Buoyancy Time Research Articles

Exploring the potential of carbocisteine loaded microparticulate system by using ccd model for the treatment of respiratory infections

Background: Multi-particulate drug delivery systems (microbeads) deliver drugs over an extended period, distributing them evenly throughout the gastrointestinal tract and minimizing local irritation. Microbeads are small, solid, free-flowing particulate carriers that contain drug particles that have been dispersed and are either crystalline in solution. Aim: The present work explores the potential of the carbocisteine-loaded floating microparticulate drug delivery system. Methodology: Floating microbeads were prepared using the ionotropic gelation method and optimized using Central Composite Design. Result and discussion: Floating microbeads of prepared carbocisteine were evaluated for the FTIR study, which reveals no interaction between the drug and other excipients. Buoyancy time, drug content, particle size, and % drug release were also characterized; it found that drug release was 90.24 %, up to 17 hours, 250 to 220 µm, and drug content 96.67%, respectively, for the optimized batch. An accelerated stability study was performed, showing that the formulation was stable. Floating microparticulate drugs were prepared, and batch B-3 was optimized based on in-vitro buoyancy and release patterns. The floating ability of the beads was observed visually for 10 to 17 hr, and an increase in polymer concentration decreased the swelling of the beads. Conclusion: The results obtained from the formulation batch B-3 show good results for all the parameters tested. Floating microbeads could be the best possible approach to deliver drugs with the benefit of reduced dosing frequency

Design, Development, and In vitro Evaluation of Single Unit Hydrodynamically Balanced System of Captopril

Background: This study investigated the use of in situ polyelectrolyte complex formation by using two oppositely charged polysaccharides [Chitosan (cationic), Sodium Alginate (anionic)]. It forms 3-D intercalation and interpenetrating network helping in controlling the release of highly acid-soluble Captopril. Objective: To develop a polyelectrolyte complex based single unit gastroretentive tablet by using optimization based 3 (2) Taguchi factorial design for controlled delivery of Captopril. Materials and Methods: Gastroretentive Captopril tablets were prepared by the direct compression technique. Total 09 batches were prepared as per 3 (2) Taguchi factorial design studies of 100 tablets each. Results: Thermal analysis method revealed that there is a formation of PEC between chitosan and sodium alginate. In vitro buoyancy and T60%, drug release studies revealed that due to complex formation, formulation remains stable and remains buoyant. From factorial design studies, it was interpreted that for buoyancy time (Y1) chitosan desired effect value was found higher. For 60% drug release (T60%; Y2) both chitosan and sodium alginate have a synergistic effect. Durbin Watson's statistical model and residual data suggested that the model is statistically validated. All formulations follow the zero-order kinetics. Stability studies revealed that formulations F5 and F9 remain stable for long-term stability studies without showing any significant changes. The fit analysis studies indicated that the prepared formulation was different from the innovator product indicating low f1 and f2 values. Conclusion: From the result generated it was concluded that chitosan-sodium alginate polyelectrolyte complex has sufficient potential to retard the release of CPT.

Preparation and Evaluation of In-house Fabricated Floating Tablets of Black Pepper Extract

In folk medicine, Black pepper (Piper nigrum) has found its role as a hepato protective agent, diaphoretic, stomachic and for its aromatic properties. Ayurvedic medicine uses pepper extensively as bio-enhancer. It is known to have antioxidant, antiulcer activity and gastro protective effects. Helicobacter pylori is identified as gastric carcinogen and known to cause gastric cancer through injecting CagA, avirulent toxin, followed by its translocation intoVacA. The present study was designedfor development as well as evaluation of Pepper extract floating tablets for the management of peptic ulcers due by H. pylori. In the current experiment, we have developed gastro-retentive floating tablets of standardized pepper extract. Directly compressed were subjected to evaluation for various in vitro parameters. Floating tabletscontaining ingredients viz Pepper extract, HPMC K100Mhydrophilic polymer, colophony as hydrophobic polymer were used. Sodium bicarbonate was used to generate gas. Lubricants such as Talc and Magnesium stearate were used and to improve compressibility, Lactose was utilized. Directly compressed tablets were then subjected to evaluation. Formulations were optimized based on buoyancy time and considering drug release in vitro.The formulation 3 with the ingredients viz, pepper extract, lactose, HPMC K100M, sodium carbonate, talc, magnesium stearate and colophonyshowed good floating behavior along with improved controlled drug release in comparison with other formulations.We conclude that, the developed formulations can be effectively used to treat ulcers and in the prevention of gastric carcinogenesis.

