -0.01), characterized by higher intake of butter and high-fat cheese and lower intake of nuts and seeds. Only DP2 was associated with higher obesity and abdominal obesity incidence (OR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.45; and OR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.38, respectively). Neither of the dietary patterns was associated with T2D incidence. These findings provide evidence that a dietary pattern characterized by higher SFA and lower PUFA foods is associated with obesity and abdominal obesity incidence, but not T2D.

In vivo genotoxicity of 2-alkylcyclobutanones in liver cells from rats fed with irradiated cocoa butter using flow citometry.

Food irradiation proves to be an effective technique of eliminating some pathogens from food and this has gained significant attention to its potential for food safety. Since 1990, studies on the toxicological safety of 2-Alkylcyclobutanones have been conducted extensively. 2-Alkylcyclobutanones are unique radiolytic products generated by the radiation-induced breakage of triglycerides in food, 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-dDCB) and 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone (2-tDCB) are the predominant compounds detected . Despite studies showing non-genotoxicity of 2-ACBs (2-Alkylcyclobutanones), the results are conflicting and therefore we continue the studies in order to confirm the compounds are safety for human health. In vivo micronucleus test were performed to verify the 2-ACBs genotoxic effects in hepatic cells using flow citometry. We used cocoa butter irradiated with 20 kGy. A group with animals was treated with daily intake of irradiated cocoa butter, synthesized 2-dDCB and 2-tDCB for one month. Hepatic cells were selected for genotoxicity analysis due to the liver importance in the compounds metabolization. The improvement of the analytical techniques is important for the research future since the irradiation process is already consolidated. The results confirmed the safety of the food irradiation process, as they did not indicate the genotoxic potential of the samples. Keywords: 2- Alkylcyclobutanones, Micronucleous test, liver.

Cooking oil/fat consumption and deaths from cardiometabolic diseases and other causes: prospective analysis of 521,120 individuals

BackgroundIncreasing evidence highlights healthy dietary patterns and links daily cooking oil intake with chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes. However, food-based evidence supporting the consumption of cooking oils in relation to total and cardiometabolic mortality remains largely absent. We aim to prospectively evaluate the relations of cooking oils with death from cardiometabolic (CVD and diabetes) and other causes.MethodsWe identified and prospectively followed 521,120 participants aged 50–71 years from the National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study. Individual cooking oil/fat consumption was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for mortality through the end of 2011.ResultsOverall, 129,328 deaths were documented during a median follow-up of 16 years. Intakes of butter and margarine were associated with higher total mortality while intakes of canola oil and olive oil were related to lower total mortality. After multivariate adjustment for major risk factors, the HRs of cardiometabolic mortality for each 1-tablespoon/day increment were 1.08 (95% CI 1.05–1.10) for butter, 1.06 (1.05–1.08) for margarine, 0.99 (0.95–1.03) for corn oil, 0.98 (0.94–1.02) for canola oil, and 0.96 (0.92–0.99) for olive oil. Besides, butter consumption was positively associated with cancer mortality. Substituting corn oil, canola oil, or olive oil for equal amounts of butter and margarine was related to lower all-cause mortality and mortality from certain causes, including CVD, diabetes, cancer, respiratory disease, and Alzheimer’s disease.ConclusionsConsumption of butter and margarine was associated with higher total and cardiometabolic mortality. Replacing butter and margarine with canola oil, corn oil, or olive oil was related to lower total and cardiometabolic mortality. Our findings support shifting the intake from solid fats to non-hydrogenated vegetable oils for cardiometabolic health and longevity.

Associations of Dairy Intake with Circulating Biomarkers of Inflammation, Insulin Response, and Dyslipidemia among Postmenopausal Women

