Bush Type Research Articles

Boosting farm resilience: Integrating vegetables and spices in nutmeg and arecanut agroforestry

Experiments were conducted to develop a suitable intercropping model under a nutmeg and areca nut-based mixed farming system for higher productivity in the Thondamuthur region of Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. Coriander cv.CO4, Fenugreek cv.CO2, Okra hybrid Co 4, Cluster beans cv. MDU 1, Vegetable cowpea cv.PKM 1, Lablab (bush type) Co(Gb-16)) and Small onion cv.CO 4 was intercropped under 14-year-old Arecanut and 18-year-old Nutmeg trees. The design followed was RBD with three replications. Results revealed that the growth and yield of intercrops were reduced under intercropping compared to pure cropping. Among the intercrops, okra was the least affected, yielding 19.8t/ha, 7.78% lower than pure cropping. Coriander and fenugreek were the most affected. The yield of coriander and fenugreek was 0.43 and 0.47 t/ha, respectively 24.88% and 25.05% lower than pure cropping. The growth of nutmeg and areca nut trees were also influenced due to intercropping with vegetable cowpeas. The increment in DBH of nutmeg was maximum (0.52 cm) with vegetable cowpea intercropping and minimum (0.33 cm) with coriander intercropping. The increment in DBH of arecanut was maximum (0.42 cm) with vegetable cowpea intercropping and minimum (0.25 cm) with fenugreek intercropping. The B:C ratio was highest (2.17) under small onion intercropping. Small onion cultivation was successful under nutmeg and arecanut-based mixed farming systems.

ТРИБОТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ВТОРИЧНЫХ БРОНЗОВЫХ ПОКРЫТИЙ

One of the features of agricultural machines is the use of a sufficiently large number of parts made of non-ferrous metals and alloys in their designs, since they have high antifriction properties, corrosion resistance, withstand significant specific loads and high speed conditions. Most often these are bronze plain bearings of the bushing type. Tribotechnical studies of coated samples based on secondary composite materials on a friction machine is an important direction in the development of technologies for the restoration and hardening of bronze parts and assemblies. Secondary composite materials are obtained from production waste by the electroerosion dispersion, which allows to reduce production costs and reduce the environmental burden. Such powders can be used to create repair coatings with high wear resistance. (Research purpose) The research purpose is performing a comparative analysis of the tribotechnical properties of coatings obtained usng secondary composite materials and electric spark processing. (Materials and methods) Samples with bronze coatings were produced for research. Conducted tests on the friction machine II5018. (Results and discussion) It was determined that coated samples based on secondary composite materials have higher wear resistance and less friction compared to uncoated samples. It was found that with increasing load and sliding speed, the difference in wear resistance and friction between coated and uncoated samples increases. The coating based on secondary composite materials is especially effective in conditions of high loads and sliding speeds. (Conclusions) Comparative tribotechnical studies of coated samples based on secondary composite materials have shown that such coatings can be an effective way to increase wear resistance and reduce friction in various machine components.

Estimating phenotypic stability for relevant yield and quality traits in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) using AMMI analysis

The presence of strong G x E (genotype by environment interaction) is a major hurdle for selecting superior genotypes when genotypes are placed into new and unfamiliar production systems. Genotype or cultivar (s) with high yield potential and having less adaptability and stability to particular environment is never a suitable choice for a breeder and farmer particularly. Purposefully, four successive seasons were chosen to enumerate the phenotypic stability of 27 French bean genotypes for yield and quality traits by involving modern statistical tools like AMMI (Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction), GGE [G + (G x E)] and cluster analysis. AMMI analysis of variance witnessed magnitude of G, E and G x E was 81.94%, 11.58% and 6.48% of the total variation respectively. The IPCA I (Interaction Principal Component Axes) was contributed with 55.44%, 73.60%, 71.81%, 81.69% and 72.16% G x E variations of days to 50% flowering, pod length, number of pods per plant, average pod weight and pod yield respectively. For qualitative traits i.e., protein content (mg/100g FW), total soluble solids (%) and total phenol content (mg GAE/g FW) the involvement of IPCA I to total genotype by environment interaction variations were 89.55%, 96.07% and 66.52% respectively. The AMMI biplot revealed French bean genotypes viz., IC632961, Arka Sukomal, IIHR-PV-29, IIHR-PV-30 having low AMMI stability value and higher mean value for relevant yield and quality traits in both late kharif and rabi as two mega-environments. Multivariate analysis demonstrated significant higher contribution of pod yield associated traits towards total variations and positive correlation between them. The 27 French bean genotypes formed five groups as per Euclidean distance and the clustering revealed the nature of diversity of French bean genotypes viz., IC 632961, IIHR-B-PV-24, Arka Sukomal, Arka Arjun, Ayoka and Phalguni in response to changing environments and can be utilized in future breeding programme. The study revealed pole type French bean genotypes viz., IC 632961, Arka Sukomal and bush type French bean genotypes viz., IIHR-B-PV-29, IIHR-B-PV-30 could be promising for utilization in future breeding programmes for the concerned traits.

