Burseraceae Research Articles

In Vitro and In Silico Evaluations of Boswellia carterii Resin Dermocosmetic Activities

Boswellia carterii is a plant species belonging to the Burseraceae family. It grows up in trees or shrubs, and it is known for producing an aromatic resin commonly named frankincense or olibanum. This resin has been used in traditional medicine to treat various conditions such as inflammations, gastrointestinal disorders and traumatic injuries. Virtual screening and molecular docking are two in silico approaches used to predict potential interactions between ligands and the active site of a protein. These approaches are mainly used in natural product chemistry and pharmacology as a screening tool to select plant extracts or fractions for in vitro testing, as well as for the prediction of mechanisms of action. The aim of this research is the in silico and in vitro evaluations of the potential collagenase and elastase inhibitory activities of Boswellia carterii resin organic extracts (viz., methanol, n-hexane and ethyl acetate). The obtained results revealed that methanol and n-hexane exhibited the best collagenase inhibitory activity with values superior to 85%, whereas the methanol and ethyl acetate showed the highest elastase inhibition activity with inhibition values ranging between 40 and 60%. The molecular docking prediction confirmed the experimental results; moreover, the visualization of the ligand–protein interactions showed that the main compounds of the organic extracts may have mechanisms of action similar to the positive controls. Those findings are very promising and open new perspectives for the exploitation of Boswellia carterii resin as active agents for the development of anti-aging cosmeceuticals.

Establishment of a Sustainable Management Model for Chinese Herbal Garden in an Urban City—Hong Kong

Chinese medicinal herbs (CMHs) have been used for thousands of years because of their significant properties regarding the prevention and treatment of diseases, such as COVID-19. There is an increasingly diminishing supply of wild medicinal resources, and the demand is greater than the supply. Ecological balance and the conservation of natural Chinese medicinal herbs are serious issues in sustainable development, which requires the minimum requirements to be met without compromising the resources of future generations, especially with respect to the maintenance of production and consumption as well as the quality control of CMHs. Hong Kong is an urban business city, busy with work and the fast pace of life. The sustainable development of CMHs is difficult in a huge population situated in an area with very scarce land coverage. The conservation of CMHs in urban horticulture is extremely neglected because people lack living space; for example, Aquilaria Sinensis (the incense tree), also called “pak muk heung” in Cantonese, was an indigenous species that was illegally logged in the past. This led to detrimental effects on the population density and genetic diversity of the species. There is no doubt that Hong Kong is required to set up a management model in community facilities for these emerging modern social configurations, such as building a Chinese herbal garden for the conservation and promotion of a healthy urban environment and giving people a chance to gain more information on CMHs. The current study employed problem analysis and strategic decisions for the sustainable development of 62 kinds of CMHs in a Chinese herbal garden, which converged with some medicinal itineraries of Lingnan herbal medications, and implemented a theoretical framework of management models for ten secondary schools, e.g., the Aroma garden of the L’Occitane at the Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (THEi) Tsing Yi campus and Land from the Far East Consortium International Limited in Sai Kung Pak Kong. In the present original article, we would like to establish a sustainable management model for Chinese herbal gardens in an urban city. The sustainable development model for the Chinese herbal gardens is based on five major aspects: (1) land resources, (2) manpower planning, (3) economy, (4) education or training, and (5) ecosystem (cultivation). These are the essential factors of management and are implemented in our Chinese herbal gardens. We aim to find a suitable management model for Chinese herbal gardens and to promote it in other urban cities.

Ethnopharmacological review of boswellia serrata for anticancer activity

Boswellic acid is an Ursane group compound belonging to triterpenoids. It is the major constituents of the gum derived from plant Roxb. It belongs to Family Burseraceae. It is also known as and commonly known as the Salai guggal, white guggal, Indian olibanum. is medium-sized tree widely distributed in the India and Africa. B. Serrata is highly medicinal as well as economically potential. Currently, it is has the potential use in various herbal and ayurvedic formulations for the treatment of various disorders which include inflammation and other types of disorders. Since ancient and centuries anti-cancer drugs discovered from herbal medicines have been used in clinical practice. The active constituent of such formulations being vincristine, vinblastine and the camptothecene derivatives, topotecan, irinotecan and etoposide. There is current need for herbal and ethnopharmacological therapeutics to develop the novel anti-cancer drugs which is safe with effective mechanism. The new discoveries of developing combined ingredients from effective traditional formula or single ingredient as per the traditional medicine theory should be focused. This new approach will promote the academic research and the industry development of traditional medicine. This ethnopharmacological review is mainly focused on anticancer activity of

Acute Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Trattinnickia rhoifolia Willd (Sucuruba) Using the Zebrafish Model.