A fractional model of magnetohydrodynamics Oldroyd-B fluid with couple stresses, heat and mass transfer: A comparison among Non-Newtonian fluid models

The present article aims to extend some of the already existing fluid models to a large class of fluids namely, “Oldroyd-B couple stress fluid (OBCSF)”. The main focus of the present work is to combine the existing fluid models in ordered to get a new class of fluid. The unsteady magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Oldroyd-B fluid (OBF) with couple stresses, porosity, heat and mass transfer is considered in the present analysis. The Oldroyd-B couple stress fluid is assumed to flow in channel. The classical model is fractionalized by considering Atangana-Baleanu (AB) operator in ordered to highlight the memory analysis. To develop closed form solutions the combined (Laplace + Fourier) integrals have been used. The results obtained are portrayed through graphs for all pertinent flow parameters which involved in the present dynamic model. Moreover, the impact of AB time fractional parameter is investigated graphically on flow, temperature and concentration distributions exploiting MATHCAD software. Secondly, for better understanding the present solutions of Oldroyd-B couple stress fluid (OBCSF) are reduced to Odroyd-B fluid (OBF) without couple stresses, Maxwell solutions, Couple stress solutions and Newtonian viscous fluid solutions and the results have been compared for classical and fractional order derivatives. In addition to this a limiting case is carried out by our solutions to already published work which verify our solutions. In addition to this during the analysis we noticed that the flow heat and concentrated get lowered for the escalating numerical values of AB fractional derivatives. Similarly, it is also noticed that the velocity in channel accelerated with the increment of numeric values of pressure, porosity, thermal buoyancy and relaxation time parameter. In the same manner temperature and concertation profiles gets low with the higher values of Prandtl number, Reynold number and fractional operator. Finally, skin friction for momentum equation, Nusselt number for temperature and Sherwood number for concentration have been calculated and given in tabular forms.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Floating Tablet for the Treatment of Gastric Ulcer

Introduction: The goal of the current study was to create and assess herbal floating tablet that would treat stomach ulcers. Many of the medications that are currently on the market have either been directly or indirectly produced from plants, which have long been considered an experimental source of medication. Different diseases are treated with plant extracts. There are so many chemically active components in plants that can be used to cure so many different diseases. Herbal floating tablet increase bioavailability, extend the period that pharmaceuticals stay in the stomach, and make it easier to administer medications locally to the stomach. For the treatment of gastric ulcers, floating tablets with alcoholic extract of amla as the primary active ingredient were created in this study. Method: The herbal floating tablet was made using the direct compression method and contains alcoholic extracts of amla, aqueous extracts of ginger and fenugreek, psyllium husk, HPMC K100M, sodium bicarbonate, talc, and magnesium stearate. Additional evaluation tests for the herbal floating tablet include those for hardness, thickness, diameter, weight uniformity, and buoyancy duration. The use of buoyancy time improved the formulation. The tablet were made using the direct compression process and contained alcoholic extract of amla, aqueous extract of ginger and fenugreek, psyllium husk, HPMC K100M, sodium bicarbonate, talc, and magnesium stearate. For gastro retentive drug delivery systems, a combination of psyllium husk, sodium bicarbonate, and HPMC K100M can prove promising.

Natural Polymer Based Floating Matrix Tablets of Domperidone

Aim: This study is aimed to prepare floating matrix Domperidone Maleate tablets by using natural polymers. Materials and Methods: Domperidone maleate was formulated as floating matrix tablets to increase the gastric residence time. Natural polymers like xanthan gum, tragacanth, sodium alginate along with sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and HPMC were used to increase the buoyancy time and decrease the floating lag time. The compressed tablets were evaluated for various parameters like friability, hardness, uniformity of weight, uniformity of drug content, swelling index, bouncy time and in-vitro drug release. Results: The evaluated parameters were in compliance with the pharmacopoeial limits. The most successful formulation was F2, containing xanthan gum as polymer. The drug release was extended up to 10 h which was close to that of theoretical release profile. Mathematical modelling of in-vitro dissolution data indicated the best-fit release kinetics was achieved with Zero order model with R2 values of 0.99. Conclusion: The prepared sustained-release floating tablets of domperidone maleate could perform therapeutically better than that of conventional sustained release tablets with improved efficacy and better patient compliance.