Assessment of common bean varieties for adaptability and productivity in the forest-steppe conditions of the Priobye

The adaptive ability and productivity of common beans in the conditions of the forest steppe of the Ob region are studied in work. Genetic evaluation of varieties will speed up the breeding work to create forms that combine ecological plasticity and productivity based on exploring the adaptive potential of productivity elements. An urgent task of breeding is to develop varieties with a high stable yield, which can combine high quality, productivity and environmental plasticity in the genotype. Based on the UPH “Michurintsev Garden” of the Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, an assessment was carried out (2015-20) of grain bean varieties of different ecological and geographical origin with a bush type of growth according to the characteristics: the number of beans per plant, the weight of seeds per plant, the weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield. The work aims to evaluate the varieties of common beans for adaptability and productivity in the conditions of the forest steppe of the Ob region. Adaptability was assessed according to the methodology developed by A. V. Kilchevsky and L. V. Khotyleva. According to the “number of beans per plant”, the varieties Rubyn (Sgi = 6,5 %), Stringless (Sgi = 9,9 %), Zolotistaya (Sgi = 14,2 %), Zusha white (Sgi = 17,6 %), Zusha black (Sgi = 18,6 %) are classified as forms with low and medium levels of ecological variability. The Zolotistaya variety has high indicators of the parameters OAСi (4.2) and bi (4.96), the average level of BVGi (2.05) by the weight of seeds from the plant. Based on «1000 seed weight», most varieties are classified as stable – the Sgi value does not exceed 10 %. The genotypes of grain beans combining high yield with environmental resistance of Zusha black and Zolotistaya have been identified. Veenoorl, Zolotistaya, Brunot, and Rubyn samples are recommended for inclusion in breeding programs to create new adapted varieties of common beans.

Micronutrient diversity in pole and bush type Dolichos bean germplasm: identification of gene sources from biofortification perspectives

AbstractExploring the nutritional potential of underutilized legumes such as Dolichos bean (Lablab purpureus L.) is of great significance, particularly, in view of accomplishing the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goal number two, which emphasizes on improving food and nutrition security by 2030. A thorough understanding of genetic variability is crucial for developing biofortified cultivars of Dolichos bean. In this study, the Dolichos bean genotypes represented by pole and bush types (28 bush and 19 pole types) were assessed for genetic variability for Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn contents. Pole type genotypes had higher average contents for all micronutrients except manganese. Among micronutrients, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, content ranged from 10.10–19.95, 77.13–331.93, 22.78–46.40 and 42.03–102.85 mg kg−1 in pole type, and 8.2–18.5, 50.8–99.3, 25.65–53.25 and 37.15–63.25 mg kg−1 in bush type beans, respectively. Strong positive correlations between Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations occurred, which indicates the possibility of simultaneous improvement of these nutrients. Pod pigmentation was positively correlated with contents of Fe and Zn. There was an association of micronutrients with yield. The pole genotypes VRSEM-1000, VRDB-01 and VRSEM 109 and bush type genotypes VRBSEM-3, VRBSEM-35 and VRBSEM- 200 are good source of microelements and high yielders. Gene sources with enhanced nutrients may be used as cultivated forms or as input material for breeding nutritionally rich biofortified varieties of bean.

БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОБРАЗЦОВ ТОМАТА С РАЗЛИЧНОЙ СТЕПЕНЬЮ ДЕТЕРМИНАНТНОСТИ

The research was carried out with the aim of studying new tomato varieties with a determinate bush type selected by Federal Scientific Center for Vegetable Growing (VNIISSOK) and identifying samples with economically valuable traits for subsequent cultivation in plain and foothill conditions. Experimental work was carried out in Terek-Sulak subprovince of the Republic of Dagestan in 2021-2022. The material for the study was 8 semi-standard tomato varieties - Blagodatny, Viking, Voskhod VNIISSOK, Magnat, Severyanka, Sodruzhestvo, Perst, Patris, control - variety Fakel. The repetition is 3-fold, the area of the registration plot is 15 m2, the placement of options is systematic. We used the seedling method of growing tomatoes. Planting pattern 150×25 cm. The experiment was carried out on alluvial-meadow medium-salt soil. According to the timing of ripening, the samples were included in three groups: very early (97...100 days) – Severyanka, Blagodatny, Magnat, Voskhod VNIISSOK; early (102...105 days) – Patris, Viking, Perst; mid-early (111...114 days) – Commonwealth, Torch. All samples, except for the Viking variety, exceeded the control in total yield by 8.8...44.1 t/ha. The first group with a yield of 68.2...86.3 t/ha included Patris, Sodruzhestvo, Voskhod VNIISSOK, Blagodatny; in the second (51.0...54.5 t/ha) – Severyanka, Magnat, Perst; in the third (41.4...42.2 t/ha) – Viking, Torch. High-yielding varieties Patris, Blagodatny, Voskhod VNIISSOK were distinguished by the highest yield of marketable products, 91...92% of the total harvest. The weight of the fruit varied from 60 g (Perst) to 130 g (Sodruzhestvo). The varieties Patrice and Perst had very good keeping quality. The fruits were characterized by a high dry matter content of 5.3...6.4%. A weak spread of viral and mycoplasma diseases at a level of 0.7...1.0 points was observed on plants of the Blagodatny, Voskhod VNIISSOK, Perst, and Patris varieties. According to the type of bush, 5 ordinary and semi-standard samples with a height of no more than 72 cm were identified. - Patrice, Perst, Voskhod VNIISSOK, Blagodatny, Sodruzhestvo.

THE DISTRIBUTION AND SOIL CARBON STOCK ON LAND UTILITY TYPES OF BUSH, MOOR, MIXED GARDEN AND RAINFED RICE FIELDS ON DRY LAND IN ACEH BESAR REGENCY

This study aims to determine the potential of soil carbon on dry land in Aceh Besar regency. This study uses a descriptive method based on field results and surveys and laboratory analysis. Soil sampling at various depths was carried out for carbon and bulk density analysis. Composite soil samples were taken at a depth of 0-5, >5-10, >10-20, >20-30, >30-70, and >70-100 cm. The type of land use is bush covering an area of ??96,962.2 ha, moor 313.03 ha, rainfed rice fields 4,478.67 ha and mixed gardens 15,052.09 ha. The highest percentage of soil carbon is in the mixed garden land utility type (3.40%) compared to other types of utility. the highest carbon potential is found in the bush land utility type (137.68 tons/ha) compared to other types of utility. The highest soil carbon stock is in the type of land use of bush compared to other types of land utility. This is because the bush land utility type has soil carbon potential and a large area compared to other land utility types.

