Business Equipment Research Articles

Research on the Predictive Ability of Economic Policy Uncertainty on Stock Returns of Industries

In recent years, the emergence of economic policy uncertainty has had a certain impact on stock returns. It can be used as a research object to explore whether economic policy uncertainty can significantly predict future stock returns. This paper studies the predictive ability of economic policy uncertainty based on relevant data from major industries in the United States from January 1985 to December 2023, including Food industry (Food), Retail Stores industry (Rtail), Fabricated Products industry (FabPr), Drugs, Soap, Perfumes, Tobacco industry (Cnsum), Construction and Construction Materials industry (Cnstr), Consumer Durables industry (Durbl), Automobiles industry (Cars), Textiles, Apparel & Footwear industry (Clths), Machinery and Business Equipment industry (Machn), Chemicals industry (Chems), and Transportation industry(Trans), Utilities industry (Utils), Steel Works Etc industry (Steel), Mining and Minerals industry(Mines), Oil and Petroleum Products industry (Oil), and Banks, Insurance Companies, and Other Financials industry (Finan). Through both in-sample and out-of-sample examines, it is found that economic policy uncertainty is a reliable indicator for predicting stock returns, and its predictive performance is better in Food industry, Retail Stores industry, Fabricated Products industry, Transportation industry, Construction and Construction Materials industry, Consumer Durables industry, Automobiles industry, Textiles, Apparel & Footwear industry, Machinery and Business Equipment industry, Chemicals industry, and Drugs, Soap, Perfumes, Tobacco industry than in Utilities industry, Steel Works Etc industry, Mining and Minerals industry, Oil and Petroleum Products industry, and Banks, Insurance Companies, and Other Financials industry. Meanwhile, by replacing the measurement indicator of economic policy uncertainty, conducting long-horizon forecasting, and using different evaluation periods for robustness checks, it is found that the research conclusions are robust.

The Peran Intervensi Gizi Sensitif (Program Kesehatan Lingkungan, Masalah Kemiskinan dan Pemberdayaan Perempuan) dalam Perbaikan Masalah Gizi Balita Stunting di Kelurahan Landasan Ulin Utara

Stunting is defined as a state of short or very short stature caused by linear growth that fails to reach its proper genetic potential. Stunting affects brain growth and development. Stunted children also have a higher risk of suffering from chronic diseases in their adult years. Stunting reduction requires integrated interventions, including specific nutrition interventions and sensitive nutrition interventions. This study aims to identify sensitive nutritional interventions (environmental health programs, poverty issues and women's empowerment) in overcoming the nutritional problem of stunting toddlers. This type of research is qualitative which is analyzed descriptively and in-depth interviews and observations with research samples are informants from the non-health sector, namely village heads, RW heads, RT heads, PKK. The sampling technique was carried out by purposive sampling technique. This research was conducted in the Village of Landasan Ulin Utara, Banjarbaru City. The results showed sensitive nutritional interventions for environmental health (clean Saturday or Sunday program, mutual cooperation, and eco engine training), poverty issues (keluarga harapan program, provision of BST, BLT BBM, KIS, BPJS, PNPM, and business equipment assistance), and women's empowerment (DASHAT program, MSME training, seed and livestock assistance). Sensitive nutritional interventions can be carried out on an ongoing basis and combined with specific nutritional interventions in handling stunting toddler nutritional problems.

Scale Up Program Urgency for IKM Mitra Gula Semut at Gunung Kukusan Hargorejo, Kokap Kulonprogo

Abstract. The development of Small and Medium Industry (IKM) centers is one of the priorities in Kulonprogo Regency, including ant sugar centers. Nyawiji Mulyo is an ant sugar center that has problems in terms of institutions and organizational management, especially governance, HR, and marketing. This PKM program aims to increase the business capacity of the Nyawiji Mulyo Center through assistance in the preparation of governance, improvement of management of human resources, preparation of business processes, organizational administration, and marketing. The methods used are Focus Group Discussion, training, counseling, and coaching. The target of the program is the newly formed Nyawiji Mulyo Board, but it does not have organizational insight, institutional insight, or marketing. Program outputs are publications in mass media, national journal publications, and national dissemination of Service Results. Until this Report is prepared, the activities that have been carried out are Focus Group Discussion on organizational governance, strengthening organizational structure with division of tasks, and business differentiation literacy. Activities that have not yet run are business equipment grants which are currently still being discussed. The grant given in the first phase is the purchase of new packaging and initial capital for a trial of a flavor differentiation product.