Simulation of Marine Debris Path Using Mathematical Model in the Gulf of Thailand

Marine debris is an important environmental problem that affects aquatic animals, ecosystems, economy, society, and humans. This research aims to simulate the path of marine debris in the Gulf of Thailand using a mathematical model that includes two models: the Oceanic Model (OCM), which is based on the Shallow Water Equations (SWE), and the Lagrangian Particle Tracking (LPT) model. The OCM is the partial derivative equation system solved by the finite difference method to satisfy the Arakawa C-grid and the splitting method. The LPT model includes the current velocity, wind velocity at 10 m above sea level, random walk term, and the buoyancy ratio of marine debris with six cases, which are 100:1, 10:1, 1:1, 0:1, 1:10, and 1:100. The current velocity from OCM is applied to the LPT model. This research uses a garbage boat that capsized near Koh Samui on 1 August 2020 as a case study. The simulated current velocity of OCM is compared with Ocean Surface Current Analyses Real-time (OSCAR) data. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of u-velocity is 0.070 m/s, and that of v-velocity is 0.058 m/s. The simulation of the marine debris’s path from the LPT model demonstrates the movement to Koh Samui, Koh Taen, Koh Wang Nai, Koh Wang Nok, Koh Rap, the east coast of Nakorn Si Thammarat province, Phu Quoc Island of Vietnam and the middle of the Gulf of Thailand with the different buoyancy ratios and time durations.

Formulation and In- Vitro Evaluation of Baclofen Gastroretentive Microballoons for Sustained Drug Delivery

Abstract: A sustained release drug delivery system for baclofen was designed to increase its residence time in the stomach without establishing contact with the mucosa. This was made possible through the preparation of microballoons by emulsion solvent diffusion-evaporation technique. The prepared microballoons were characterized for physical characteristics such as particle size, particle shape and surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy. Further, percentage yield determination, drug entrapment efficiency, in vitro buoyancy test, micromeritic investigations and in vitro drug release studies were carried out. The obtained microspheres were free flowing, spherical and displayed a particle size ranging from 50.15 to 67.0µm suitable for oral delivery. The drug entrapped in the hollow microspheres increased with the increase in eudragit RSPO content. Scanning electron microscopy and particle size analysis revealed differences in the formulations in respect to their appearance and size distribution. The FTIR spectroscopy technique and DSC were carried out to rule out drug – excipients interactions. From the results obtained, it was concluded that there was no interaction between drug and the excipients. The formulation containing Baclofen:Eudragit RSPO (1:3 and 1:4) exhibited higher percentage values for buoyancy time. The drug release was found to follow Higuchi kinetics with non-fickian diffusion mechanism, from all the four batches. These preliminary results indicate that baclofen loaded microballoons could be effective in sustaining drug release for prolonged periods of time

Fabrication of floating tablets using bark extract of azadirachta indica for the treatment of peptic ulcer

Targeted release of drugs in the upper intestines can be achieved by using floating drug delivery systems (FDDS). A. indica has been the most commonly used traditional medicine for the treatment of peptic ulcers in rural India. This study's A. indica bark extract floating tablets are designed to keep drug in the stomach longer, boost its bioavailability, and target the ulcer in the stomach. Hydrocolloids (such as HPMC and carbopol 934P were employed to expand an FDDS, as were sodium bicarbonate (NaCl) and citric acid. They were examined for their pre-compression properties, physical qualities, buoyancy, lag time, in vitro release, and swelling index before compression. It was determined which formulations worked best for the various HPMC viscosity grades, carbopol 934P concentrations and mixtures. Experiment results showed that F2 was able to maintain drug release (95 percent) for 12 hours and remained buoyant at the same time. The improved formulation (F2) did not alter buoyancy time, drug content, and in vitro dissolution after three months at 40°C/75 percent RH. Tablets are cost-effective and may solve absorption issues. A. indica bark extract significant reduced ulcer index and percentage of ulcer formation in animals.