Early-maturing varieties of open-ground tomato of domestic breeding in the conditions of the Tersko-Sulak subprovincion of Dagestan

Relevance. Dagestan is a zone of prosperous agriculture, distinguished by the abundance of heat, sun and irrigation in the plain zone. Tomatoes occupy a special place among vegetable crops in the world, including in the Republic of Dagestan. Determinant varieties are now the most common in the production of tomatoes, especially in the open ground. The main areas of specialized cultivation of tomatoes in the open ground are concentrated in the Kizlyar and Derbent districts of plain Dagestan. In these areas, there are high average daily temperatures for the formation and ripening of tomato fruits in excess, which is favorably reflected in the overall productivity of the bushes. Whereas in the foothills of Dagestan, insufficient heat resources do not allow growing tomato varieties with a long growing season. In the foothill part of the republic there is a large labor-resource potential, vegetable growing, as a labor-intensive type of agribusiness, acts as a sphere of employment for a significant part of the rural population. The demand for tomato varieties with a short growing season in this part of the republic is great.Methods. The research was carried out on the basis of the Tersko Sulak subprovincion of the FGBNU of the FANC RD of the Kizlyar district. The soil of the experimental site is alluvial-meadow, medium-saline, medium loamy in mechanical composition. Agrotechnics is generally accepted in the Republic of Dagestan for tomato culture.Results. The method for the study was the new semi-stamp cultivars of FGBNU FNCO (VNIISSOK) selection: Fakel (counter), Blagodatny, Viking, Voskhod VNIISSOKa, Magnat, Severyanka, Sodruzhestvo, Perst, Patrice. According to the maturation dates, the samples were divided into three groups: very early – Severyanka, Blagodatny, Magnat, Voskhod VNIISSOK (97-100 days); early – Patrice, Viking, Perst (102-105 days); middle-early – Sodruzhestvo, Fakel (111-114 days). According to the type of bush, we have identified 5 ordinary and semi-lamb samples with a height of no more than 78 cm. Two samples had a height of 50-53 cm (Patrice, Perst) and an average fetal weight of 72 and 60 g. Three samples had a height of 70, 71, 72 cm (Voskhod VNIISSOKa, Blagodatny, Sodruzhestvo) and an average fetal weight of 107, 110, 130 g. According to the output of gross output, the best indicators were of the following varieties: Blagodatny – 86.3; Voskhod VNIISSOKa – 82.7; Sodruzhestvo – 77.6 t/ha; Patrice – 68.2 t/ha. The following grades had a high yield of marketable products: Voskhod VNIISSOKa, Patrice – 92%; Blagodatny – 91%; Perst – 90%. The varieties also have a relatively high dry matter index of 5.3-6.4%.

The Business Prospect of Biomass to Methanol Development in Namibia: A Review

In Indonesia, the demand for methanol as renewable alternatives or chemical feedstock has been rising significantly to address the shortage of its domestic fossil fuels need. In the future, Indonesia expects to increase their methanol production using gasification process to balance its domestic demand. This paper presents the business prospect of methanol production from overseas, i.e., Namibia using biomass (encroacher bush types) feedstocks. It is concluded that biomass is available as an alternative feedstock to generate pure methanol. In Namibia, biomass is one of the most abundant and easily accessed resources for energy uses. However, without appropriate business endorsement by the government, such as a well-designed policies and incentives, the project’s prospect is still limited and very costly to be implemented. The financial planning of investment, particularly in how to find the best technological design of methanol processing, is highly essential to gain the maximum net business profit.

Effect of Sowing Dates on Growth, Yield and Quality Components of Bush Type Vegetable French Bean Varieties

An experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2017–18 and 2018–19 at Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India to study the effect of sowing time and variety on the growth, yield and quality of bush type vegetable French bean. The treatments were laid out in factorial randomised block design with three replications by keeping sowing time (S1: 1st November, S2:16th November, S3:1st December, S4: 16th December and S5: 31st December) as a first factor and varieties (V1: Falguni, V2: Arka Komal and V3: Nandini) as a second factor. Results revealed that, among the varieties the highest plant height (36.15 cm) , pod length (13.75 cm), pod width (1.13 cm), individual fresh pod weight (5.20 g), yield plant-1 (106.64 g) and yield ha-1 (16.36 t ha-1) was recorded in Arka Komal. However, the number of primary branches, number of pods plant-1 and protein content were found to be lowest in the same variety. Regarding the different sowing time, pod length (13.95 cm), individual fresh pod weight (5.47 g), number of pods per plant (27.64), yield plant-1 (136.22 g), yield per ha (20.86 t ha-1) and protein content (1.89%) was highest in plants sown on 16th November, per contra the yield curtailed as the sowing time was pushed back from 16th November to 31st December. On the strength of above findings, it can be inferred that Arka Komal scheduled for sowing on 16th November could be an ideal for cultivation in the Terai zone of West Bengal.