Clusters in industrial ecosystems – new innovative trends in the development of post-war Ukraine

The article discusses the importance of creating and developing clusters in the context of the digital economy and socio-ecological transformation. The main goal is to unite competencies and resources through common strategies and projects to increase the innovative potential of clusters and their participants. The article emphasizes the need to build and support industrial-technological partnerships worldwide as a key task for industrial clusters. The importance of developing the production sector and supporting one's own technological level for the development of the economy and ensuring national well-being, particularly in Ukraine, is also highlighted in the article.Different ways and motives are proposed for strategic partnerships between clusters, including cooperation in management training, identification of international innovations, exploration of new markets, and initiation of international scientific research projects.The need to create a professional management team of clusters was emphasized in times of digitalization, economic and socio-ecological transformation, as only clusters cover various areas of knowledge and will closely cooperate with other market participants. Moreover, increasing the innovation potential of clusters and their participants is becoming more and more important. This facilitates the pooling of competences and resources through joint strategies and joint projects.The importance of identifying structural gaps in industrial ecosystems to maximize the benefits of potential collaborations and promote innovative policies for upgrading business processes and equipment is considered. The geographical boundaries of the industrial ecosystem are determined by the interdependencies that connect organizations within its boundaries and new ties that strengthen beyond its boundaries. Industrial ecosystems are defined as multi-level production systems that include heterogeneous agents involved in value chains, as well as those who contribute to the realization of their potential and the country's productive capacity. The value chain can be divided into five main types of activities: inbound logistics, production, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and after-sales services, and may also contain secondary or supporting activities that contribute to the effectiveness of the main activities. The article emphasizes that defining the real boundaries of industrial ecosystems is critical for governments interested in supporting them and transforming them into closed-loop innovation systems.

ZAKAT FUND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR MUSTAHIK WELFARE MAQASHID SHARIA PERSPECTIVE

The purpose of this study is to explain the Management Strategy of Zakat Funds towards Mustahik in the Perspective of Maqashid Sharia Case Study at Baznas Samarinda City Prov. East Kalimantan. With the formulation of the problem: 1. What are the indicators used to identify Mustahik Faqir and Poor Groups who are entitled to receive Zakat funds? 2. How is the impact of acceptance and Zakat on Mustahik from the Faqir and Poor groups in the Maqashid Sharia perspective? This research is qualitatively descriptive with a sociological approach, data collection methods are observations, interviews and documentation at Baznas Samarinda City. Data analysis techniques are reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the Management Strategy of Zakat Funds Towards Mustahik in the Perspective of the Maqashid Sharia Case Study at Baznas Samarinda Prov. East Kalimantan. namely, the program is channelled into 5 programs: Samarinda Smart, Samarinda Healthy, Samarinda Empowered, Samarinda Berdakwah, and Samarinda Care by covering the fields of Economy, Health, Education, Da'wah, and Humanity. Indicators of zakat recipients used to determine the mustahik zakat categories of poor and poor, namely: a. Home/residence ownership index by looking at the condition of the house (roof, floor, walls), whether the family owns a house or not, the source of residential lighting. b. Ownership of assets including assets owned by families or individuals, local transportation owned, and facilities in accessing news/information. c. Income by looking at sources of income not exceeding 1,000,0000 and not having savings / high-value goods. The impact of the distribution of zakat funds on the welfare of mustahiq from the poor and poor groups in the maqashid sharia perspective is that the distribution of zakat funds is carried out in the form of consumptive zakat fund assistance, with this mustahiq program can increase their income which the percentage level of success is 80 per cent (%) as evidenced by surveys by Baznas Samarinda and information reports from the results of mustahiq businesses that experience profits and can meet their basic needs. Mustahiq has been able to independently change the status of mustahik to munfiq or muzakki through business capital assistance and business equipment assistance that has been provided by Bazas Samarinda City.