Role of thermophoresis on unsteady/steady mixed convective flow in a vertical channel having convective boundary conditions

A numerical as well as analytical investigation is performed to study time dependent/steady state mixed convection flow in a vertical channel in presence of thermophoresis having convective boundary conditions. The main objective of this paper is to present exact solutions for steady state mathematical model under relevant boundary conditions and numerical solutions for time dependent situation under relevant initial and boundary conditions. The impact of various controlling parameters such as dimensionless time t, Schmidt number Sc, Biot numbers Bi_{1} and Bi_{2}, buoyancy ratio b and thermophoretic coefficient k have on the flow patterns is discussed. Graphical results show that the effect of increasing two or more of the parameters simultaneously with high mixed convection parameter changes the flow from bi-directional to unidirectional. Also, the occurrence of a flow reversal depends on buoyancy and dimensional time. Furthermore, there exists a convergence of Sherwood number values at the cold plate when thermophoretic values are high.Article HighlightsWhen buoyancy dominates the flow, a decrease of reverse flow at the cold plate is observed as thermophoresis approaches its peak.If Schmidt number increases simultaneously with time, a wider region across the channel where concentration of particles is zero is observed.When thermophoretic values are low, an increment in time reduces Sherwood numbers. Sherwood number values are observed to converge at the cold plate when thermophoretic values are high. These findings have implications in the developments of thermophoretic cells used in biochemical and medical researches because Sherwood numbers imply negative concentration fluxes at boundaries.

Formulation, Optimization, in vitro and in-vivo evaluation of levofloxacin hemihydrate Floating Tablets

The objective of the present investigation was to design, optimize and characterize the gastro retentive floating levofloxacin tablets and perform in-vivo evaluation using radiographic imaging. The floating tablets were prepared by using polymers i.e hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC-K4M) and carbopol-940 individually and in combination by nonaquous granulation method. All the Formulations were evaluated for swelling index (S.I), floating behavior and in-vitro drug release kinetics. The compatibility study of levofloxacin with other polymers was investigated by FTIR, DSC, TGA and XRD. Results from FTIR and DSC revealed no chemical interaction amongst the formulation components. The optimized formulation (F11) showed floating lag time (FLT), total floating time (TFT) swelling index (S.I) of 60 sec, >16h and approximately 75 %, respectively. Moreover, F11 showed zero order levofloxacin release in simulated gastric fluid over the period of 6 h. X-ray studies showed that total buoyancy time was able to delay the gastric emptying of levofloxacin floating tablets in rabbits for more than 4 hours. In conclusion the optimized formulation (F11) can be used for the sustained delivery of levofloxacin for the treatment of peptic ulcer.

Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Sustain Release Pellets of Anti Gout Drug

Objective: The objective of this investigation was to formulate and evaluate effervescent pellets of febuxostat to achieve sustain release effect.
 Place and Duration of Study: APMC College of Pharmaceutical education and research, Department of Pharmaceutics, Himatnagar-383001, between June 2019 and July 2021.
 Materials and Methods: The gastro retentive effervescent pellets of febuxostat were formulated using Sodium CMC and HPMC K4M and HPMCK15M as a sustain release polymer. Pellets were prepared by extrusion- spheronization technique using microcrystalline cellulose as spheronizing agent and sodium bicarbonate and citric acid as a gas forming agent for effervescent pellets. The pellets were characterized with respect to their floating lag time, total buoyancy time and % cumulative drug release.
 Results and Discussion: DSC study showed that there was no change in the melting endotherm of the drug and drug-polymers mixture which means drug and polymers were compatible with each other. The optimized formulation B14 exhibits a floating lag time 4.00±0.004 sec. and cumulative % drug release at 12th hour 99.58±0.02. Scanning electron microscopy photomicrograph revealed that the surface was rough and pellets were spherical shaped in nature.
 Conclusion: Febuxostat sustain release pellets was successfully formulated and evaluated as effervescent pellets with gas former agents and sustain release polymer HPMC K15.

Laboratory and numerical experiments on the near wake of a sphere in a stably stratified ambient

The flow around and behind a sphere in a linear density gradient has served as a model problem for both body-generated wakes in atmospheres and oceans, and as a means of generating a patch of turbulence that then decays in a stratified ambient. Here, experiments and numerical simulations are conducted for 20 values of Reynolds number, $Re$ , and internal Froude number, $Fr$ , where each is varied independently. In all cases, the early wake is affected by the background density gradient, notably in the form of the body-generated lee waves. Mean and fluctuating quantities do not reach similar states, and their subsequent evolution would not be collapsible under any universal scaling. There are five distinguishable flow regimes, which mostly overlap with previous literature based on qualitative visualisations and, in this parameter space, they maintain their distinguishing features up to and including buoyancy times of 20. The possible relation of the low $\{Re, Fr\}$ flows to their higher $\{Re, Fr\}$ counterparts is discussed.