The species Trattinnickia rhoifolia Willd, (T. rhoifolia), which belongs to the Burseraceae family, is widely used in ethnopharmacological cultural practices by traditional Amazonian people for anti-inflammatory purposes, sometimes as their only therapeutic resource. Although it is used in teas, infusions, macerations and in food, the species is still unexplored in regard to its pharmacophoric potential and chemical profile. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a phytochemical characterization of the hydroethanolic extract of T. rhoifolia leaves (HELTr) and to evaluate the acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of this species using zebrafish (Danio rerio). The extract was analyzed by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The evaluation of the acute toxicity of the HELTr in adult zebrafish was determined using the limit test (2000 mg/kg), with behavioral and histopathological evaluations, in addition to the analysis of the anti-inflammatory potential of HELTr in carrageenan-induced abdominal edema, followed by the use of the computational method of molecular docking. The phytochemical profile of the species is chemically diverse, suggesting the presence of the fatty acids, ester, alcohol and benzoic acid classes, including propanoic acid, ethyl ester and hexadecanoic acid. In the studies of zebrafish performed according to the index of histopathological changes (IHC), the HELTr did not demonstrate toxicity in the behavioral and histopathological assessments, since the vital organs remained unchanged. Carrageenan-induced abdominal edema was significantly reduced at all HELTr doses (100, 200 and 500 mg/kg) in relation to the negative control, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), while the 200 mg/kg dose showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in relation to the positive control (indomethacin). With these activities being confirmed by molecular docking studies, they showed a good profile for the inhibition of the enzyme Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as the interactions established at the sites of the receptors used in the docking study were similar to the controls (RCX, IMN and CEL). Therefore, the HELTr has an acceptable degree of safety for acute toxicity, defined in the analysis of behavioral changes, mortality and histopathology, with a significant anti-inflammatory action in zebrafish at all doses, which demonstrates the high pharmacophoric potential of the species. These results may direct future applications and drug development but still require further elucidation.

Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils from Protium ovatum Engl. Against Malassezia furfur and Candida Species

Fungal opportunistic infections have increased in recent decades due to the increase in the immunosuppressed patients and the indiscriminate use of antifungals. In Brazil, a country with the greatest biodiversity in the world, studies that seek new antifungals from natural sources have been stimulated. Protium ovatum Engl., belongs to the Burseraceae family and is a shrub tree found mainly in Brazil, in the Cerrado biome, and has medicinal, food and aromatic uses. This study aims to investigate the chemical composition and the anti-Malassezia furfur and anticandidal activities of essential oils (EOs) from Protium ovatum ripe fruit (RF-EO) and unripe fruit (UF-EO). The EOs antifungal activities were determined by microdilution broth methodology. GC-FID and GC-MS analyses showed that limonene, α-pinene and myrcene were the major components of both EOs. MIC values of RF-EO and UF-EO against M. furfur were 375 and 1500 µg/mL, respectively. RF-EO exhibited MIC values between 62.5 and 250 µg/mL while UF-EO was slightly active (> 1000 µg/mL) against Candida species. In addition, RF-EO showed antibiofilm activity against Candida species and was not toxic to C. elegans larvae. This study suggests that EOs from P. ovatum could be an alternative therapeutic option for infectious diseases caused by M. furfur and Candida species.

Chromosomal-level reference genome of the moth Heortia vitessoides (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a major pest of agarwood-producing trees