SMALL BUSINESS ASSISTANCE FOR YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS IN POST EARTHQUAKE DISASTER AREAS CARIU VILLAGE, CUGENANG CIANJUR

The natural disaster earthquake that occurred in Cianjur, West Java on November 21 2022 caused 331 deaths and 593 injuries. This earthquake resulted in loss of productivity and the death of small businesses, including household businesses. According to data from the Cianjur Regency Industrial and Trade Cooperatives Service, there are around 4,547 MSMEs and community groups affected, one of which is Karang Taruna, where Karang Taruna has a role in society to realize the social responsibility of the younger generation as a civic movement. As an effort to restore the economy, an economic recovery assistance program has been implemented, especially for youth organizations, including entrepreneurship training, capital assistance, policy support and increased understanding of disasters to assist post-earthquake recovery. This collaborative effort is part of economic resilience and part of mitigation in society. This activity was realized by providing business motivation and providing three complete sets of business equipment for selling chicken noodles, meatballs and chicken porridge as well as providing assistance with one laptop unit for youth youth activities. This community service was attended by around 30 members of the youth organization and 70 mothers. This assistance is still very small in the hope that there will be sustainable activities for the recovery of the community's economic sector after the earthquake.

Emotional Engagement and Trading Performance

Emotional involvement is known to be necessary but not sufficient for good decision making in the face of uncertainty. It has been conjectured that emotional engagement in anticipation of risky outcomes constitutes “good” emotions. We introduce a new methodology to determine whether anticipatory emotional engagement is beneficial in the context of trading in financial markets. We focus on heart rate changes because they occur at a sufficiently high frequency to discern timing relative to events in the marketplace. After conservatively adjusting for multiple hypothesis testing, we find that participants whose heart rate changes anticipate their order submissions at inflated prices earn significantly more, whereas participants whose heart rate responds to their trades earn significantly less. By investigating cointegration between skin conductance response and the dynamics of individual portfolio values, we confirm the importance of emotional involvement in determining who makes or loses money. This paper was accepted by Bruno Biais, finance. Funding: This work was supported by the Australian Research Council [Grants DP180102284 and LE130100112]. The authors also thank the Monash Business School for funds associated with the Monash Business Behavioural Laboratory facility and equipment used in this study. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4883 .

Support from the government for SMEs in South Africa

This study intended to investigate how the Lephalale Local Municipality's small and medium companies (SMEs) are hampered by a lack of government support. This study also aims to demonstrate how SMEs face difficulties in surviving as a result of problems in the business environment. Consequently, the government of South Africa has programs to assist SMEs. The growth of SMEs is important for advancing innovation, wealth distribution, and employment. The majority of SMEs launch and maintain their businesses with their own money. By using a qualitative research approach and semi-structured in-person, phone, and email interviews to collect data, the goals of this study were met. There were 318 registered SMEs in the area. Using purposive sampling methods, data from operational enterprises with a lifespan of 0 to 5 years were gathered. Atlas TI 8 was used to evaluate the data. The primary conclusions of this study show that (i) small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) find it difficult to maintain their operations because they lack access to capital and business equipment. This fails if SMEs are not given the proper support. Because they lack the resources to compete with big companies, SMEs find it challenging. (ii) Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) should think about enrolling in bookkeeping training and sending their staff to business training in order to network for the survival of the company. In order to assist SMEs in fulfilling the requirements for maintaining their enterprises, this study advises the government to examine present standards. With the right assistance, SMEs can create business plans and maintain operations, which will result in the creation of jobs, particularly for local communities. The government ought to think about mentoring and overseeing sponsored SMEs.

Pengembangan Usaha dan Ekonomi Masyarakat Melalui BUMDES Munggaran

The presence of Bumdes plays a role in developing the community's business and economy. In the last 6 years the number of Bumdes in Indonesia has continued to increase every year but its development is still diverse. This study aims to find out how the implementation, obstacles and success of the Munggaran Bumdes program in an effort to develop the business and economy of the community in Panumbangan Village. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques used are interviews, observations, and documentation studies. The results of the research in the field show that the Munggaran Bumdes has helped the community through capital assistance and business equipment, as well as providing training for both administrators and the community. In its implementation there are several obstacles such as lack of capital, limited knowledge of Bumdes management, lack of community participation. However, the benefits of the Bumdes Program can also be felt, marked by an increase in community income although it is not significant, the growth of group independence, and increasing public awareness related to efforts to improve the welfare of poor families around them.

Faktor Eksternal Pendorong Invasi Pertanaman Jagung di Wilayah Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan Lindung Ampang Plampang, Kabupaten sumbawa

Invasion of corn plantations in the Ampang KPHL area can disrupt not only the function but also the existence of the forest, so it needs to be handled comprehensively. This study aims to determine the external factors driving the invasion of corn plantation in KPHL Ampang. This research is a descriptive research, data and information are extracted through searching the key actors, online and through interviews. Data and information were tabulated and analyzed descriptively. The results show the external factors driving corn plantation in KPHL Ampang, including: Regulatory factors and implementation of regulations at the site level that support the development of corn plantation widely; The attractiveness of business profits from corn plantation; and The ease of obtaining capital assistance, training, market access, and business equipment. In relation to the forest encroachment invasion, the Government needs to consider the impact of a policy across sectors before a policy is implemented. The government also needs to provide guidance, control and assistance to farmers as implementing actors in the field.

