Production Of Building Materials Research Articles

Eco-friendly hybrid binders based on waste from the chemical industry

The purpose of the study is to show the possibility of using high-tonnage waste from the chemical industry in the production of building materials. Methods and materials. Methods of data comparison and analysis were used. Solid residues of distiller sludge with a moisture content of 25-30%, an active calcium oxide content of 12-13% and quartz sand with a grain size of 2.2, humidity of 5-6% were used as materials. Results. Compositions and methods for obtaining a cement-free binder based on the solid residue of soda and quartz sand production are proposed. The possibility of obtaining a binder based on the solid residue of distiller slurries according to two technological schemes: drying of the solid residue and grinding together with quartz sand; firing of the solid residue and grinding together with quartz sand, has been confirmed by our tests. The introduced concept of “Eco-friendly hybrid cements” (Eco-friendly hybrid binders (EHB)) emphasizes that they are binders made up of multicomponent mineral raw materials of secondary resources. Practical significance. Solid by-products of the chemical industry can be used as an auxiliary inorganic component. This will make it possible to create eco-friendly hybrid cements ready for use, which are sealed only with water, which contributes to the development of such binders by industry and the rational use of secondary mineral resources.

Quantitative and qualitative composition of solid particles released into the atmosphere when burning coal (a case study from a brick factory of Uzbekistan)

The fight against atmospheric air pollution by combustion products of natural coal, in particular coal ash, is an urgent task. The most refined definition of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of coal ash, taking into account the specifics of the technological process for the production of burnt bricks, will serve to identify and justify the technological process and the main parameters of the dust and gas treatment device (PGOU) for use in the production of building materials that involve the use of natural coal as fuel.

Quantitative and qualitative composition of solid particles released into the atmosphere when burning coal (a case study from a brick factory of Uzbekistan)

The fight against atmospheric air pollution by combustion products of natural coal, in particular coal ash, is an urgent task. The most refined definition of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of coal ash, taking into account the specifics of the technological process for the production of burnt bricks, will serve to identify and justify the technological process and the main parameters of the dust and gas treatment device (PGOU) for use in the production of building materials that involve the use of natural coal as fuel.

Оценка экономических и экологических условий для эффективного освоения силикатных никелевых руд месторождений Среднего Урала

Development of nickel deposits in the Ural will be economically beneficial for both Russia and the region. As an important strategic raw material, nickel is used in the nuclear, military, pharmaceutical, petrochemical industries, as well as in the production of portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, etc. Given the current global political situation, Russia has to develop the resource base focusing on domestic deposits, especially those located in industrially developed regions. In order to assess business performance, the paper analyses technical and economic indicators, such as expected income, investment attractiveness, prospects for accelerating development. As a result, the study presents an economic justification for the development of nickel deposits in the Middle Urals and an assessment of the technical and economic feasibility of mining relatively low-grade silicate nickel ores. The development of these deposits implies an increase in expenditures on subsoil management and environmental protection and an improvement of social conditions for the population (increased employment, regular environmental and medical-biological expertise, etc.). The article proposes measures for the rational integrated use of extracted raw materials in the considered deposits, particularly, production of building materials from mineral waste considering environmental and social factors. Economic calculations performed for the Kungur deposit (annual ore production capacity of 396 thousand tonnes), the Parushinsky deposit (273 thousand tonnes) and the Serov deposit (600 thousand tonnes) showed a high profitability of mining operations, including the processing of mineral waste.