The moth Heortia vitessoides Moore (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a major pest of ecologically, commercially and culturally important agarwood-producing trees in the genus Aquilaria. In particular, H. vitessoides is one of the most destructive defoliating pests of the incense tree Aquilaria sinesis, which produces a valuable fragrant wood used as incense and in traditional Chinese medicine [33]. Nevertheless, a genomic resource for H. vitessoides is lacking. Here, we present a chromosomal-level assembly for H. vitessoides, consisting of a 517 megabase (Mb) genome assembly with high physical contiguity (scaffold N50 of 18.2 Mb) and high completeness (97.9% complete BUSCO score). To aid gene annotation, 8 messenger RNA transcriptomes from different developmental stages were generated, and a total of 16,421 gene models were predicted. Expansion of gene families involved in xenobiotic metabolism and development were detected, including duplications of cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) genes shared among lepidopterans. In addition, small RNA sequencing of 5 developmental stages of H. vitessoides facilitated the identification of 85 lepidopteran conserved microRNAs, 94 lineage-specific microRNAs, as well as several microRNA clusters. A large proportion of the H. vitessoides genome consists of repeats, with a 29.12% total genomic contribution from transposable elements, of which long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) are the dominant component (17.41%). A sharp decrease in the genome-wide percentage of LINEs with lower levels of genetic distance to family consensus sequences suggests that LINE activity has peaked in H. vitessoides. In contrast, opposing patterns suggest a substantial recent increase in DNA and LTR element activity. Together with annotations of essential sesquiterpenoid hormonal pathways, neuropeptides, microRNAs and transposable elements, the high-quality genomic and transcriptomic resources we provide for the economically important moth H. vitessoides provide a platform for the development of genomic approaches to pest management, and contribute to addressing fundamental research questions in Lepidoptera.

Pharmacological Review on Indium Bdellium

Currently, a day to day life increasing used of herbal drug and ayurvedic remedies or derived medicine as natural instead of synthetic products in all over the world. indium bdellium also known as guggul belong to family burseraceae obtain from gum resin (sap) of the commiphora mukul and commiphora wightii.IIt contained wide range of chemical constituents diterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, long-chain aliphatic tetrols, aliphatic esters, ferulates, lignans, carbohydrates. This review article focus on the pharmacological actions like hypolipidemic activity, effect on platelet aggregation and fibrinolytic activity, thyroid stimulatory activity, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity, anti-oxidant activity, anti-atherosclerotic activity, cardioprotective activity, cytotoxic activity, anti-fertility activity, skin diseases, anti-hyperglycemic activity, anti-microbial activity.

Genome structure and evolutionary history of frankincense producing Boswellia sacra

SummaryBoswellia sacra Flueck (family Burseraceae) tree is wounded to produce frankincense. We report its de novo assembled genome (667.8 Mb) comprising 18,564 high-confidence protein-encoding genes. Comparing conserved single-copy genes across eudicots suggest >97% gene space assembly of B. sacra genome. Evolutionary history shows B. sacra gene-duplications derived from recent paralogous events and retained from ancient hexaploidy shared with other eudicots. The genome indicated a major expansion of Gypsy retroelements in last 2 million years. The B. sacra genetic diversity showed four clades intermixed with a primary genotype—dominating most resin-productive trees. Further, the stem transcriptome revealed that wounding concurrently activates phytohormones signaling, cell wall fortification, and resin terpenoid biosynthesis pathways leading to the synthesis of boswellic acid—a key chemotaxonomic marker of Boswellia. The sequence datasets reported here will serve as a foundation to investigate the genetic determinants of frankincense and other resin-producing species in Burseraceae.

Decay Tree Detection in Bogor Botanic Gardens Collection Using Sonic Tomograph Technology

Bogor Botanic Gardens is an ex-situ plant conservation area in Indonesia. Since BBG is 103 years old, many collections are 100 years old or older. These antique collections may sustain damage, such as broken or collapsing, endangering visitors and employees. As a result, monitoring tree health at BBG is a critical task. According to the tree health monitoring data, 73 of 244 trees were further checked using the PiCUS Sonic Tomograph. Trees from the Fabaceae (31%) and Myrtaceae (10%) families were the most frequently checked. Walnuts trees from the Burseraceae family had the most specimens (47,94%). The PST effectively provides an immediate picture of the stem condition by calculating solid and decaying wood percentage values.

Anti-influenza mechanism of phenolic phytochemicals from Canarium album (Lour.) DC. leaf extract