Development and characterization of effervescent floating tablet of famotidine for treatment of peptic ulcer

Floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) are utilized to target drug discharge in the stomach or to the upper parts of intestine. Famotidine has been the most extensively used drug for the management of peptic ulcer for various decades. The current study concerns the development and evaluation of floating tablets of famotidine which, after oral administration, are planned to extend the gastric residence time, enhance drug bioavailability and aim the gastric ulcer. A FDDS was expanded using gas-forming agents, like sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and hydrocolloids, like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and carbopol 934P. The prepared tablets were evaluated in terms of their pre-compression parameters, physical characteristics, buoyancy, buoyancy lag-time, in vitro release, and swelling index. The formulations were optimized for the different viscosity grades of HPMC, carbopol 934P and its concentrations and combinations. The consequences of the in vitro release studies demonstrated that the optimized formulation (F6) could sustain drug release (98%) for 24 h and remain buoyant for 24 hr. Optimized formulation (F6) showed no considerable change in physical appearance, drug content, total buoyancy time or in vitro dissolution study after storage at 40°C/75% RH for 3 months. Lastly the tablet formulations establish to be economical and may conquer the draw backs associated with the drug during its absorption.
 Keywords: Famotidine, Floating drug delivery system, Hydrocolloids, Gastric residence time.

Formulation and Evaluation of Mucoadhesive Floating Microspheres of Repaglinide

The main objective of the present study was to design a controlled release dosage form for an oral anti diabetic drug i.e. repaglinide employing polymers like eudragit s- 100. One of the other objective of this present study was to increase the biological half-life the drug by formulating into microspheres. The microspheres of repaglinide were prepared by solvent evaporation method by using eudragit s-100 and ethyl cellulose as polymers with different concentrations. Formulations (F1-F10) were prepared and evaluated for various micrometric properties and it was observed that though all the formulations were exhibited good flow properties, The F5 formulation exhibits higher in- vitro buoyancy time and entrapment efficiency which is considered for in- vitro and mucoadhesive studies. The FTIR results reveal that there was no interaction between the drug and the excipients. The in- vitro release profiles of F1-F5 indicated that all formulations showed controlled release over an extended period, with acceptable release kinetics. Among the all formulations F5 were considered as a promising candidate for sustain release of repaglinide.

FDM analysis for nonlinear mixed convective nanofluid flow with entropy generation

This analysis is concerned with unsteady Darcy-Forchheimer flow of nanomaterial by a stretching sheet. Heat transfer is carried out in presence of nonlinear mixed convection. Brownian motion and thermophoresis diffusion describe nanomaterial characteristics. Further magnetic field and viscous dissipation impacts are considered. By choosing suitable variables problem related expressions (PDEs) are transformed into dimensionless PDEs. These PDEs are then tackled through finite difference scheme. Entropy generation, skin friction, mass transfer rate and heat transfer rate are elaborated for involved parameters. Velocity enhances with increment in buoyancy variable and time while it reduces via higher Forchheimer number and porosity parameter. Temperature of the fluid decays with larger time while it boosts with an increment in Eckert number and nonlinear convection parameter. Higher values of Schmidt number lead to decay in concentration while it intensifies against higher thermophoretic diffusion parameter and time. Entropy production rate boosts against Prandtl and Eckert numbers while it is controlled via higher temperature ratio and volume ratio parameters.

Tornado-like vortices in the quasi-cyclostrophic regime of Coriolis-centrifugal convection

Coriolis-centrifugal convection () in a cylindrical domain constitutes an idealised model of tornadic storms, where the rotating cylinder represents the mesocyclone of a supercell thunderstorm. We present a suite of direct numerical simulations, analysing the influence of centrifugal buoyancy on the formation of tornado-like vortices (TLVs). TLVs are self-consistently generated provided the flow is within the quasi-cyclostrophic (QC) regime in which the dominant dynamical balance is between pressure gradient and centrifugal buoyancy forces. This requires the Froude number to be greater than the radius-to-height aspect ratio, . We show that the TLVs that develop in our simulations share many similar features with realistic tornadoes, such as azimuthal velocity profiles, intensification of the vortex strength, and helicity characteristics. Further, we analyse the influence of the mechanical bottom boundary conditions on the formation of TLVs, finding that a rotating fluid column above a stationary surface does not generate TLVs if centrifugal buoyancy is absent. In contrast, TLVs are generated in the QC regime with any bottom boundary conditions when centrifugal buoyancy is present. Our simulations bring forth insights into natural supercell thunderstorm systems by identifying properties that determine whether a mesocyclone becomes tornadic or remains non-tornadic. For tornadoes to exist, a vertical temperature difference must be present that is capable of driving strong convection. Additionally, our predictions dimensionally imply a critical mesocyclone angular rotation rate of . Taking a typical mesocyclone height of , this translates to for centrifugal buoyancy-dominated, quasi-cyclostrophic tornadogenesis. The formation of the simulated TLVs happens at all heights on the centrifugal buoyancy time scale . This implies a roughly 1 minute, height-invariant formation for natural tornadoes, consistent with recent observational estimates.