The need and development for a value-added toolkit—A case study with Montana specialty fruit growers

IntroductionCold-hardy small fruits and berries have the potential for specialty fruit growers in the Intermountain West, where the climate is not suited for conventional fruit crops. In the last seven years, approximately 50 varieties of cold-hardy, bush fruit types have been researched in western Montana.MethodHence with the increased small fruit and berry production, and interest of specialty fruit growers in value-added product development, this paper utilized participatory action research (PAR) to develop a value-added product development toolkit with specialty fruit growers and used an integrated logic model to discuss creating and implementing the toolkit. Firstly, we used an online survey to identify the needs and challenges of specialty fruit growers. Next, a value-added toolkit is drafted using the principles of design thinking and involving a student-grower partnership. Thirdly, the specialty fruit grower's interest in and feedback on the drafted toolkit is evaluated using focus group discussions and individuals interviews, and the results are used to revise the toolkit. Lastly, the short, medium and long-term outcomes for this toolkit are discussed using the logic model.ResultsFrom the survey, 61% of specialty fruit growers indicated an interest in value-added opportunities. Yet, focus group discussions and individual interviews found the biggest barriers to value-added product development are cost, resources, and environment. This indicated a co-created toolkit will be a beneficial solution. During focus group and individual interviews, the growers suggested including the toolkit as part of coursework in semester-long classes. This will address issues of continuity and funding.DiscussionOverall, this study deployed PAR methods to propose with Montana specialty fruit growers a solution to their increasing needs in value-added pursuits, implying short-term economic benefits but also long-term socio-ecological benefits. The participatory model of creating value-added resources presented by this paper can benefit other small-scale specialty crop growers in underserved regions.

Evaluation of green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) varieties for adaptability and noble-forming ability in the conditions of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia

Relevance. From an agrotechnical point of view, beans are a valuable crop capable of greening agriculture. Legumes have the ability to enter into symbiotic relationships with nodule nitrogen-fixing bacteria and assimilate atmospheric nitrogen. The creation of highly efficient plant-microbial systems in agrocenoses by breeding new varieties of legumes with a high symbiotic potential is a promising direction that makes it possible to control the efficiency of plant biomass accumulation and the quality of agricultural products. There is a need to evaluate varieties for adaptability and nodule-forming ability to implement breeding programs to create highly productive and high-quality varieties that can realize the genetic potential of productivity in the sharply continental climate.Materials and methods. On the basis of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Novosibirsk State Agrarian University in 2018-2020, an assessment was made of green bean varieties of different ecological and geographical origin with a bush type of growth. Experimental fields are located in the village of Michurinsky (left bank of Novosibirsk) and the educational and production farm "Garden of Michurintsev" (right bank of Novosibirsk). The study of samples in terms of adaptability parameters, as well as the ability to form nodules, was performed in accordance with generally accepted methods. We took into account the characteristics that affect the productivity of the crop - the number and weight of beans per plant, the weight of one bean, and the yield. The aim of the work is to evaluate the varieties of vegetable beans for adaptability and nodule-forming ability in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Siberian region.Results. When forming the symbiotic apparatus, the growth conditions were taken into account. It has been established that high rates of biomass are observed on the territory of the village of Michurinsky. Varieties Morena and Maguyra are characterized by intensive growth in the experimental field of the village of Michurinsky, varieties Zoluyshka and Solnyshko – the educational and production farm "Garden of Michurintsev". The total number of nodules per plant varied from 29 (Kormilitsa) to 66. (Zoluyshka), active nodules – from 9 (Kormilitsa) to 49 (Zoluyshka). It is noted that the varieties Solnyshko and Zoluyshka have high rates of general adaptive ability and breeding value of the genotype. A strong relationship has been established between the characteristics of leaf mass and the number of active nodules, the number of active nodules and the leaf surface area; average - between the number of active nodules and plant biomass.