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCanarium album (Lour.) DC. belongs to the Burseraceae family. Its leaf, named as Ganlanye (GLY), was recorded to treat warm disease symptoms via clearing lung heat and toxicants in medical classics. Its aqueous extract had anti-influenza activity in our previous phenotypic screening. However, its active components and mechanism were not identified. AimWe aim to isolate the anti-influenza phytochemicals from GLY extract and explore its anti-flu mechanism. Material and methodsInfluenza A virus infected MDCK cells were used to test the compounds and fractions. Structural analyses of new compounds were performed via NMR calculation with the combination of DP4plus probability method and computed electronic circular dichroism (ECD). Hemagglutination inhibitory assay and neuraminidase inhibitory assay were performed to find the target protein. Molecular docking and recombinant virus were used to confirm the action site of the three new canaroleosides. ResultsThree new phenolic glycosides, canaroleosides A−C (1–3), and three known flavonoids (4–6), were isolated from the GLY aqueous extract and their anti-influenza virus mechanism was revealed. The absolute configurations of 1−3 were determined by ECD method, with the structure of the 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid moiety in 1 assigned by NMR calculation. Compound 1 was found to suppress both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities. Compounds 2, 3 4 and 6 inhibited neuraminidase, while compound 5 inhibited hemagglutinin. 1–3 could interact with Arg152 of the viral neuraminidase based on the result of molecular docking and reverse genetics. ConclusionSix phytochemicals were isolated from GLY aqueous extract and found to inhibit influenza A strains. They were found to interact with hemagglutinin or neuraminidase and canaroleosides 1–3 could interact with Arg152 of the viral neuraminidase. This study provided more evidence on the anti-influenza effect of Ganlan and laid the foundation for further generation of potent NA inhibitors.

Mini-review: phytology of Dabai (Canarium odontophyllum) as a potential functional food

By having large sources of fruits and vegetables, Sarawak, Malaysia has a remarkable diversity of flora. One of the underutilised local indigenous fruits in Sarawak that come from the Burseraceae family is Dabai (Canarium odontophyllum). Dabai is highly nutritious and rich in protein, fat, energy and carbohydrate. Hence, the oil extraction of nutritive dabai has become one of the interests in this review. The chemical characteristics of the extracted oils from both the dabai flesh and the kernel were discussed. A total of approximately 75 recognised species have been found mainly in Asia, the Pacific and tropical Africa. Later led to further investigation of the possible cholesterol-lowering agent due to its high antioxidant ability. The fruit is slightly triangular in the cross-section, ovoid to ellipsoid. It is also rich in phenolic compounds and vitamin E, such as γtocopherol. The review uncovered the potentials of the dabai as nutritious fruit with promising medicinal properties.

A Review On: Herbal, Pharmacognostical and Pharmacological Studies on Guggulu

Guggulu is an oleogum resin (oleo resin) that spontaneously emerges from the bark of Commiphora mukul Hook. ex Stocks, which belongs to the Burseraceae family. It has a long ethnomedicinal history and is a phytochemical repository of heuristic medical qualities. Guggulu is one of the constituents in several Ayurvedic formulations, the majority of which are titled with the suffix ‘guggulu.’ Guggulsterone is the principal active ingredient in gugulipid, a C. mukul extract used to treat a range of human illnesses. Massive work was expended in this review to assemble the data about guggulu and its undiscovered Ayurvedic formulations utilised in the Ayurvedic System of Medicines. Purified guggulu has been found to be useful in a variety of guggulu formulations for a variety of illness problems, with or without particular anupana. In Ayurveda, the formulation concept of guggulu is characterized by improved pharmacokinetic and polyvalent effects with multiple mechanisms of drug action. As a result, it is necessary in the modern period to undertake preclinical and clinical trials to validate the medicinal effectiveness of Guggulu formulations referenced in ancient literatures.

Izolati iz smole "Boswellia serrata" - hemijski sastav i farmakološke aktivnosti

Frankincense is an aromatic resin obtained from a tree of various species of the genus Boswellia, family Burseraceae. Boswellia serrata, which is characteristic for the Indian subcontinent and whose pharmacological effects have been proven in numerous studies, has the greatest medical importance. The aim of this paper is a detailed literature review of the chemical composition and biological activity of Indian frankincense resin isolates (B. serrata). In vitro studies and numerous clinical trials have shown promising beneficial effects in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease (ileitis), Crohn's disease and asthma, as well as in the reduction of peritumoral edema. The resin obtained from B. serrata which has both religious and medical significance is today widely used in the cosmetics industry due to its high content of essential oil.