Waste-free life cycle of iron oxide catalysts for dehydrogenation of olefins and alkylaromatic hydrocarbons

For the processes of obtaining isoprene, styrene, divinylbenzene by dehydrogenation methods, iron oxide catalysts are used, the synthesis method of which is close to a waste-free technology. Waste is catalyst dust and chips formed during the screening stage of commercial products, flue gases formed during the activation of the catalyst. In the article, the authors consider the problems associated with waste in the production and operation of iron oxide catalysts for the dehydrogenation of olefins and alkylaromatic hydrocarbons. A method is proposed for the use of catalyst dust formed at the stage of catalyst preparation and utilization of spent iron oxide catalyst for the dehydrogenation of olefins and alkylaromatic hydrocarbons. The possibility of utilization of an ironcontaining spent catalyst for the production of iron oxide pigment and its further use in the production of building materials is shown. A number of decorative concrete samples have been prepared to study the effect of pigment as an additive on the properties of the building material. The dependence of the color gamut of the samples on the amount of pigment applied was studied, strength characteristics were studied in accordance with the regulatory requirements for strength, heat resistance and frost resistance.

Detection of movement resistance and friction coefficient in the transport of building materials and construction materials

In the production of building materials and construction materials, continuously operating conveying equipment is commonly used, including roller conveyors. Roller conveyors are devices designed for horizontal, slightly ascending or descending transport of piece products moving on a system of rotating rollers of different shapes (cylindrical, conical, disc, pulley or according to the profile of the conveyed object). The rotating rollers are placed in the track frame (supporting structure), which can be either stable, relocatable or adjustable (height and length adjustable, so-called scissor conveyors). An analogue of the roller conveyor is the pulley conveyor, where instead of rollers, discs - pulleys are mounted on a non-rotating axis. Several discs are installed on the axis with gaps. The pulleys on adjacent axes overlap so that there is no continuous gap. The track is used for handling flat building parts and objects such as metal sheets, glass panes, furniture parts, etc. When transporting item building materials or bulk building materials placed in storage boxes which are transported on a powered roller track on pallets, a driving force is required depending on the angle of inclination of the roller track, the weight of the load, the number of rollers on which the load rests and the coefficient of shear friction during movement. The paper presents a laboratory device that has been designed to detect the adhesion force during the transport of piece loads by a roller conveyor. On the implemented device, it is possible to determine in laboratory conditions the amount of resistance to the movement of the load on the driven roller conveyor depending on the weight of the load. The paper presents measured values of the shear friction coefficient during the movement of a steel storage box on a driven roller track. In this paper, a driven roller track is used for laboratory tests, where the drive of the rollers is implemented by so-called short chains. In addition to horizontal tracks, this chain drive allows you to drive rising tracks with variable gradients or even rising curved tracks.

Comparative analysis on the carbon emissions of traditional wooden fishing raft and HDPE fishing raft

In the age of "global boiling", to settle the problem of climate change, the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals has been proposed by China to control carbon emissions. Fishing raft is a kind of platform used by fishermen for aquaculture. Presently, numerous studies on carbon emission concentrate on buildings on land. Few studies focus on fishing rafts’ carbon emissions, which is significative to be analyzed. Therefore, this study calculates the carbon emissions of the main parts of two kinds of fishing rafts during the production and transportation stage of building materials to compare the difference in carbon emissions between the two. The results show that at the stage of building materials production and transportation, the carbon emissions of the main part of the wooden fishing raft mainly comes from the production of EPS floats. Additionally, the carbon emissions of HDPE fishing raft is significantly higher than that of the wooden one. Based on these results, this study proposes that the monitoring of the illegal production of EPS floats should be strengthened, and that the plastic with lower carbon emissions should be selected as the construction material of fishing rafts.

ПРОМИСЛОВІСТЬ БУДІВЕЛЬНИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ: ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ

The article summarises the main challenges faced by the construction materials industry during the COVID-19 pandemic and the beginning of Russia's full-scale invasion against Ukraine. The paper outlines the main trends in the development of the construction materials industry in the global and national contexts. In particular, the global trends in the production of construction materials are as follows: growing demand for construction materials for residential construction due to the intensification of the urbanisation process; use of AI and IoT technologies; production of environmentally friendly and energy efficient materials; sale of construction materials on online markets, etc. The main trends in the development of the domestic building materials industry are the following: focusing of building materials producers on the domestic market; stimulation of demand by the State, expansion of State programmes; production of reliable building structures; production of energy-efficient building materials; use of alternative energy sources. It is concluded that in order to solve the problems, it is necessary to provide systematic support to the construction materials industry from the State to stimulate demand, and to increase production capacity by enterprises in view of the needs of reconstruction and restoration and taking into account existing trends. The construction materials industry systematically develops new and improves existing building materials and applies the latest production technologies. The main trends in the production of construction materials relate to the use of environmentally friendly materials, which has a number of advantages: the use of environmentally friendly materials has a positive impact on both the environment and human health; the use of local raw materials in the production of construction materials helps to reduce operating costs and, consequently, the cost of a construction project; the use of local raw materials in the production of construction materials creates additional workplaces in related areas. Given the new macroeconomic trends in the construction sector, the opportunity for further transformation of the construction materials industry is high.

ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ РАЗВИТИЯ ИНДУСТРИАЛЬНЫХ МЕТОДОВ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА В САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГЕ

The article considers the technologies for the construction of mainly civil buildings in different periods of construction in St. Petersburg. The subject of the study is building systems and building construction technologies, which are considered in order to study the development of industrial construction methods in St. Petersburg and predict trends in technical progress in the field of industrial construction methods. The prerequisites for technological progress in the construction complex of St. Petersburg is the development of the industry of material and technical resources of construction, namely the production of new building materials, structures, construction equipment, fixtures and construction machines, as well as small-scale mechanization and tools. This inevitably becomes the reason for the appearance in construction of more advanced building systems erected by industrial methods. In the course of the study, building systems were evaluated by the methods of an expert survey of specialists according to a previously developed questionnaire, in which there were mutually incomparable criteria reflecting the architectural, strength and economic characteristics of building systems of industrial production. The results of an expert assessment of building systems became the basis for determining the rational scope of prefabricated and precast-monolithic construction and identifying trends and promising directions for the development of industrial construction methods and scientific research in this area.

Bauxite Residue Valorisation through Reductive Smelting: Production of Inorganic Polymer Fire Resistant Building Materials

Bauxite Residue Valorisation through Reductive Smelting: Production of Inorganic Polymer Fire Resistant Building Materials

Cape Verde Air Lime: Production and application

Air lime has been a major element in both vernacular and urban construction in Cape Verde, from the 19th century up until the mid-1970s, when it started to be replaced by cement. Its widespread use is evident in the construction of old buildings, where it was employed in mortars, plasters, and whitewashing. Lime production was also extremely common on several islands within the Cape Verde archipelago. However, recent rehabilitation efforts on historical heritage have often overlooked this material, leading to premature degradation of building exteriors. Therefore, current awareness on production and use of air lime in the archipelago, promoting its contemporary application in restoration projects is the main aim of this paper. This study integrates the lime cycle throughout Cape Verde, focusing particularly on the islands Boa Vista, Santo Antão, and São Vicente, as main lime producers. The origins and characteristics of locally quarried limestone, air lime production techniques and the historical significance of this material in the region are analysed in this study. As the records of production and use of building materials are scarce, this research involves a mixed approach of site identification, analysis of raw materials, description of existing furnaces, interviews with local residents involved in lime production, and review of relevant literature.

ASSESSMENT OF THE РОТЕNTIАL FОR ТНЕ FORМАТІОN АND DЕVЕLОРМЕNТ ОF А СLUSТЕR OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS IN ASTANA