Результаты испытаний новых полуштамбовых сортов томата в условиях Терско-Сулакской низменности Республики Дагестан

Abstract. The purpose of the research is to study the collection and breeding material of tomatoes with a determinant bush type in open ground conditions, and to identify the best samples based on the results of the research on economically valuable traits for their further use in tomato breeding. Scientific novelty. Recent events in the country show the need to study and recommend domestic tomato varieties and hybrids in safe and risky farming zones. The article presents a brief description of new domestic tomato varieties with a short growing season. Samples of morphological and biometric indicators for the source material of tomato breeding were selected. Varieties with short interphase periods “shoots –flowering”, “flowering – ripening” were identified. On the basis of a comprehensive assessment of early maturity, economically valuable characteristics and tasting evaluation of fruits, promising varieties were noted for recommendation and implementation in the production of the lowland and foothill parts of Dagestan. Methods. Field and laboratory. The method for the study was 8 new semi-stamp cultivars of VNIISSOK selection. Descriptions of tomato plants were carried out taking into account morphological (stem height, number of shoots, number of leaves, number of brushes, number of ovaries and fruits), agrochemical and complex of economically valuable characteristics (total and early yield, marketability of fruits, fruit weight, dry matter, sugar, fruit tasting evaluation). Results. According to the maturation dates, the samples were divided into three groups: very early – Severyanka, Blagodatnyy, Magnat, Voskhod VNIISSOKa (97–100 days); early – Patris, Viking, Perst (102–105 days); middle-early – Sodruzhestvo, Fakel (111–114 days). According to the type of bush, we have identified 5 ordinary and semi-lamb samples with a height of no more than 78 cm. Two samples had a height of 50.53 cm (Patris, Perst) and an average fetal weight of 72 and 60 g. Three samples had a height of 70, 71, 72 cm (Voskhod VNIISSOKa, Blagodatnyy, Sodruzhestvo) and an average fetal weight of 107, 110, 130 g respectively. According to the output of gross output, the best indicators were of the following varieties: Blagodatnyy – 86.3 t/ha, Voskhod VNIISSOKa – 82.7 t/ha, Sodruzhestvo – 77.6 t/ha, Patris – 68.2 t/ha. The following grades had a high yield of marketable products: Voskhod VNIISSOKa, Patris – 92 %, Blagodatnyy – 91 %, Perst – 90 %.

English

Characterization and conservation of germplasm is a critical step toward the genetic improvement of the crop. This study assessed variation in 257 common bean genotypes which included 207 accessions obtained the National Gene Bank of Kenya, 33 accessions from Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), 13 landraces collected from farmers’ fields and four commercial varieties for various agronomic traits. The experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (Kenya) for four seasons between 2019 and 2020. Significant differences (P≤0.05) existed among the common bean accessions for all traits studied. Seed yield ranged from 220.6 to 4641.9 kg/ha (KNB0106) among the accessions with a mean of 1267.0 kg/ha. Significant (P ≤0.05) positive correlation was recorded for days to flowering and days to maturity (0.73), while 100-seed weight had a significantly negative correlation with the number of pods per plant (-0.66) and the number of seeds per pod (-0.65). High (>20%) broad-sense heritability was recorded for 100-seed weight (89.0%), days to flowering (76.8%), and grain yield (60.5%). Nineteen accessions that combined early maturity and high-yielding traits were identified. On average, higher seed yields were recorded for large-seeded and climbing genotypes compared to small-seeded and bush types. Common bean accessions characterized can be exploited in breeding programs. Key words: Common bean, agronomic traits, Phaseolus vulgaris, variability, broad sense heritability.

Screening of yard long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt) genotypes for resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporoides

Anthracnose is one of the most destructive fungal diseases caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporoides in yard long bean, leading to complete crop loss at all stages and its parts like hypocotyls, stem, peduncle, flowers, leaves and pods were seriously affected. Few bush type cowpea cultivars have been earlier identified as reliable sources of resistance while trailing types are susceptible, but high yielding. Breeding resistant varieties is suggested as the only practical strategy, especially under hot and humid condition. Fifty-yard-long bean genotypes belonging to bush, semi erect and pole types were screened against anthracnose disease through artificial inoculation under pot culture. The present study identified the resistant varieties of vegetable cowpea through artificial inoculation followed by detached leaf assay. Among the 50 varieties of yard long bean observed, Kanakamony, dual purpose yard long bean was found highly resistant with disease severity of 3.67% followed by Arimbra local.

