Business Incubators Research Articles

Analisis Peran dan Fungsi Science Techno Park, Technology Transfer Office dan Technology Business Incubator untuk Mendukung Proses Komersialisasi Hasil Riset Perguruan Tinggi (Studi Kasus: Universitas Telkom)

The government has launched a program to increase research in universities and commercialize research results in order to improve the economy and foster an entrepreneurial spirit from an early age, besides that it is expected to have an impact on society and the surrounding environment to support the era of globalization and digitalization which is increasingly developing today. the purpose of this study is to re-identify how the role and function of each of these entities in order to support the commercialization of research results of the Telkom University academic community and how the entities relate to each other which can be mapped through the Entity Relationship Diagram. this research uses qualitative research. The object of research is the technology transfer office, technology business incubator, and science techno park incorporated in the Bandung Techno Park area. The results of this study indicate that the function and role of STP is to create a culture of entrepreneurship and commercialize innovative products from the Telkom University academic community. the function and role of TTO is to protect Intellectual Property from the results of innovative products and commercialize in the form of Industrial Licensing or Cooperation contracts. The function and role of TBI is to develop entrepreneurship programs, business incubation and form spinoff companies. The relationship between these three entities is that STP oversees innovation products from upstream to downstream in its area, which is the Directorate of BTP and PPM. TTO helps the process of being born from the innovation products escorted by STP, which can be said to be BTP as a whole more specifically in the KI&TTO Center, then also PT BUT. TBI is in the middle of STP and TTO whether it needs to be incubated or can be directly commercialized, which is the BTP Incubator and Business Innovation (IIB) unit.

Regional competition, spatial spillover effects, and entrepreneurship subsidy policies—evidence from incubators in Guangdong, China

ABSTRACT Using data from 2016 to 2018 for all incubators in Guangdong, China, we find that for start-up incubators, the average subsidy level of the city where the incubator is located is significantly positively correlated with the number of patents obtained per unit area of the incubator, regardless of the subsidy amount obtained by the incubator itself. However, this phenomenon is not significant for incubators that have been established for more than 1 year. The subsidy policy of the local government has a significant positive direct effect on the number of patents obtained per unit area of local incubators, but a significant negative indirect effect on incubators in neighbouring regions. Both effects are similar in magnitude, with the overall effect of the subsidy policy being almost completely offset. Therefore, owing to the spatial spillover effect, a considerable part of the effect of the local government subsidy policy only manifests as competition for high-quality enterprises between regions, and the actual improvement of the operational performance of the enterprises themselves is not obvious. Therefore, ignoring the spatial spillover effect of subsidy policies greatly reduces their actual effect.

ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF SEED PRODUCTION

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to propose recommendations for the formation of models of innovative development of the seed industry based on the generalization of the research of scientists and the practical experience of the functioning of subjects of the seed industry. Methodology of research. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method of cognition, a systematic approach to the study of economic phenomena, scientific developments of domestic and foreign scientists on issues of seed production, in particular. The following methods were used in the research process: abstract and logical - for the purpose of forming assumptions, hypotheses, as well as conclusions and generalizations; analysis and synthesis - when assessing the state of the seed industry and substantiating proposals for its improvement and ensuring full-fledged development in the future. Findings. On the basis of the conducted research, it was established that the current situation in the field of seed production is characterized by a violation of partnership relationships "science – seed companies – agricultural enterprises", does not provide a full understanding of the directions of its development, therefore, not only the in-depth study of the processes taking place, but also the improvement of the organizational and legal foundations of the formation and operation of the breeding and seed complex are substantiated. Originality. On the basis of the results, recommendations are proposed for the formation of development models of the seed industry, which can be presented as various organizational and legal forms of management and unite scientific institutions, agricultural enterprises and seed companies. Further development of the mentioned models can be carried out in the direction of creating an open agricultural and production (trade) business incubator. Practical value. The practical application of the recommendations will contribute to the formation of regional clusters in the field of seed production, which will ensure the formation of economic incentives for domestic scientists who are engaged in the breeding of new varieties of agricultural crops and their practical use in the technological process of farms of the corporate sector of the agrarian economy. Key words: system, seed production, innovation, development, selection, agricultural crops.