The article conducted a study to assess the potential for introducing and developing clusters in the production of construction materials based on the economy of the city of Astana, and the significance of the study was reflected in determining and proving the advantages of the clustering system in this area. The purpose of the scientific work is to study theoretical principles and develop practical recommendations for improving the competitiveness of the regional economy on the example of Astana through the mechanism of creating and developing clusters for the production of construction materials. In the course of the study, such specific methods as general methods of economics, economic and statistical analysis, critical calculations, functional analysis and system direction were used. The theoretical foundations of the study are methodological concepts, scientific works and quantitative data of national statistics of various scientists, researchers on the implementation and development of the cluster system in the industry economy. Also, based on them, in order to achieve qualitative research results, such estimated indicators as localization coefficients, per capita production coefficients and specialization coefficients were calculated. The results obtained confirm the effectiveness of the implementation of the clustering system for the production of building materials in the development of the economy of Kazakhstan, which is reflected in the example of the city of Astana. Evaluation of performance indicators made it possible to substantiate the presented concepts and prove their practical significance. According to the authors, the results of the study can be effectively used in research work when solving the issues of clustering the construction industry in the development of the region. The key findings and these specific recommendations can serve as a basis for preparing development plans and strategies aimed at improving the competitiveness and efficiency of enterprises and organizations in the construction industry.

Consider temperature and pressure dependences of the contact area

The dependence of contact as a function of temperature, pressure and microgeometry (roughness) of the surface of the original material, as well as the mechanical properties of the treated surfaces of the parts of road-building machinery and equipment production of building materials, products and structures. The nature of contact interaction of different crystal materials at the thermal strain effect has been discussed. The relationship of the kinetics and character of smoothing microprotrusion and kinetics of contact strength increase in pressure welding at heating has been established. The displacement microprotrusion mechanism for the second stage of the process compared to the first stage has been defined. Linear dimensions the activated surface parts and bundle slip bundle have been found by theory and confirmed by experiment enough reliably. Kinetic dependence of physical contact with the oppositely and dissimilar materials with sharply varying resistance to plastic deformation had been ascertained and determined. The mechanism crumple microprotrusions for the second stage of the process compared to the first stage has been defined. Linear dimensions of the activated surface parts and bundle slip packs have been found by theory and confirmed by experiment enough reliably.

Развитие строительства и промышленности строительных материалов в Магаданской области в 1953–1964 гг.

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the development of the construction industry and construction materials industry in the Magadan Region in 1953–1964. The key areas and results of construction activities, the dynamics of capital investments in construction in various sectors of the economy, the establishment and development of enterprises for the production of wall materials, precast concrete and other construction industry in the region are examined. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the problems of logistical support for construction, the cost of building materials, and the shortage of certain types of products. The pace and volume of housing and social and cultural construction are considered. Based on a wide range of archival sources, it is concluded that the development of construction and local production of building materials was of great importance for the formation of the Magadan Region as a northern region of the country during the period under review.

Study of clay raw materials with Korolek technogenic waste for the production of ceramic bricks

The use of industrial waste in the production of building materials is an urgent task at present. Studies on the use of mineral wool waste in the manufacture of ceramic bricks have been carried out. For the preparation of experimental samples of ceramic bricks used clay deposit, as heaters and intensifiers of sintering – waste production of mineral wool. Chemical composition of investigated components is given. The study of mineralogical and phase composition of raw materials was carried out by petrographic, X-ray phase, IR-spectroscopic, electron-microscopic methods of analysis and DTA. During the experiment such properties of samples as cracking temperature; end shrinkage moisture; relative shrinkage; drying time to residual moisture content of 8%; mechanical strength in compression were tested. As a result of the tests, the influence of Korolek on the drying properties of ceramic samples was established. Thus, an increase in the content of Korolek in the samples, improved the crack resistance, relative shrinkage, drying time to residual moisture. The results of the research showed a non-linear dependence of physical and mechanical properties of the samples on the content of Korolek. The best values of mechanical strength were achieved when the Korolek content was 40% of the total mass of the manufactured sample. The proposed composition corresponds to the properties of ceramic bricks above grade M150-175.