Secondary Metabolites Found among the Species Trattinnickia rhoifolia Willd

Plant-derived products may represent promising strategies in the treatment of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). From this perspective, it is observed that the Amazon phytogeographic region contains the tribe Canarieae of the Burseraceae family, composed of trees and shrubs supplied with resin channels. Its uses in folk medicine are related to aromatic properties, which have numerous medicinal applications and are present in reports from traditional peoples, sometimes as the only therapeutic resource. Despite its economic and pharmacological importance in the region, and although the family is distributed in all tropical and subtropical regions of the world, most of the scientific information available is limited to Asian and African species. Therefore, the present work aimed to review the secondary metabolites with possible pharmacological potential of the species Trattinnickia rhoifolia Willd, popularly known as “Breu sucuruba”. To this end, an identification key was created for chemical compounds with greater occurrence in the literature of the genus Trattinnickia. The most evident therapeutic activities in the consulted studies were antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal, anesthetic and antiparasitic. An expressive chemical and pharmacological relevance of the species was identified, although its potential is insufficiently explored, mainly in the face of the NTDs present in the Brazilian Amazon.

In-vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activity and preliminary mechanism of action of Canarium album Raeusch. fruit extracts

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCanarium album Raeusch. belongs to the Burseraceae family. Its ripe fruits, known as Qing Guo (QG) in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), are used to treat sore throat, cough, and fish or crab poisoning. QG was reported to have antibacterial activity, and it exerted excellent anti-Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) activity in our screening of abundant TCM. However, few studies have reported its anti-H. pylori activity and mechanism. Aim of studyThe commonly used eradication therapies for H. pylori infection are antibiotic-based therapies. With the increasing antibiotic resistance of H. pylori, interest in finding alternative therapies has been aroused. This study investigated the phytochemistry profile, in vitro anti-H. pylori activity and possible anti-bacterial mechanism of QG extracts. Materials and methodsQG extracts were obtained by heat reflux extraction, ultrasonic extraction or liquid-liquid extraction with different solvents. The quantitative and qualitative phytochemical analyses were performed by colorimetric determination, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and UPLC-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). In vitro anti- H. pylori activity was assessed by broth micro-dilution method. Mechanism of action studies included morphological observation using electron microscopy, urease inhibition assay and determination of expression of virulence genes by RT-qPCR. ResultsAll QG extracts especially ethyl acetate extract (QGEAE) were rich in phenolic components, with the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) on H.pylori of 39–625 μg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of 78–1250 μg/ml. Both aqueous extract (QGAE) and QGEAE could induce the morphological and structural changes of H. pylori, inhibit urease activity with IC50 of 1093 μg/ml and 332.90 μg/ml, respectively, and down-regulate the virulence genes, such as vacA and cagA. ConclusionsQG may exhibit in vitro anti-H. pylori activity by inhibiting growth, destroying the bacterial structure and down-regulating the expression of virulence factors. Moreover, QG is the homology of food and TCM, which can be considered as a safe and convenient agent against H. pylori infection.

Short communication: Canarium odontophyllum Miq. (dabai) stem bark arrested HCT 116 cell line at G0/G1 checkpoint

Canarium odontophyllum Miq. is an exotic plant which is native in Borneo and belong to the Burseraceae family. It contains phytochemicals such as saponin, terpenoid, flavonoid and phenolic compound with potential anticancer property. It has been found that the extract of this plant negatively affected colorectal cancer cells by stimulating apoptosis. To elucidate the apoptosis mechanism induced by the plant extract, this study evaluated the effect of C. odontophyllum stem bark acetone extract on cell cycle distribution of HCT 116 cell line using propidium iodide assay. For this purpose, IC50 of the acetone extract of C. odontophyllum was first determined by treating HCT 116 cells with the extract for 24, 48 and 72 hours. It was found that the acetone extract of C. odontophyllum inhibited proliferation of HCT 116 at IC50 value of 55.09 ± 18.29 µg/mL for 24 hours treatment, 37.81 ± 5.09 µg/mL for 48 hours treatment, and 114.9 ± 16.08 µg/mL following 72 hours treatment. Using IC50 value of 48 hours treatment, it was observed that C. odontophyllum acetone extract arrested the HCT 116 cells at G0/G1 checkpoint. Based on this result, it can be concluded that one of the apoptosis mechanisms induced by C. odontophyllum is by arresting cell cycle of HCT 116 cells at G0/G1 checkpoint. This finding warrants further investigation on how C. odontophyllum causes the cell cycle arrest and its potential to become anticancer agent.

Lignans from Bursera fagaroides: Chemistry, Pharmacological Effects and Molecular Mechanism. A Current Review.