Business incubators and their impact on startup success: A review in the USA

This review critically examines the significance of business incubators in shaping the success trajectories of startups, focusing on the dynamic landscape within the United States. Business incubators, specialized environments designed to support early-stage ventures, have become integral to fostering innovation and entrepreneurial growth. The review explores the diverse ways in which these incubators influence startup success, encompassing key elements such as access to funding, mentorship programs, collaborative workspaces, and networking opportunities. In the context of the USA, where a robust startup ecosystem thrives, the review analyzes the impact of business incubators on the financial aspects of startups. It investigates how access to funding channels, facilitated by incubators, contributes to the viability and sustainability of emerging enterprises. Additionally, the quality of mentorship provided within these incubators is scrutinized, emphasizing its pivotal role in guiding entrepreneurs through the complexities of business development and strategy formulation. Furthermore, the review delves into the collaborative environments that business incubators cultivate. Examining how shared workspaces, networking events, and collaborative initiatives foster a sense of community and knowledge exchange, the review highlights the social dynamics that contribute to startup success. The interconnectedness and knowledge-sharing culture within incubators are explored as catalysts for innovative thinking and problem-solving. As the startup landscape evolves, understanding the nuanced impact of business incubators in the USA becomes imperative for entrepreneurs, policymakers, and investors. This review provides insights into the multifaceted ways in which business incubators contribute to the success of startups, offering a comprehensive overview of the supportive ecosystems that play a pivotal role in shaping the entrepreneurial landscape in the United States.

Contextualising gender policy in tech entrepreneurship: a cross national and multiple-level analysis

PurposeIn order to address the gender divide in technology entrepreneurship, we explore how different national contexts impact policies and policy implementation. We investigate how transnational concerns (macro level) about women’s low participation in (technology) entrepreneurship are translated and implemented amongst actors at the meso level (technology incubators) and understood at the micro level (women tech entrepreneurs).Design/methodology/approachWe adopt gender institutionalism as a theoretical lens to understand what happens in the implementation of gender equality goals in technology entrepreneurship policy. We apply Gains and Lowndes’ (2014) conceptual framework to investigate the gendered character and effects of institutional formation. Four countries represent different levels of gender equality: high (Norway and Sweden), medium (Ireland) and low (Israel). An initial policy document analysis provides the macro level understanding (Heilbrunn et al., 2020). At the meso level, managers of technology business incubators (n = 3–5) in each country were interviewed. At the micro level, 10 female technology entrepreneurs in each country were interviewed. We use an inductive research approach, combined with thematic analysis.FindingsPolicies differ across the four countries, ranging from women-centred approaches to gender mainstreaming. Macro level policies are interpreted and implemented in different ways amongst actors at the meso level, who tend to act in line with given national policies. Actors at the micro level often understand gender equality in ways that reflect their national policies. However, women in all four countries share similar struggles with work-life balance and gendered expectations in relation to family responsibilities.Originality/valueThe contribution of our paper is to (1) entrepreneurship theory by applying gendered institutionalism theory to (tech) entrepreneurship, and (2) our findings clearly show that the gendered context matters for policy implementation.

Analysis of the Development of Innovation Environments: The Case of Governance in Technology Parks and Incubators of Santa Maria/RS

O objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar as principais características e desenvolvimentoda governança dos ambientes de inovação no município de Santa Maria. A base teórica para o desenvolvimento do artigo consistiu nomodelo de governança proposto por Provan e Kenis (2008) da Organização Administrativa da Rede (OAR). Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se entrevistas em profundidade, além de dados secundários que foram analisados através da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Como resultados, verificou-se que ambientes de inovação maduros possuem uma governança semelhante a OAR, porém indica-se aprofundar os estudos com outros agentes desses ambientes. Quanto aos ambientes de inovação embrionários e em crescimento/ desenvolvimento ainda necessitam de uma maior estruturação internade seus ambientes e trabalhar questões principalmente no que se refere aconfiança, integração e comprometimento em rede.