Research Results of Municipal Sewage Sludge Applied for Building Material Production

The study presents the experimental results on the use of ash obtained as a result of incineration of municipal sewage sludge from the water utility of Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic, for construction material production. Research methods are given and the results of strength tests of building material samples are given. The impact of the manufactured samples of construction materials on the ecology of the surrounding space and human health is assessed. To achieve the set objectives of the research laboratory experiment and determination of indicators of investigated values of sludge, ash and water extracts with the use of devices and measuring instruments are used. On the basis of the research laboratories of Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University and MUE “IzhVodokanal” of the Udmurt Republic experimental studies on incineration of sewage sludge and the use of the resulting ash as a substituting or modifying component of the construction mixture in the manufacture of experimental samples of ceramics, cement-sand mortar and concrete were carried out. Methodology of manufacturing and algorithm of ceramic (fired) and cement-based (nonfired) testing specimens are presented. Measuring means for determination of gamma-radiation intensity indices of ash, cement and their influence on human health are used. The algorithm of experimental research, applied energy-efficient techniques used in the experiment and analysis of the obtained experimental results are presented. The analysis of experimental research results of ceramic and cement-based products, as well as the analysis of radiation safety, migration of heavy metals is presented. The energy-efficient methodology of sewage sludge utilization and further ways of applying ash as an environmental and resource-saving component used in manufacturing of experimental building materials are considered.

ПОШИРЕНІСТЬ ПЕРЕРОБКИ ЗОЛИ ПРИ ВИГОТОВЛЕННІ БУДІВЕЛЬНИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ

The object of research in the work is the waste of thermal energy enterprises, the annual volume of which in Ukraine is 8 million tons, and the increase in occupied land areas is 22 thousand hectares. In EU countries, up to 84% of such waste is recycled. Therefore, forecasting the prevalence of ash processing in the manufacture of building materials in different countries of the world from the main parameters of influence in order to solve the problem of solid industrial waste management is an urgent scientific and technical task. A study of the prevalence of ash processing in the manufacture of building materials in different countries of the world was conducted by planning a second-order experiment using the Box-Wilson method using rotatable central composite planning using the developed software protected by a copyright certificate. The purpose of the study is to determine a regression model for predicting the prevalence of ash processing in the manufacture of building materials in different countries of the world from the main parameters of influence. A regression dependence of forecasting the prevalence of ash processing in the manufacture of building materials on the main parameters of influence was obtained: the country's population density, the value of the gross domestic product per capita, the average geographical latitude of the country. It was established that, according to Fisher's test, the hypothesis about the adequacy of the obtained regression model can be considered correct with 95% confidence. The correlation coefficient was 0.99999, which indicates sufficient reliability of the obtained results. The obtained regression dependence can be used during the development of a construction waste management strategy. It was established that among the factors of influence that were considered, the prevalence of ash processing in the manufacture of building materials is most affected by the value of the gross domestic product per capita, and the least by the population density of the country. Response surfaces of the target function - the prevalence of ash processing in the production of building materials and their two-dimensional sections in the planes of the influence parameters - were constructed.

ДРІБНОЗЕРНИСТІ ЗАПОВНЮВАЧІ АСФАЛЬТОБЕТОННИХ СУМІШЕЙ З ПРОДУКТІВ РЕСАЙКЛІНГУ БУДІВЕЛЬНОГО ЛОМУ

The substantiation of the need to develop and implement new resource-saving technologies for the production of construction mixtures using aggregates obtained as a result of complex processing of solid inorganic construction waste is provided. Analytical studies of technogenic waste processing technologies for obtaining building materials have been conducted. The results of the study of the experience of construction scrap processing are presented, with confirmation of the expediency of the fact that the technology of recycling accumulated construction scrap dumps in the territory where the destroyed buildings were located does not require any new specialized measures. The projected volumes of building materials in the composition of residential construction objects with various quantitative parameters of the constituent components of the elements of the fencing structures are presented. Analytical studies have established that the accumulated volumes of construction scrap from the destruction of elements of buildings and structures in the vast majority include the remains of concrete, reinforced concrete, expanded clay concrete, brickwork made of ceramic and silicate products. Experimental series of aggregate samples were made using experimental samples of construction scrap, their granulometric characteristics were determined and physical parameters were investigated. With the use of regulatory and technical literature, the predicted prescription parameters of the concrete mixture using a new variety of aggregates obtained by re-processing of construction scrap were compiled. The presence of reactive substances on the surface of the obtained aggregates was substantiated and the presence of increased physical and mechanical characteristics of the samples with a decrease in the binder content was confirmed. Recipe and technological parameters for the production of wall building materials using the obtained multicomponent building mixtures are proposed. The results of tests of physical and mechanical characteristics of test samples of concrete using aggregates from solid inorganic waste are presented.