Bursera fagaroides is a medicinal tree endemic to México, it belongs to the Burseraceae family and has proven antitumor activity. Modern research, performed principally with the bark extracts, have indicated that lignans are the main active constituents of B. fagaroides, with a high content of aryltetralin, aryldihydronaphtalene, dibenzylbutirolactone, and dibenzylbutane-type lignans as the constituents of the active extracts. In general, lignans from B. fagaroides exhibited potent anti-cancer activity, although antitumor, anti-bacterial, anti-protozoal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral properties have also been described. This review covers literature-reported lignans from B. fagaroides, chemical structures, nomenclature, chromatographic techniques of isolation, characterization strategies, and highlights the anti-cancer molecular mechanisms of lignans. Evaluation of the anticancer function of lignans has been extensively investigated since the cytotoxic in vitro results and in vivo assays in mice and zebrafish models to the tubulin molecular recognition by NMR. Also, we discuss the future direction for studying this important plant species and its lignan metabolites.

Carbon in forest species of the Atlantic Forest as an indicator of stocks and quality

The objective is to quantify the carbon content (C) of the reservoirs of plant biomass of different species in a fragment of the Atlantic Forest in Northeast Brazil. Ten species of high absolute density were selected. We sampled biomass from the leaf and wood compartments of each species to determine the C content. There was a difference in leaf C levels between species. The C content in leaves of species varied between 451.4 and 456.7 g kg-1. The C content of the wood of species varied between 451.7 and 456.8 g kg-1. The group formed by the families Burseraceae, Moraceae, and Sapotaceae showed higher average levels of C in leaves. The Burseraceae family had the highest average C content in the species' wood. The use of a pre-established carbon content (500 g kg-1) may generate inconsistent estimates higher than the real values for the species and families in an Atlantic Forest environment. We suggest that C stock estimates use specific levels for species and/or families, contributing to a more realistic estimate of C storage patterns in the shoot biomass of Atlantic Forest species.Keywords: Carbon concentration; Carbon sequestration; Tropical Rainforest.

Phylogenic position and marker studies using cpDNA of C. wightii: A critically endangered and medicinally important plant in India

Complete chloroplast genome of Commiphora wightii (family Burseraceae), a medicinally important-critically endangered plant, was assembled using next generation sequencing. Genome annotation was conducted using CpGAVAS web server. The genome is 156,064 bp in length, presenting a typical quadripartite structure of large (LSC; 93,841 bp) and small (SSC; 19,897 bp) single-copy regions separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs; 21,163 bp). The genome encodes 125 genes including 86 protein genes, 29 tRNAs, and eight rRNAs. Total 16 simple sequence repeats (SSR), detected in the plastome include the di, tri, tetra, and pentanucleotide repeat. When compared with the plastome of other members of Burseraceae it showed one unique SSR. Total twenty-two hypervariable regions of loci were found in the genome, which could serve as DNA barcodes for species identification. The newly sequenced complete cp genome identified SSRs, nucleotide diversity, phylogenetic analysis, and IR contraction will help in understanding the plastome evolution and genetic conservation of this critically endangered medicinal plant in the future.

Using the Natural Fixative from Canarium Resin of Vietnam

Aim and Objectives: Nowadays, the fixative substance from natural materials is gradually replacing the fixative substance that has been synthesized from chemicals. The purpose of the study in this research is that we created a natural fragrance from Vietnamese raw material with a fixative from Canarium Album (Lour) as a natural fixative to replace artificial fixative. Canarium plant is scientifically known as Canarium Album (Lour) Raensch of the Burseraceae family. Canarium Album L. is distributed in most of Northern provinces, central Highlands, and Southeast of Vietnam.
 Materials and Methods: The method of this process is resin extraction by volatile solvents. We use a knife to cut into the trunk and let the resin run out, then harvest this resin to make fixative. The resin is dissolved in alcohol 96% and the distilled alcohol is removed to obtain absolute Canarium. Evaluation method of the ability of absolute Canarium is performed by comparing it with other fixatives in fragrances. Raw canarium resins is taken directly from canarium plants then refined absolute canarium as the natural fixative. We use this fixative substance in combinations of floral, woody smells and comparison with traditional artificial fixative as Musk ketone, Musk xylene, Musk ambrette.
 Results: The comparison results show that the ability to keep the fragrance of scent is lower than musk ambrette, musk ketone but it is better than musk xylene. Thus, canarium resin can be used as a natural fixative to replace artificial fixative in fragrance.
 Conclusions: Through research and experiment, we can see Canarium resin is precious. It can be used as a good fixative in aromatherapy. This is a natural resin, a kind of resource available in Vietnam. Therefore, it is recommended for further research, exploitation, and effective use of this resource.