Formulation and Evaluation of Isabgol and Liquorice-Based Nutraceuticals Floating Tablets for Management of Gastric Ulcer

Background: Floating tablets extend drug residence time, enhance bioavailability and promote the delivery of local drugs to the stomach. With this objective, floating tablets were prepared for the treatment of gastric ulcers containing aqueous extract of liquorice and Isabgol. Methods: Tablets containing HPMC K100M (hydrophilic polymer), liquorice extract, sodium bicarbonate (gas generating agent), talc, and magnesium stearate were prepared using direct compression method. Physical parameters of formulations such as diameter, thickness, hardness, friability, weight uniformity, drug content, buoyancy time, dissolution, and the mechanism for drug release, were assessed. The formulations have been optimized based on buoyancy time and invitro drug release. Results: The diameter of all formulations was in the range 11.310-11.833 mm; thickness was in the range 4.02-4.071 mm. The hardness ranged from 3.1 to 3.4 kg/cm. All the formulations passed the USP requirements for friability and uniformity of weight. All tablet formulations had a buoyancy period of less than 5 min and throughout the research, the tablet stayed in floating condition. All tablet formulations were accompanied in drug discharge by zero-order kinetics and Korsmeyer- Peppas model. Conclusion: It was discovered that the optimized formulation was F7, which released 98.5 percent of the drug in 8 hr. in-vitro, while the buoyancy time was 3.5 min. For gastroretentive drug delivery systems, formulations containing Isabgol, sodium bicarbonate and HPMC K100 M in combination may be promising.

Application of mathematical modeling to solve the emergency water landing task in the interests of passenger aircraft certification

The article deals with issues related to the application of modeling in the interests of aircraft certification. The technique of numerical flood modeling based on the numerical solution of Navier–Stokes equations with a free surface is proposed. Verification of the technique was carried out on the tasks about water fluctuations in the tank under the action of gravity, cylinder movement in the liquid and ball drop in the liquid. In all cases, good convergence of simulation results with experimental data is shown. Validation of the method was performed on the task of sinking the vessel model with damage in the bottom and on board. Complex model hull movements were studied due to changing buoyancy properties as a result of water leakage inside the hull during the sinking. Comparison of calculated and experimental data shows their qualitative and quantitative consistency at the initial stage of the dive. By the example of modeling the flooding of the passenger aircraft model, the practical application of the developed method for certification is shown. It was found that at the initial moment of time after an unplanned landing on the water, the front and rear emergency exits are located above the waterline, and the buoyancy time of the aircraft is sufficient for its emergency exit.

3 (2) Factorial Design Assisted Crushed Puffed Rice-HPMC-Chitosan based Hydrodynamically Balanced System of Metoprolol Succinate

Introduction: Hydrodynamically balanced system (HBS) possesses prolonged and continuous delivery of the drug to the gastrointestinal tract which improves the rate and extent of medications that have a narrow absorption window. The objective of this work was to develop a Hydrodynamically Balanced System (HBS) of Metoprolol Succinate (MS) as a model drug for sustained stomach specific delivery. Materials and Methods: Experimental batches were designed according to 3(2) Taguchi factorial design. A total of 9 batches were prepared for batch size 100 capsules each. Formulations were prepared by physically blending MS with polymers followed by encapsulation into hard gelatin capsule shell of size 0. Polymers used were Low Molecular Weight Chitosan (LMWCH), Crushed Puffed Rice (CPR), and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose K15 M (HPMC K15M). Two factors used were buoyancy time (Y1) and time taken for 60% drug release (T60%; Y2). Results: The drug excipient interaction studies were performed by the thermal analysis method which depicts that no drug excipient interaction occurs. In vitro buoyancy studies and drug release studies revealed the efficacy of HBS to remain gastro retentive for a prolonged period and concurrently sustained the release of MS in highly acidic medium. All formulations followed zero-order kinetics. Conclusion: Developed HBS of MS with hydrogel-forming polymers could be an ideal delivery system for sustained stomach specific delivery and would be useful for the cardiac patients where the prolonged therapeutic action is required.