BackgroundCardiometabolic diseases are prevalent in aging Americans. Although some studies have implicated greater intake of dairy products, it is not clear how dairy intake is related to biomarkers of cardiometabolic health. ObjectiveOur aim was to test the hypothesis that associations of dairy foods with biomarkers of lipid metabolism, insulin-like growth factor signaling, and chronic inflammation may provide clues to understanding how dairy can influence cardiometabolic health. DesignThis was a cross-sectional study in the Women's Health Initiative using baseline food frequency questionnaire data to calculate dairy intake. Participants/settingParticipants were 35,352 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years at 40 clinical centers in the United States. Main outcome measuresBaseline (1993-1998) concentrations of 20 circulating biomarkers were measured. Statistical analysesMultivariable-adjusted linear regression was used to estimate percent difference in biomarker concentrations per serving of total dairy and individual foods (milk, cheese, yogurt, butter, and low-fat varieties). ResultsLower triglyceride concentrations were associated with greater intake of total dairy (–0.8% [95% CI –1.2% to –0.3%]), mainly driven by full-fat varieties. Individual dairy foods had specific associations with circulating lipid components. For example, greater total milk intake was associated with lower concentrations of total cholesterol (–0.4% [95% CI –0.7% to –0.2%]) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (–0.5% [95% CI –0.9% to –0.1%]), whereas greater butter intake was associated with higher total cholesterol (0.6% [95% CI 0.2% to 1.0%]) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.6% [95% CI 1.1% to 2.0%]) concentrations. In contrast, higher total yogurt intake was associated with lower total cholesterol (–1.1% [95% CI –2.0% to –0.2%]) and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.8% [95% CI 0.5% to 3.1%]). Greater total dairy intake (regardless of fat content), total cheese, full-fat cheese, and yogurt were consistently associated with lower concentrations of glucose, insulin, and C-reactive protein. However, milk and butter were not associated with these biomarkers. ConclusionsHigher dairy intake, except butter, was associated with a favorable profile of lipids, insulin response, and inflammatory biomarkers, regardless of fat content. Yet, specific dairy foods might influence these markers uniquely. Findings do not support a putative role of dairy in cardiometabolic diseases observed in some previous studies.

Adherence to Mediterranean Diet among Lebanese University Students.

Scarce studies described eating habits and diet quality among university students in Lebanon. The aim of this study is to assess the rate of adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) among Lebanese university students. A cross-sectional nutritional survey was carried out on 525 students (53% men, 18–25 years old) from the University of Balamand, Lebanon. Adherence to the MedDiet was assessed using a validated 14-item MedDiet adherence score. Mean adherence to the MedDiet was 7.96 (standard deviation 2.2), and it was adequate in 59% of participants. Adherence to the MedDiet was higher in older students and nonsmokers. Legumes, vegetables, fruits, and nuts were consumed according to the MedDiet standards among a minimum of 48.4% and a maximum of 69.5% of participants. Chicken, turkey, or rabbit was preferred by 66.9% of participants instead of beef, pork, hamburgers, or sausages; however, just 56.2% of participants showed adequate intake of red meat, hamburger, or meat products. Only 28.8% of them referred to an adequate intake of fish or shellfish. Most of the participants (86.3%) used olive oil as the main added fat, and 67.2% reported a low intake of butter and derivatives. Sofrito was also very usual among participants (79.6%). Only half of the studied sample reported an adequate intake of sweet or carbonated beverages and commercial sweets or pastries. Among the assessed sample, half the participants showed adequate adherence to the MedDiet; however, the mean of adherence among the sample is low.

Dairy consumption and hepatocellular carcinoma risk.

This review provides epidemiological and translational evidence for milk and dairy intake as critical risk factors in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Large epidemiological studies in the United States and Europe identified total dairy, milk and butter intake with the exception of yogurt as independent risk factors of HCC. Enhanced activity of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a hallmark of HCC promoted by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). mTORC1 is also activated by milk protein-induced synthesis of hepatic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), abundant constituents of milk proteins. Over the last decades, annual milk protein-derived BCAA intake increased 3 to 5 times in Western countries. In synergy with HBV- and HCV-induced secretion of hepatocyte-derived exosomes enriched in microRNA-21 (miR-21) and miR-155, exosomes of pasteurized milk as well deliver these oncogenic miRs to the human liver. Thus, milk exosomes operate in a comparable fashion to HBV- or HCV- induced exosomes. Milk-derived miRs synergistically enhance IGF-1-AKT-mTORC1 signaling and promote mTORC1-dependent translation, a meaningful mechanism during the postnatal growth phase, but a long-term adverse effect promoting the development of HCC. Both, dietary BCAA abundance combined with oncogenic milk exosome exposure persistently overstimulate hepatic mTORC1. Chronic alcohol consumption as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), two HCC-related conditions, increase BCAA plasma levels. In HCC, mTORC1 is further hyperactivated due to RAB1 mutations as well as impaired hepatic BCAA catabolism, a metabolic hallmark of T2DM. The potential HCC-preventive effect of yogurt may be caused by lactobacilli-mediated degradation of BCAAs, inhibition of branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase via production of intestinal medium-chain fatty acids as well as degradation of milk exosomes including their oncogenic miRs. A restriction of total animal protein intake realized by a vegetable-based diet is recommended for the prevention of HCC.

Higher circulating α-carotene was associated with better cognitive function: an evaluation among the MIND trial participants.