The Management of Business and Technology Incubators in Brazil

Objective: This article presents effective guidelines for the management of business and technology incubators in the Brazilian context. Method: The research covers an analyzed context of 56 incubators located in different regions of the country. The recommended practices were identified based on a thorough analysis of the information available on institutional websites and the incubators' documents. Results and Conclusion: The study focuses on three key areas: the selection process, the activities carried out by the incubator, and the marketing and dissemination strategies. As far as the selection process is concerned, practices such as the participation of partners in the evaluation of projects, the division of the process into careful stages, the analysis of the internationalization potential of the ventures, and the evaluation of the behavioral profile of the entrepreneurs involved stand out. About the activities promoted by the incubator, it is worth highlighting the offer of courses aimed at business development, the stimulation of innovation through technological support, the sharing of resources such as university laboratories, and the creation of collaborative networks between entrepreneurs. In terms of marketing and dissemination strategies, recommended practices include creating a bank of opportunities for startups, and using the university's institutional media as a platform for visibility and access to online resources to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and information. Research Implications: This study offers a valuable contribution to the understanding of the successful strategies adopted by Brazilian incubators in promoting entrepreneurship and innovation, providing a solid guide for the effective management of these important centers of entrepreneurial and technological development in the country.

Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Pendapat Asli Desa (PAD) melalui Pendirian dan Pelatihan Pojok Digital UMKM di Kabupaten Sumedang

The SMEs Go-Digital Corner is one of the outcomes of collaboration between the Regional Development Planning Agency (BAPPEDA) of Sumedang and Oorange & DIGITS UNPAD - the Business Incubator Center of Universitas Padjadjaran. It represents a Pentahelix program collaboration for the implementation of the SMEs Go Digital program in Sumedang. The overall objective of this program is to provide encouragement and stimulus to UMKM actors in Sumedang, particularly in 22 villages affected by Covid-19. The general goal of this initiative is to help businesses in these 22 villages sustain and grow by utilizing online sales and facilitating logistics delivery. This initiative involves the participation of 11 lecturers from various faculties at Universitas Padjadjaran, 110 integrated Community Service Program (KKN) students, SMEs actors, BUMDes executives, and internet service providers. The digital corner activities took place from September 2021 to February 2022. The outcomes of this initiative include the establishment of 22 internet sources that can be utilized by the community in these 22 villages, comprising 14 Indihome packages and 8 Orbit packages. These 22 points can be maximized to create digital corners through various activities to enhance the Village-Owned Enterprises' revenue through optimal management by BUMDes.

Innovate to Elevate: Understanding the Nexus of Entrepreneurship, Business Incubation Centers (BICs), and Economic Growth. A Review of Literature

Purpose: This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted impact of Business Incubation Centers (BICs) on economic growth and the broader startup ecosystemDesign/Methodology: Drawing on various research streams, encompassing entrepreneurship, BIC practices, geographical analysis, performance measurement, and theoretical developments, the study employs the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology to enhance transparency and effectiveness in the review process. The central focus is on elucidating the critical role of BICs in fostering innovation, providing crucial support to startups, and ultimately contributing to economic prosperity.Findings: The review identifies the significance of cultivating an entrepreneurial attitude among founders and emphasizes the proactive role of marketing in ensuring the success of startups within BICs. Striking a delicate balance between providing support and promoting excellence emerges as a key theme in the analysis. In conclusion, the review affirms that BICs play a pivotal role in driving economic growth and fostering innovation within the startup ecosystem.Originality: The future outlook for BICs is promising, with the potential for significant economic transformation. The study suggests that future research should hone in on critical areas such as startup selection, incubator roles, comparative survival rates, and accountability. Additionally, leveraging technological advancements and conducting in-depth analyses can further strengthen the overall incubation ecosystem. This review serves as a comprehensive resource for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners interested in understanding the dynamic interplay between BICs, economic growth, and innovation in the contemporary business landscape.