Properties and effective improvement approaches of basic magnesium sulfate cement under high-temperature pre-curing

Basic magnesium sulfate cement (BMSC) cured at room temperature has excellent mechanical properties and is widely used in the production of magnesia-based building materials products. However, BMSC products are often manufactured higher than room temperature. This work examines mechanical properties of BMSC under high-temperature pre-curing (HTPC). Citric acid (CA), selected as additive, content was increased and self-made 5Mg(OH)2·MgSO4·7 H2O seed crystal (517 SC) was added to the BMSC to improve their properties. Compressive strength and water resistance were tested, accompanied with an examination of hydration products, monitoring of electrical conductivity evolution and microstructure analysis. The results suggest that HTPC has negative effects on mechanical properties of BMSC and the main hydration product of the BMSC is transformed from 517 phase to Mg(OH)2. The increase in CA content can improve the mechanical properties of BMSC under HTPC to some extent. The addition of self-made 517 SC can significantly improve the compressive strength and water resistance of BMSC under HTPC, which can be attributed to promoting the in-situ growth of 517 phase without reducing the degree of MgO hydration.

Biogeochemical lichen indication study of formation and temporal changes of Oleksandriia Arboretum atmospheric pollution

Using the method of biogeochemical lichen indication the levels of the average long-term content of K, Ca, Al, Fe, Mg, Na, Mn, Zn, Sr, Ti, Ba Cu, B, Pb, Ni, V, Cr, Co, Cd, Se, Sb in surface air were measured on the territory of Olexandriia Arboretum and adjacent territories (Bila Tserkva, Kyiv Region, Ukraine). The purpose of the study is to determine the state and dynamics of the atmospheric geochemical field on the territory of Olexandriia Arboretum and its surroundings. The method of biogeochemical lichen indication based on the values of micro- and macroelements content in epiphytic lichens was used as a research tool. Application of the ICP-OES spectroscopy method allowed the analysis for chemical elements content of the samples of epiphytic deciduous Parmelia sulcata, Xanthoria parietina and bushy Evernia prunastri lichens collected in 2009 (20 points) and 2021 (23 points).
 In order to identify possible sources of entering of certain elements into lichens the researchers used the factor analysis method, i.e. a method of principal components with Varimax factors rotation. Six obtained factors represent: the impact of land cover (the most significant factors F1–F3) and man-made components (minor polygenetic, factors F4–F6). As a factor's number decreases, its partial explanatory variance decreases too. Factor F1 represents a common dust loading on the atmosphere with a predominance of the terrigenous component (mostly coarse-dispersed particles). Factor F1 is responsible for the dust-aerosol loading that is largely caused by the microclimatic circulation of the city breeze type thus forming a peculiar atmospheric and geochemical association that consists of chemical elements related to the building industry and building materials production. Powerful, however, local (impactful) atmospheric man-made influences manifest themselves through factor F3. Minor factors' discrimination ability reduces if a source of atmospheric pollution is less significant. Both division of factors into subfactors and noticeable temporal dynamics are observed more often. For instance, factor F4 has two geochemical sub-associations affected by the impact on the Olexandriia's landscapes of the 1990s' ecological disaster (fall-out of oil products, geochemical marker – V) and galvanic waste causing soil pollution (Zn, Mg, Cr, Ni and Ti), as well as discharges of agricultural enterprises (K). One of the peculiarities of F4 is a gradual decrease in its intensity over time. Factor F5 should be interpreted as the only load on the environment associated with galvanic pollution with cobalt being replaced by copper as a leading pollution marker. We suggest considering Factor F6 as a factor associated with oil pollution only.