There is emerging evidence linking fruit and vegetable consumption and cognitive function. However, studies focusing on the nutrients underlying this relationship are lacking. We aim to examine the association between plasma nutrients and cognition in a population at risk for cognitive decline with a suboptimal diet. The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) trial is a randomized controlled intervention that examines the effects of the MIND diet to prevent cognitive decline. The primary outcome is global cognition. A multivariate linear model was used to investigate the association between blood nutrients and global and/or domain-specific cognition. The model was adjusted for age, sex, education, study site, smoking status, cognitive activities and physical activities. High plasma α-carotene was associated with better global cognition. Participants in the highest tertile of plasma α-carotene had a higher global cognition z score of 0⋅17 when compared with individuals in the lowest tertile (P 0⋅002). Circulating α-carotene levels were also associated with higher semantic memory scores (P for trend 0⋅007). Lutein and zeaxanthin (combined) was positively associated with higher semantic memory scores (P for trend 0⋅009). Our study demonstrated that higher α-carotene levels in blood were associated with higher global cognition scores in a US population at risk for cognitive decline. The higher α-carotene levels in blood reflected greater intakes of fruits, other types of vegetables and lesser intakes of butter and margarine and meat. The higher circulating levels of lutein plus zeaxanthin reflected a dietary pattern with high intakes of fruits, green leafy, other vegetables and cheese, and low consumption of fried foods. Objective nutrient markers in the blood can better characterize dietary intake, which may facilitate the implementation of a tailored dietary intervention for the prevention of cognitive decline.

Nut and Peanut Butter Consumption and the Risk of Total Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Nut intake has been associated with reduced cancer-related mortality, but there is very limited evidence on total cancer risk. We investigated the associations of nut and peanut butter intake with the risk of total cancer and smoking- and alcohol-related cancer subgroups. In the prospective Netherlands Cohort Study, 120,852 men and women aged 55 to 69 years provided information on lifestyle and dietary habits at baseline in 1986. After 20.3 years of follow-up, 19,255 total cancer cases and 3,499 subcohort members were included in multivariable-adjusted Cox regression analyses, using a case-cohort approach. No significant associations were found between total nut, tree nut, peanut, and peanut butter intake and total cancer risk in men and women. There were also no significant associations with smoking-(un)related and alcohol-(un)related cancers in both sexes. Our findings suggest that nut and peanut butter intake are not associated with a reduced risk of total cancer in men or women. Nut and peanut butter consumption are not related to the risk of total cancer.

Intake of Fermented Dairy Products Induces a Less Pro-Inflammatory Postprandial Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Gene Expression Response than Non-Fermented Dairy Products: A Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Trial.

It is aimed to investigate how intake of high-fat meals composed of different dairy products with a similar fat content affects postprandial peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) expression of inflammation-related genes, as well as circulating inflammatory markers and metabolites. Healthy subjects (n = 47) consume four different high-fat meals composed of either butter, cheese, whipped cream, or sour cream in a randomized controlled cross-over study. Fasting and postprandial PBMC gene expression, plasma metabolites, and circulating inflammatory markers are measured. Using a linear mixed model, it is found that expression of genes related to lymphocyte activation, cytokine signaling, chemokine signaling, and cell adhesion is differentially altered between the four meals. In general, intake of the fermented products cheese and sour cream reduces, while intake of the non-fermented products butter and whipped cream increases, expression of these genes. Plasma amino acid concentrations increase after intake of cheese compared to the other meals, and the amino acid changes correlate with several of the differentially altered genes. Intake of fermented dairy products, especially cheese, induces a less inflammatory postprandial PBMC gene expression response than non-fermented dairy products. These findings may partly explain inconsistent findings in studies on health effects of dairy products.

Nut and peanut butter intake and the risk of colorectal cancer and its anatomical and molecular subtypes: the Netherlands Cohort Study.

Nut intake has been associated with reduced total cancer-related mortality, but evidence for colorectal cancer (CRC) risk is inconclusive. We investigated the associations between nut and peanut butter intake and anatomical CRC subtypes. To account for molecular heterogeneity, associations between nut and peanut butter intake and colorectal tumors harboring APC, KRAS or BRAF mutations, p53 overexpression or microsatellite instability were examined in secondary analyses. In the Netherlands Cohort Study (n = 120 852), lifestyle habits were measured with a questionnaire in 1986. After 20.3 years follow-up, 3567 CRC cases were included in case–cohort analyses. For the analyses of molecular CRC subtypes, 574 cases were included after 7.3 years follow-up. In categorical analyses, total nut intake was not significantly associated with CRC [HR (95% CI) 10+ g/day versus non-consumers = 0.94(0.78–1.15) in men; 0.96(0.75–1.22) in women]. In restricted cubic spline analyses, significant non-linear inverse associations with rectal cancer were observed for total nut, peanut and peanut butter intake in women, and borderline significant non-linear inverse associations for total nut and peanut intake in men. Regarding the molecular CRC subtypes, peanut butter intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of colorectal tumors that did not develop through the serrated neoplasia pathway in men [HR (95% CI) per 5 g/day increment = 1.22(1.07–1.38)]. Nut and peanut butter intake are non-linearly inversely associated with rectal cancer risk in women. In men, nut intake is borderline significantly non-linearly associated with a reduced rectal cancer risk. Peanut butter is associated with an increased risk of colorectal tumors that do not develop through the serrated neoplasia pathway in men.