Dorm-preneurship as Entrepreneurial Living and Learning: An Educational Design Ethnography

Entrepreneurship residence halls/dorms have been appearing on more and more campuses, especially in the United States and Canada. However, there is a very thin knowledge base on which to construct and design these expensive campus facilities/programs. Sometimes called “dormcubators,” these facilities/programs are linked to both the university business incubation (UBI) and living-learning communities (LLC) movements. As a result, the design and delivery of these hybrid spaces/programs can be oriented toward achieving economic (i.e., starting companies), social (i.e., building communities), and/or educational (i.e., entrepreneurial learning) outcomes. Prior research on other kinds of post-secondary LLCs suggests that the intended outcomes are also likely accompanied by unintended negative consequences for students and faculty. To understand how various dorm-preneurship program designs have worked in practice, this paper applies an ‘educational design ethnography’ approach to four different residential entrepreneurship programs at the University of Waterloo, Canada. The key finding is that problems arise when dorm-preneurship programs lack any link to educational/curricular outcomes and focus only on economic objectives or social ones. Four design principles are developed to guide research and development of similar programs in other contexts.

Start-ups within entrepreneurial ecosystems: Transition towards a circular economy

This article explores the role of start-ups within entrepreneurial ecosystems in driving the transition towards a circular economy. It emphasises the importance of understanding and supporting circular start-ups for broader sustainability impacts. Unlike established firms, start-ups can readily adopt ambitious circular business models (CBMs) without the risk of business model cannibalisation and with the agility to adapt to market trends. CBMs enhance value creation, delivery and capture resource flows in an optimised non-linear fashion. Scaling up CBMs is crucial for overall economic, social and environmental benefits. Hence, leveraging the key entrepreneurial ecosystems actors, such as universities, business incubators and related venture development intermediaries, is vital for start-up support. In this special issue, we have invited researchers to submit contributions that delve into the dynamics among start-ups, entrepreneurial ecosystems and the circular economy, aiming to enrich our understanding of the early stage start-up development process with the aim of promoting the circular economy at a firm, regional or national level.

Entrepreneurial fear of failure and exit intention: The moderating role of a conducive social environment

This article investigates the relationship between entrepreneurial fear of failure, exit intentions and the moderating impact of a conducive social environment, particularly business incubators, in the context of a developing economy. It provides empirical evidence on how different sources of fear of failure influence an entrepreneur’s intention to exit a venture. Building on social-cognitive theory and leveraging survey data collected from 255 practising entrepreneurs, we show that sources of failure related to the self lead to higher exit intentions whereas external sources of failure do not trigger such intentions. Notably, the positive relationship between self-related fear of failure and exit intention is reduced when entrepreneurs operate within the supportive framework of business incubators. This study highlights the specific dynamics of developing economies that can have profound impacts on the psychology of entrepreneurs. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into how fear of failure shapes entrepreneurial outcomes and how a supportive social environment can mitigate its negative impact, particularly in a developing country context such as Pakistan.

The impact of dynamic marketing capabilities on startup performance: A case of business incubators in Jordan

Dynamic marketing capabilities provide startups with the platform and market knowledge that entitle them to achieve their goals and survive the competition. The study aims to examine the impact of dynamic marketing capabilities dimensions on startups’ performance in Jordan. This quantitative study employs a questionnaire to solicit answers from respondents who are the incubates that use business incubator services. A total of 302 entrepreneurs from different incubator centers in Jordan participated in the online survey. Using the SmartPLS program version 4, structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to examine the study model. The findings indicate that startup performance is significantly impacted by dynamic marketing capabilities (β = 0.937, t = 127.2, p = >0.00). Concerning absorptive capacity, both dimensions revealed a significant impact on startup performance: potential absorptive capacity (β = 0.251, t = 7.932, p > 0.000) and realized absorptive capacity (β = 0.177, t = 5.409, p > 0.000). For knowledge management, the results for knowledge acquisition were β = 0.360, t = 11.089, p = >0.000, for knowledge dissemination, β = 0.102, t = 2.367, p = >0.018, and for responsiveness to knowledge β = 0.318, t = 6.852, p = >0.000.