Typology of Poverty and Its Implications for Poverty Reduction Policies

The purpose of this study is to identify conditions, characteristics, access, social environment, and opportunities that can be utilized by the poor based on regional typology in Gorontalo Province. From the results of this study, it is hoped that various policies can be formulated to help the poor get out of the poverty trap. Poverty research based on analysis of three regional typologies, namely urban, rural and coastal areas, has never been done before in Gorontalo Province. The method used in this study is descriptive-qualitative method. The types of data used are primary data and secondary data. The study will be carried out in three regional typologies, namely urban, rural and coastal areas, according to the regional characteristics of the Gorontalo Province. The location sampling technique was carried out by taking area samples in stages (multistage area sampling) to determine the research location villages. The population in this study is all poor households living in the six selected sub-districts/villages. Sampling in the six sub-districts/villages surveyed was carried out using a simple random sampling technique. The results of the study show that in general, household vulnerability to poverty seems to be associated with regional aspects, where households living in rural areas have a higher vulnerability than households in urban and coastal areas. From the survey results in three regional typologies (urban, rural, and coastal) in Gorontalo Province, it can be generally concluded that income poverty and non-income poverty are more dominant in poor households in rural areas compared to urban and coastal areas. In other words, those who live in rural areas live in poorer conditions than those who live in urban and coastal areas. From a policy perspective, this means that efforts to reduce poverty in rural areas will be relatively more difficult than the other two regions. The implication of this research is that efforts to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner need to focus more on aspects of improving the quality of human resources for poor households in all regional typologies. The government needs to design various programs that aim to: (i) reduce the number of illiterate poor people and improve their skills; (ii) increasing access of the poor to public services (especially education and health) and economic resources (especially business capital); and (iii) intensifying programs to empower the poor, through the provision of micro credit, assistance with business equipment, work-intensive programs, and others.

An Empirical Study on the Impact of Fed Rate Hikes: Perspective from Fama-French Three-Factor Model

The Fed’s interest rate hike is currently a hot issue of social concern. Some researchers believe that the Fed's rate hike this time is an "urgent cycle" rather than a "long-term cycle". However, there is still no unified explanation for the formation mechanism and scope of influence behind it. Therefore, this paper collects the return data of the US stock industry and conducts a Fama-French three-factor regression analysis. Research shows that the short-term negative impact of the U.S. stock market in the context of the Fed raising interest rates is not conducive to the development of the U.S. stock market, meanwhile, the energy industry benefits from the hike on the long term. The fed rate hike will have a negative impact on the rest of the industry in the short term, with the durable goods sector and business equipment sector having the most severe impact, and the utility sector and non-durable goods sector having a relatively small negative impact.

News-Driven Housing Booms: Spain Versus Germany

Abstract We investigate how the economy responds to anticipated (news) shocks to future investment decisions. Using structural vector autoregressions (SVARs), we show that news about the future relative price of residential investment explains a high fraction of the variance of output, aggregate investment and residential investment for Spain. In contrast, for Germany it is the news shocks on business structures and equipment that explain a higher fraction of the variance of output, consumption and non-residential investment. We confront the identified shock with other shocks to provide evidence that our structural interpretation is valid. Then, to address our empirical findings, we propose a stylized two-sector model of the willingness to substitute current consumption for future investment in housing, structures or equipment. The model combines a wealth effect driven by the expectation of rising house prices, with a reduced-form friction in labor reallocation. We find that the model calibrated for Spain displays a response to anticipated house price shocks that stimulate residential investment, whereas for Germany those shocks enhance investment in equipment and structures. The results highlight the propagation mechanism of anticipated shocks to future investment, which is consistent with the housing booms in Spain and their absence in Germany. Such a mechanism complements a view relying on a combination of monetary, financial or housing supply and demand, surprise shocks.