Health risk assessment related to cadmium in dairy products in Gorgan, Iran

ABSTRACT Dairy products, including cheese and butter, have been known all over the world for their usefulinfluence on human health.The concentrations of heavy metals are an important component of safety and quality of dairy products. This research was performed to assess the Cd concentration and therefore, the health risk to the person by cadmium a the intake of butter and cheese in Goran city. This work was carried out to determinate the level of cadmium in dairy products. Initially, the samples were collected from the supermarkets inGorgan city and then,cadmium levels were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Based on results, the concentrations of cadmium in the dairy samples wereranged from of 0.01 to 2.5 mg/kg of dry weight. The THQ values in some samples were higher than one. Comparing risk levels formen, women, and children, the non-carcinogenic levels were within the following order: children >women >men. It’s worthy to attend that the health risks of individuals is also more if more significant metals are investigated. The present analysis provides some alert signals concerning the distribution and contents of Cd in butter and cheese.

Differential Effects of Dietary Fats on Serum Lipids and Risks of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes in the Prospective Framingham Offspring Study

Abstract Objectives Few studies have estimated the independent effects of butter and margarine on risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Our goal was to examine these effects as well as that of other fats and oils on risk of CVD and markers of cardiometabolic risk in subjects in the prospective Framingham Offspring Study. Methods Data from 2038 adults, who were free of CVD and diabetes through exam 5 were included. Intakes of butter, margarine, mayonnaise, oils, and shortening were assessed using 3-day diet records at exams 3 and 5. Concentrations of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and their particle sizes were analyzed cross-sectionally at exam 5. Subjects were followed from exam 5 to 9 for incident CVD and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) (median follow-up, 16.9 years). Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate risk of CVD and T2DM and generalized linear models were used to evaluate effects on other cardiometabolic outcomes, while adjusting for age, sex, pack-years of smoking, BMI, physical activity, intakes of other fats, hypertension and use of lipid-lowering medication. Intake of each type of dietary fat was categorized as low, moderate, or high using sensitivity analyses. Results Intake of &amp;gt;5 g/day of butter (vs. non-consumers) had no effect on CVD risk but was associated with a non-statistically significant 24% lower risk of T2DM. In men, higher butter intake was linked with larger LDL and HDL particles sizes (P &amp;lt; 0.01 for both) and a lower LDL: HDL ratio (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Consuming &amp;gt;7 g/day (vs. ≤2) of margarine was associated with a 48% (95% CI: 1.03–2.13) increased risk of CVD and a 68% (95% CI: 1.00–2.82) higher risk of T2DM in women. In men, higher margarine intake was associated with much weaker, non-statistically significant increased risks of CVD and T2DM. Finally, total intake of oils (&amp;gt;7 vs. ≤2 g/day) was associated with a strong reduced risk of T2DM (HR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.36–0.85) in men but not women. There was no effect of margarine or oils on lipid particle sizes in either men or women. Conclusions While butter intake had no adverse effect on risk of CVD in either men or women, it was beneficially associated with lipid profiles in men. In women, higher intakes of margarine but not butter were associated with increased risks of both CVD and T2DM. Finally greater oil consumption led to lower risks of T2DM in men. Funding Sources NHLBI National Dairy Council.

Assessment of the Infant Feeding Age 1 to 12 Months in a Hospital Setting in Antananarivo

Introduction In developing countries such as Madagascar, malnutrition remains a major public health problem. Our objective was to study the feeding of infants aged 1 to 12 months, passing through the pediatric ward of the Joseph Raseta Befelatanana University Hospital Center. Methods We conducted a prospective cross-sectional survey based on interviews with mothers of visiting or hospitalized children over a period of 3 months. Results One hundred mothers were interviewed; 46 of the babies were less than 6 months old. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding for children under 6 months of age is 83%. During diversification, the socio-economic level is the most discriminated factor causing errors with a p < 0.01845 for vegetable intake and p < 0.02419 for meat intake. It was mainly the error in oil or butter intake that was correlated with poor nutritional status of children during the diversification period with a p < 0.0077. Conclusion Many of the errors found during diversification affected the nutritional status of children. A nutritional education adapted to the Malagasy context would be essential.