Organizational and legal assessment of the impact of relocation on the investment and economic policy of enterprises

The object of the study is the process of relocation of Ukrainian enterprises both within the country and abroad. The problem of the study, first of all, is that the relocation of business for domestic business entities was not very relevant recently, and the practical experience of moving capacities is practically absent. An analysis of the difficulties encountered by entrepreneurs when deciding to relocate the company was carried out. In addition, the study examines the enterprise relocation program proposed by the government and its shortcomings that make it difficult to use. It was determined that among the main problems of the state program of relocation are the insufficient information base and awareness of the existing program, the lack of established communication between the participants of the process. It was emphasized that entrepreneurs need additional financing for the time of adaptation and stabilization of their business in new regions, expansion of infrastructure in the form of creation of business incubators, business hubs and business accelerators. However, there are almost no innovative relocation companies in the studied regions. It is necessary to stimulate innovative activity with long-term sectoral development programs and fiscal incentives, since the relocation of enterprises in modern conditions is an effective tool for the restoration of entrepreneurial activity in new regions of the country, which in turn ensures the relative stability of the economy, provides jobs, guarantees the production of national products and services, as well as the possibility of their implementation on the international market. Potential solutions have been analyzed and determined, which can contribute to revitalizing the relocation of businesses and making the process more successful. However, this requires state support and additional funding, which will help bring the enterprise relocation program to a new level, which in turn will help enterprises to continue their activities and have a positive impact on the state's economy. This study can become a reference point for Ukrainian business in the near future. Also, the research can be useful for the authorities, the public and the university environment.

From Dust to Buzz: Reconfiguring space for organization-creation

In this paper, we examine the relationship between space and entrepreneurship, understood as organization-creation, by drawing on Deleuze and Guattari’s spatial theorizing. Building on an ethnographic study of the Nordic Start-Up Incubator, we focus on the ongoing material, discursive and affective reconfiguration of space to promote entrepreneurial ‘buzz’. We show how emancipatory promises (smoothings) are entangled with a logic of enterprise (striations), and how this ambiguity is enacted (folds) as organization-creation emerges spatially. This allows us to problematize the distinction often made between entrepreneurial spaces of emancipation and managerial spaces of control and to consider how they may co-constitute each other through subtle twists and turns. We conclude by discussing this multiplicity and ambiguity with regard to the politics of entrepreneurial spaces.

The importance of being privileged: Digital entrepreneurship as a class project

Abstract Established professional occupations can become the preserve of elites when fitting in is driven by class-based criteria. In contrast, digital entrepreneurship has been proposed as a means by which people may emancipate themselves from societal constraints. We interrogate digital entrepreneurship’s meritocratic foundations by way of a 36-month ethnography of a startup incubator. Attending to the dispositions of digital entrepreneurs, we reveal they use cultural tastes and manners to create the incubator as a place where members of the privileged class can reinvent themselves at their leisure, all the while adopting the meritocratic mythologies of digital entrepreneurship to disavow their own privilege. This opens up a two-fold contribution to the study of professions and occupations. Firstly, we demonstrate how professional and occupational roles are epiphenomenal to class positioning. Secondly, the parallels between the legitimating discourses of entrepreneurs and more established professional jurisdictions attest to a community that is in the process of professionalization.

From business incubator to crucible: a new perspective on entrepreneurial support

PurposeAlthough business incubators are a widely recognized form of entrepreneurial support, this paper aims to challenge the assumption that incubation is necessarily beneficial for early-stage entrepreneurs, and considers cases where, due to variability in the motives and behaviours of entrepreneurs, incubation may be unwarranted or even undesireable.Design/methodology/approachThis study presents a theoretically derived typology of incubated entrepreneurs, based on their entrepreneurial competence and capacity for learning, which asserts that incubation may be unwarranted or even undesireable for three of the four proposed entrepreneur types. Qualitative data from interviews with entrepreneurs and managing directors from 10 business incubators is used to illustrate the existence of these types.FindingsThe data provides evidence of entrepreneurial types whose incubation may be counterproductive to the goals and objectives of their host incubators.Practical implicationsImplications for incubator management (intake screening and ongoing monitoring of portfolio) are developed and aimed at improving the outcomes of business incubation for stakeholders.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the incubation typology literature by challenging a widely held assumption that entrepreneurs have the potential to benefit from incubation and by reconceptualizing incubators as “crucibles” that perform a critical function in distinguishing high-potential entrepreneurs.