Implementasi Program RT-BERSIH (Rapi, Tertib, Bersih, Sehat, Indah, dan Harmonis)

Rukun tetangga has a strategic role in the implementation of communal-based development to build and empower RT as a small system so that it becomes better and will have a good impact on a better system in villages and sub-districts. This study aims to examine and analyze the implementation of the RT-BERSIH (Neat, Orderly, Clean, Healthy, Beautiful, and Harmonious) program initiated by the local government in Malinau Regency as an innovative regional program. A qualitative approach is carried out so that researchers can observe in detail and in depth through a direct approach to the object being observed. In collecting data several techniques have been carried out including interviews, observations, and data studies for reports and documents related to research. Based on the research results, the implementation of the Clean RT program in Pelita Kanaan Village provides good benefits for the four priority development targets, namely as follows: For the people's economy, the Clean RT program can create and improve household and RT scale business activities with assistance in the form of business equipment, livestock assistance, and entrepreneurship training in the field of human resources, this program can increase capacity and quality of life through tutoring and school activities. The implementation of the program is still constrained by the lack of human resources, especially among the management and supporting agencies. To reduce these barriers, village governments and local institutions provide ongoing training and assistance to administrators.

CONTRIBUTION OF FIRE INSURANCE TO THE GROWTH OF BUSINESSES IN KENYA

Purpose: Loss of business because of fire damage can be financially debilitating. This damage can be difficult to recover from and the business owner may face a financial crisis. Nevertheless, cushion-like fire insurance can help can increase the ability of business owners to rebuild their businesses after experiencing fire damage. The purpose of this research work was to examine how fire insurance contributes to the growth of businesses and make recommendations for Kenyan business enterprises. This study therefore highlights the key opportunities and advantages that business owners in Kenya can utilize to grow their businesses when they have a working fire insurance.
 Methodology: A desk-study method was adopted. Relevant book references and journal articles for the study were identified using Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria entailed papers that were not over five years old.
 Findings: This study found out that having fire insurance is a key contributor to the growth of businesses. Fire insurance can help businesses to recover the cost of expensive business equipment. These include business buildings, machinery, furniture, electrical fittings, inventory, and other accessories. This is beneficial because the business owners can repurchase and restock the business as needed. This study concludes that fire insurance is useful to businesses as the security provided by the insurance motivates business operators to invest more into the business, creating more revenue for the economy.
 Recommendations: The study recommends business owners in Kenya insure their business against fire and have working fire prevention measures on their business premises. The study also recommends business owners have a solid and practical disaster recovery plan. The purpose of a workable disaster recovery plan is to minimize financial losses, maintain the continuity of operation, ensure the integrity of data and restore normal operation in a timely and cost-effective manner. The study also recommends the establishment of a strong relationship between insured and insurers to enhance the fire insurance penetration in the business community. Awareness programs, public education, government involvement, encouragement for risk assessment, and risk-based premiums at affordable rates are some of the approaches that can be utilized to increase fire insurance penetration in the business community.

People and Taxes of Travancore

The area known as Travancore covers the districts of Kanyakumari, Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kottayam etc. Here during the monarchy, the society was divided into two major divisions on the basis of religion as Hindus and non-Hindus. In Travancore the tax was to exploit the labor of the people. During the war they levied a war tax called fort money. People pay their taxes to the government to hold weddings and to celebrate festivals like Pongal, Deepavali and Onam. The levy was levied according to the value of the land. The tax was levied by creating systems such as halls, debates, and questions. Trees were also taxed. Apart from the coconut tree, the tax is levied on trees such as Iluppai, Kamuku, Bala, Pinai, Tamarind, Punna and Mango. Grain tax was levied depending on the size of the grain. The house tax Kuppakasa on the house where the people live is derived from the people. Business tax is levied on all occupations that people have been doing. Taxes are levied not only on businesses but also on business equipment. People in the monarchy were fined if they failed to pay taxes. They also pay taxes on the organs in the human body. Head tax is levied on all men between the ages of 16 and 60. Young women from the age of 16 are forced to pay tax on their breast augmentation, also known as breast augmentation. Women also paid thali to wear thali. Taxes were levied on tying turbans and wearing expensive clothing. People pay birth tax on birth and death tax on death. People also pay customs duty, tax on animals, umbrellas, fruits and everything in use.