Glossina pallidipes Density and Trypanosome Infection Rate in Arba Minch Zuria District of Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia.

Background African trypanosomosis is a disease of both animals and humans resulting from infection with parasitaemic protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma transmitted mainly by the tsetse flies (Glossina species). The disease has been reported in different parts of the country. However, information on the apparent density and trypanosome infection rates of the vectors is very limited in the Southern part of Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the apparent density, infection rate of trypanosomes in Glossina pallidipes, and the trypanosome species involved in Arba Minch Zuria district of Southern Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2018 in two purposely selected kebeles of Arbaminch Zuria district and in the escarpments of Nech Sar National Park of Southern Ethiopia. For entomological survey, a total of 40 standard NGU traps were deployed around the watering and grazing areas. A total of 300 fresh Glossina pallidipes were examined for trypanosome infection using a dissection procedure as described by the FAO Training manual for tsetse control personnel. Results The study revealed the presence of only one Glossina species, known as Glossina pallidipes, and biting flies including Stomoxys and Tabanus. A total of 2176 flies were caught of which 1803 (82.86%) belong to Glossina pallidipes and the remaining 373 (17.14%) were biting flies. The overall apparent density of Glossina pallidipes and biting flies in the study area were 15.03 fly/trap/day (F/T/D) and 3.11 F/T/D, respectively. Relatively higher Glossina pallidipes and biting flies, respectively, were caught in a wood-grass land (15.87 F/T/D and 3.69 F/T/D) and riverine forest (15.13 F/T/D and 3.42 F/T/D) than bush land vegetation types (13.87 F/T/D and 1.76 F/T/D). The overall trypanosome infection rate of Glossina pallidipes was 17.67% (53/300). Two trypanosome species, namely, Trypanosoma congolense (66.04%) and Trypanosoma vivax (33.96%), were responsible for Glossina pallidipes infection in the study area. Trypanosome infection rate was significantly higher in female G. pallidipes than in male (OR = 3.39, 95%CI = 1.53‐7.52). Significantly, higher trypanosome infection rate was observed in flies older than 20 days (OR = 2.5, 95%CI = 1.12‐5.56) and in hunger stage 1 flies (OR = 14.24, 95%CI = 4.01‐50.59). Glossina pallidipes infection was significantly higher in and around park grazing areas (OR = 3.41, 95%CI = 1.76‐6.6) and wood-grass land vegetation type (OR = 2.7, 95%CI = 1.2‐6.5). Conclusion The current study revealed high apparent density and trypanosome infection in Glossina pallidipes in Arba Minch Zuria district of Southern Ethiopia. So, this study warrants the need for strengthening both vector and parasite control strategies in the study area.

Selection of lines and hybrids of f1 carrots (daucus l.) by the type of seed bush

The purpose of our research was to identify the effectiveness of selections by type of carrot seed bush, taking into account the degree of genetic homogeneity of the material of varieties, lines and hybrids obtained from saturating crosses, as well as to determine tolerant samples from the collection for interspecific and saturating crosses. As a result of the selection of table carrots for heterosis, the study of the patterns of variation of traits on seed plants of carrot varieties, lines and hybrids was carried out and their corresponding genetic and statistical parameters of traits were determined. As a result of our research, it was revealed that, despite the significant dependence of the type of seed bush on environmental conditions, it is still possible to conduct selection on it. However, it is necessary to take into account the degree of genetic homogeneity of the studied material. In our opinion, the most effective selection by the type of seed bush is possible among the lines, which is confirmed by the results of our observations. Thus, a number of lines were identified and selected, the variation of which according to the type of bush during the years of research was insignificant or absent.