The Impact of Urban Public Services on the Residence Intentions of Migrant Entrepreneurs in the Western Region of China

Balanced regional development affects high-quality and sustainable development. Previous studies have shown that regional talent allocation, technology business incubators, industrial ecology, cross-regional cooperation, and balanced investment in higher education have positive effects on sustained regional development. Therefore, discussing more influencing factors that promote regionally balanced development is necessary. As far as China is concerned, with the spread of the migrant population to the central and western regions, it is of certain significance to explore the factors affecting the development of the western region from the perspective of migrant entrepreneurs’ flow. Urban public services, as an important way for the government to attract talent, directly affect the residence intentions of migrant entrepreneurs in the future. This paper uses the matching data of the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey and 289 prefecture-level city data from the China City Statistical Yearbook to study the impact of urban public services in the western region on the residence intention of migrant entrepreneurs and further examines the heterogeneous impact of urban public services in the western region on the residence intention of migrant entrepreneurs. We find that urban public services in the western region significantly affect the residence intention of migrant entrepreneurs; that is, the higher the level of urban public services, the stronger the residence intention of migrant entrepreneurs. According to the heterogeneity analysis of household registration differences, generational differences, family structure differences, employment identity differences, and industry and flow range differences, this paper finds that public services have a positive impact on the residence intention of non-urban migrant entrepreneurs, the older generation of migrant entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs with small family structures, migrant entrepreneurs in low-tech industries, self-employed entrepreneurs, cross-province migration, and intra-province migrant entrepreneurs. Further analysis indicates that the level of education, culture, medical care, and transportation services in cities significantly enhances the permanent residence intentions of migrant entrepreneurs. The research conclusion not only provides reference and inspiration for China to achieve common prosperity through entrepreneurship and poverty reduction practices, but it can also, to some extent, alleviate population aggregation in large cities and promote the formation of a scientific and reasonable urbanization pattern. In addition, this paper explores the attractiveness of public services to migrant entrepreneurs in the western region of China from the perspective of entrepreneurs’ mobility and complements the relevant research on promoting regional balanced development.

Інфраструктура підтримки малого підприємництва в україні

The article reveals the essence of the infrastructure structure that supports small businesses as an environment and the conditions for producing goods/services. The classification of the infrastructure of the support system for small and medium-sized businesses has been given. The small business support infrastructure components have been singled out: financial and credit, organizational and legal, informational and consulting, production and technical, social and environmental. Attention has been focused on the peculiarities of the functioning of infrastructure facilities supporting small businesses (business centers, business incubators, innovative business incubators, scientific and technological centers, technology transfer centers, small business support funds, leasing funds, consulting centers, other enterprises, institutions, and organizations) depending on the level of their function (state, regional, local). An analysis of small business support infrastructure facilities as of the end of 2023 was carried out. It has been found that the extensiveness of the infrastructure created by the state is used as one of the criteria for assessing the level of state support for the development of small businesses. It has been proposed to evaluate the innovative infrastructure of small business support of a separate region, considering the Digital Transformation Index, which includes the following sub-indices: institutional capacity, access to the internet, development of the Administrative Service Centers (TsNAPs), implementation of the paperless regime, digital education, the business card of the region, penetration of basic e-services, sectoral digital transformation. Keywords: small business, support infrastructure, infrastructure facility, innovative infrastructure, digital transformation.

The Effect of Science & Technology Park, Market Segregation and Commercialization Support on Female Entrepreneurship in Pakistan

Female students have few opportunities and training to develop their entrepreneurial careers in developing economies. The existing literature also provides little discussion of linking women’s entrepreneurial intention with their entrepreneurial careers. The researchers addressed the gaps in the literature by empirically confirming the impact of science and technology parks, market segregation, and commercialization support on female students’ entrepreneurship in Pakistan. The study also tested the moderating role of the economic climate on the relationship between science and technology parks, market segregation, commercialization support, and female students’ entrepreneurship. We used a survey-based data collection approach, and a Likert scale questionnaire was administered. The study used data collected from 247 female students registered in business incubators. The research findings are new in the literature and confirm the science & technology park, market segregation and commercialization support are significant antecedents that influence the entrepreneurial intention of female students in Pakistan. The impact of female students’ entrepreneurial intention is positive on their entrepreneurship careers. Meanwhile, the economic climate is established as a negative moderator between female students’ entrepreneurial intention and their entrepreneurial careers in Pakistan. We recommend that policymakers develop the science & technology park, market segregation and commercialization support for female students to grow their entrepreneurial careers.