Changes in dietary carbon footprint over ten years relative to individual characteristics and food intake in the V\xe4sterbotten Intervention Programme

The objective was to examine 10-year changes in dietary carbon footprint relative to individual characteristics and food intake in the unique longitudinal Västerbotten Intervention Programme, Sweden. Here, 14 591 women and 13 347 men had been followed over time. Food intake was assessed via multiple two study visits 1996–2016, using a 64-item food frequency questionnaire. Greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) related to food intake, expressed as kg carbon dioxide equivalents/1000 kcal and day, were estimated. Participants were classified into GHGE quintiles within sex and 10-year age group strata at both visits. Women and men changing from lowest to highest GHGE quintile exhibited highest body mass index within their quintiles at first visit, and the largest increase in intake of meat, minced meat, chicken, fish and butter and the largest decrease in intake of potatoes, rice and pasta. Women and men changing from highest to lowest GHGE quintile exhibited basically lowest rates of university degree and marriage and highest rates of smoking within their quintiles at first visit. Among these, both sexes reported the largest decrease in intake of meat, minced meat and milk, and the largest increase in intake of snacks and, for women, sweets. More research is needed on how to motivate dietary modifications to reduce climate impact and support public health.

Nut and peanut butter intake are not directly associated with the risk of endometrial or ovarian cancer: Results from a Dutch prospective cohort study.

Nut intake has been associated with reduced cancer-related mortality and cancer risk. However, very few studies investigated the association between nut consumption and the risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer, with inconclusive results. We prospectively examined the relation between total nut, tree nut, peanut, and peanut butter intake and the risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer in the prospective Netherlands Cohort Study (NLCS). In 1986, 62,573 women aged 55-69 years were included in the NLCS. At baseline, all participants filled in a questionnaire and a subcohort of 2589 women was randomly selected. After 20.3 years of follow-up, 389 endometrial and 347 ovarian cancer cases with complete data were included in the analysis. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated in multivariable-adjusted Cox regression analyses, using a case-cohort approach. Compared to nonconsumers, the HRs (95% confidence intervals) for women consuming 10+g total nuts/day were 1.23 (0.82-1.87) for endometrial cancer and 0.84 (0.57-1.24) for ovarian cancer. For tree nut, peanut, and peanut butter intake, also no significant relations with endometrial or ovarian cancer were observed. In the endometrial cancer analyses, significant interactions of total nut intake with body mass index and cigarette smoking status were found. The results of this study suggest that intake of total nuts, tree nuts, peanuts, and peanut butter is not related to the risk of endometrial or ovarian cancer. The observed interactions in the endometrial cancer analyses, in particular with cigarette smoking status, require confirmation in other studies.

Ratio of dopamine, hormones, autoantibodies of the pituitary-thyroid body and regimen factorsin the indigenous population of Yamal

The aim is to study the problem of the actual nutrition effect on the state of the pituitary-thyroid body in the indigenous population of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District in connection with the change of traditional nutrition and the deteriorating environmental situation. Methods. 212 inhabitants (aged 21-50 years old) were surveyed, among them 63 - representatives of tundra and 149 -settlement population. The levels of hormones, autoantibodies, dopamine, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) were determined by immunoenzyme and radioisotope methods in serum and plasma. The absolute values of the actual magnitudes of the daily average diet, the medians of the indicators, the percentages of their deviations from the reference limits, the Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated. Results. The tundra population in comparison with the settlement is characterized by a lower content of free thyroxine, an integral thyroid index against the background of higher levels of thyrotropine and thyreoglobulin with lowering levels of antibodies to thyroglobulin. In the tundra population, the daily intake of deer's blood, broad whitefish, butter, macaroni and flour is higher, while in the settlement - chicken, cheese, and apples. In the tundra population, positive correlations with cAMP content were revealed with the consumption of broad whitefish, vendace, local berries, carrots, onions, vegetable oil and negative - with the consumption of smoked sausage and tea. Consumption of pike, smelt negatively correlated with the content of total and free thyroxine fractions. Negative links were found between the amount of broad whitefish consumption and the thyroglobulin content, and the antibodies content to thyroglobulin and thyroperoxidase - positive. Conclusions. The thyroid status and feeding habits in tundra and settlement indigenous people are different. Traditional foods are positively correlated with cAMP content. The consumption of local fish negatively correlates with the content of thyroglobulin, iodothyronines and positively with the levels of autoantibodies.