Genotype Selection, and Seed Uniformity and Multiplication to Ensure Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) var. Liborino

Seed uniformity and stability testing, and multiplication, are key steps in the seed supply chain of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and other crops. Optimizing agronomical practices in these phases can ultimately ensure seed quality and availability, and germplasm prospective utilization. However, farmers have rarely standardized seed testing and propagation protocols in local common bean landraces conserved in situ. An example of this is the Liborino variety (var.), a promising yellow Andean common bean known for its presumably high digestibility and adaptation to the local conditions of the Cauca river canyon (northwest Andes of Colombia), but likely experiencing genetic erosion after decades of suboptimal propagation. Therefore, this work intended to evaluate and select locally adapted genotypes of common bean var. Liborino for commercial use, to be later multiplied, evaluated by participatory breeding, and eventually shared with farmers. Specifically, we evaluated 44 accessions of var. Liborino common bean in six adaption and yield field trials in the Cauca river canyon at 1100 and 1400 m a.s.l, and in AGROSAVIA’s “La Selva” research station at 2100 m a.s.l. In parallel, we carried out standardized seed multiplication of a Liborino genotype using best practices to guarantee uniformity and stability. From the 44 accessions, nine were well adapted to the tested local conditions. Four of these accessions exhibited a bush type growth habit, while the remaining five were climbers. The trials revealed maximum average extrapolated yields of up to 1169.4 ± 228.4 kg ha−1 for the bush types (G8152) and up to 1720.0 ± 588.4 kg ha−1 for the climbers (G51018), both at 2100 m a.s.l. Three climbing accessions matched farmers’ expectations for seed coat color and shape, according to a participatory selection exercise. Uniform and stable seed of the selected genotype was delivered in 2022 to 39 farmers, ~6.5 kg of seeds per farmer. Our results will allow implementing bean genetic improvement pipelines, promoting var. Liborino commercialization, and boosting the economic and sustainable development of the rural communities in the Cauca river canyon. Seed uniformity testing and multiplication pipelines must be extended to other bean landraces conserved in situ.

TRANSFORMER BUSHING – A PART OF MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

Power transformer is one of the most important and most expensive components in the electric power system (EPS) and requires, from its production and throughout lifetime, continuous monitoring and checks of the availability in the power system. All the measurements and tests on the transformer which manufacturers attempt, in order to determine the quality of their products, are carried out through the connection of different types of bushings, and these measurements and tests are conducted in accordance with requirements of applicable standards. Also, the owner of the transformer during the exploitation phase wishes and needs to know the status and availability of transformers for future work. The only available points of the transformer inside are the bushings. The technical practice from the early beginnings of the transformers are periodic off-line measurements. Following that practice and experience, the need arose for continuous supervision of transformer operation (on-line). In the 90’s the first simple systems for the transformer on-line monitoring appeared. Today, it is an established fact that the modern systems for on-line monitoring of transformers provide a complete insight in the transformer state including alarms in the case of critical states. It is realistic to expect in the future that these same systems, apart from providing diagnostics and giving alarms, will be authorized to switch off transformers in the case of necessity with high degree of confidence. An important role in on-line monitoring, as a part of measurement system, has a transformer bushing. For the purpose of both off-line and on-line measurements, manufacturers of the bushings are equipping them with the measuring tap. Unfortunately, despite intentions to standardize the components of the power system, this is not the case with the measuring tap, and the intention of this paper is to draw attention to these problems and to try to find a solution.

TRANSFORMER BUSHINGS – FAILURE CASE STUDIES

Relationship between bushing failure and transformer failure is discussed and, in regard of that, two bushing failure types are recognized: incipient bushing failure that does not result in transformer damage and terminal bushing failure having transformer failure as a consequence. It can be seen, that without applying the diagnostics, all bushing failures are terminal. Thirteen bushing failures have been analyzed regarding their cause, failure mechanism and consequences. In that sense, the ability and limitation of off line and on line diagnostics are discussed and some improvements are proposed. Some switchyard properties in the aspect of fire protection are indicated and, especially, the possible influence of rigid tubular connections on bushing failures. Beside mentioned design, service, condition diagnostics and other properties of all three condenser types of bushings are described in the paper.