SWOT Analysis as a Basis for Tracking Business Opportunities in the City of Pematangsiantar

This study aims to determine the strengths, opportunities, threats, and business barriers faced by Pematangsiantar City, as well as how the business policies carried out by the Pematangsiantar City government in developing MSMEs. Approachqualitative with the phenomenological method used in this research, Research samples is all sub-district and village heads and key informants. The data source used is primary data and secondary data. The flow of research with an interactive cycle process. The research results obtained strength that characterizes the city including its strategic location making Pematangsiantar City a transit city, as a tourist attraction and culinary center as well as the number of leading MSMEs and MSME sectors. Weaknesses include market access, promotion, capital, and availability of raw materials. Opportunities include the development of national tourism, the Sei Mangkei industrial area, the construction of the Siantar-Medan toll road. Threats include limited knowledge regarding aspects of entrepreneurship, domestic competition pressures, and business equipment. The development of the potential of Pematangsiantar city can be carried out in the tourism and culinary tourism sector which can attract tourists who are going on vacation to the Lake Toba Tourism Destination Area. The role of the Government is needed to exploit this potential through several policies that can be taken by the Government.
 Keywords: Strengths; Weaknesses; Opportunities; Threats; MSMEs

Assistance for Micro Business Owned by Alumni: Campus Supports Alumni

In the context of Indonesia, Micro Business has evolved into a tool for increasing people's income. However, diverse approaches are required to boost the competitiveness of Micro Business due to its various characteristics. This service activity aims to 1) identify the characteristics of micro-businesses owned by Graduate Students (Alumni) of the Faculty of Economics and Business, Cendrawasih University; 2) Examine the microbusiness opportunities and challenges following the business needs of the alumni of the Faculty of Economics and Business, Cendrawasih University. The results showed that only a small number of alumni choose to become entrepreneurs. Besides, the Faculty of Economics and Business alumni, Cendrawasih University, faced challenges during the Covid-19 pandemic affecting sales turnover due to the Public Activity Restriction Policy (PPKM), which limits community activities above 20.00 Eastern Indonesian Time (WIT). However, on average, the businesses were open at 17.00 Eastern Indonesian Time (WIT) or only 3 hours before the restriction time. Indeed, there was assistance based on the primary needs of businesses to help ease the production burden. The assistance was in providing raw materials for the Angkringan Wayae business and coffee brewing equipment for Zamo Caffee business.

PERSPEKTIF BISNIS : KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN EKSTERNAL DAN LINGKUNGAN INTERNAL PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH LIDI KELAPA SAWIT DI KABUPATEN ROKAN HILIR PROVINSI RIAU

Palm oil is one of the largest agricultural commodities in Indonesia, which positively influences economic and social growth. Riau Province is the province with the largest oil palm plantation in Indonesia. Economic development is considered a threat because it pursues growth alone and is considered to ignore environmental conditions. So far, palm oil waste has been used for solid waste as briquettes, biogas, paper pulp raw materials, and liquid waste as fertilizer. Meanwhile, palm oil sticks are considered commercial and can become a new industry but have not been developed. The purpose of this study was to examine from a business perspective the external and internal environment in the utilization of palm oil stick waste in Rokan Hilir district, Riau Province. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The results showed that the external environment consisted of guidance from the government, assistance with business facilities and equipment, loan application procedures, and licensing procedures, while the internal environment consisted of business capital, human resources, business networks, technology and equipment, product promotion and online marketing/marketing.

Sustaining escapes from poverty

The objectives of this research are to identify the difference between sustained and temporary poverty escapes for policy and program design, based on research in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Nepal, Niger, the Philippines, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. The method adopted is the q-squared method used in studies on the dynamics of poverty, embedded in a conceptual extension of the capability approach through a risk chain analysis. The results show that key livelihood factors conducive to sustained escapes include diversification of economic activities typically spanning agricultural and off-farm sectors, and sometimes involving rural-urban migration. Important tangible assets include general asset holdings of consumer durables, farm or business equipment, livestock, and electricity. Intangible assets include the completion of at least lower secondary education of the household head, good health, and different forms of social relationships and networks. However, while livelihood strategies help improve income and build assets necessary for resilience, various risks permeate. In these risky contexts, the study finds that the enabling environment is critical in determining whether households can ultimately sustain escapes from poverty. Interactive features of this environment that are conducive to sustained escapes include context-specific pro-poor policy and infrastructure, for example around livestock insurance, climate-smart agriculture alongside predictable disaster risk management, universal health coverage, and supporting a negotiated approach to norm change. Together, these features place an emphasis on collective risk management, beyond a focus only or even primarily on inclusive growth policies. The paper argues that it is essential to understand the circumstances in which people live, from the local (micro) up to the societal (macro) contexts that can influence their ability to sustain a poverty escape, and respond in ways that together address the multifaceted sources of risk and vulnerability, which in turn allows for the less interrupted development of people’s capabilities.