Production Of Building Materials Research Articles

Study on Carbon Emission Measurement in Building Materialization Stage

The construction industry plays a pivotal role in energy conservation and emission reduction. Therefore, it is of great significance to conduct research on quantifying carbon emissions in this industry to accelerate the establishment of a standardized carbon emission accounting system and achieve the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. In this study, the focus is on the building materialization stage, and a carbon emission accounting system is established using the carbon emission factor method. This system is applied to calculate the carbon emissions of 15 residential buildings in Shaanxi Province. Results indicate that the carbon concentration during the materialization stage ranges from 372.43 kgCO2/m2 to 525.88 kgCO2/m2, and the building material production stage accounts for 94.27% of the total emissions. Additionally, by analyzing the carbon emission composition of the sample buildings, the primary factors that influence carbon emissions during the residential building materialization stage are identified, and corresponding carbon reduction strategies are proposed. The sensitivity coefficients of carbon reduction strategies vary significantly across different stages, with the building material production stage exhibiting the highest sensitivity coefficient. Thus, it is imperative to prioritize carbon reduction strategies that target the building material production stage.

CURRENT STATE AND WAYS OF RECOVERY OF UKRAINE'S ECONOMY

The article reviews the main consequences of a full-scale military invasion and the impact on the main results of Ukrainian industry in the short and long term. It has been established that the industries that provide the basic needs of the population (produce food, clothing, or shoes) are best preserved and/or restored. It has been proven that the full-scale military aggression emphasized the weak points of the Ukrainian economy. It was established that the first few months of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine were accompanied by a fuel crisis, which set the government and business leaders the task of setting up fuel logistics from scratch. This circumstance also reduced the pace of recovery of the country's economy. Based on the processing of statistical data, it is proven that military actions led to a 32% drop in Ukraine's GDP in 2022, caused the devaluation of the hryvnia, and caused a decline in industrial production and consumer sentiment. The deterioration of the situation in the economy was also contributed by the shortage of electricity. The national electricity transmission operator was forced to apply restrictions on electricity consumption in the country. After each successive strike, the situation worsened, and after the missile strikes in November, there was a short but total blackout. It was the power outages that worsened business sentiment and led to revisions in macroeconomic forecasts. It was established that in several industries (production of building materials, metallurgy and metalworking, chemical industry and mechanical engineering) a critical drop in production is recorded. Even in the woodworking industry, which is mainly concentrated in the west and north of the country, only 35% of enterprises are operating at almost full capacity. The data confirm that entire industries have quickly become hostages of war, with supply chains disrupted, seaborne export routes blocked, and demand reduced. It has been proven that to successfully restore the country's economy, restore export opportunities and withstand competition on world markets, to stand up in the struggle for sales markets for its products, Ukraine needs to: increase the efficiency of the economy, which is based on the development of market relations; comprehensively increase the export orientation of foreign economic activity; ensure the transition to settlements with foreign partners in freely convertible currency; to improve the concept of development of export-import operations.

Research and processing of shot blasting dust

Dispersed iron‑containing waste makes up the majority of solid technological waste of machine‑building and metallurgical enterprises. The problem of their disposal remains open, which leads to significant economic losses and creates a serious environmental threat. About 15–20 % of these wastes are assirative dusts of melting units. The content of compounds of various metals, and primarily iron, in some of them (for example, in the aspiration dust of arc steelmaking furnaces) reaches 60–70 % or more. However, today, despite all efforts, no more than 5–7 % of the captured aspiration dust of melting furnaces is used. One of the most significant problems of its disposal is the high dispersion (the size of the dust particles of arc furnaces, as a rule, does not exceed 50 microns) and the extreme heterogeneity and instability of the granulometric and chemical composition of the dust. Therefore, in most cases, attempts to use these dusts as a technological product: additives in molding and exothermic mixtures or non‑stick paints, coloring pigment in the production of building materials, modifying additives in the melting of foundry alloys, additives in the production of cement clinker, etc., ended at the level of experimental or pilot batches and were not essential for solving problems in general. The most promising direction of utilization of aspiration dusts is the recycling of metals contained in them. This article presents the results of studies of the composition and characteristics of aspiration dust of arc steelmaking furnaces of foundries of machine‑building plants, as well as the conditions of solid‑phase reduction and extraction of iron contained in it.

Characterization and optimization of eco-friendly gypsum materials using response surface methodology

The use of paper waste rich in cellulose fibers to produce building materials is an environmentally friendly alternative that conserves natural resources and protects the environment. This work aims to recycle this waste by developing a new ecological lightweight building material based on gypsum. For this purpose, the Design of Experiments (DoE) concept and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were introduced to develop, optimize, and compare the effect of paper waste and surfactant on gypsum. The results show that after the addition of paper waste and surfactant, the density and brittleness of the formulated materials decrease. Nonetheless, the proposed formulation has allowed to maintain acceptable mechanical properties (2.45 MPa for flexural strength and 5.07 MPa for compressive strength) to be used in the construction and particularly as indoor insulation materials. Likewise, the optimal results obtained from the desirability function have shown an overall gap of 6% between the experimental values and the predicted values. This result confirms the acceptable accuracy of the proposed models for the formulation of this new construction material based on gypsum paper waste and surfactant.

Recycling of Tire-Derived Fiber: The Contribution of Steel Cord on the Properties of Lightweight Concrete Based on Perlite Aggregate.

The increasing amount of waste from the vulcanization industry has become a serious environmental challenge. Even the partial reuse of the steel contained in tires as dispersed reinforcement in the production of new building materials may contribute to reducing the environmental impact of this industry while supporting the principle of sustainable development. In this study, the concrete samples were made of Portland cement, tap water, lightweight perlite aggregates, and steel cord fibers. Two different addition of steel cord fibers (1.3% and 2.6% wt. of concrete, respectively) were used. The samples of lightweight concrete based on perlite aggregate with steel cord fiber addition showed a significant increase in compressive (18-48%), tensile (25-52%), and flexural strength (26-41%). Moreover, higher thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity were reported after incorporating steel cord fibers into the concrete matrix; however, the specific heat values decreased after these modifications. The highest values of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity were obtained for samples modified with a 2.6% addition of steel cord fibers and were equal to 0.912 ± 0.002 W/mK and 0.562 ± 0.002 µm2/s, respectively. Maximum specific heat, on the other hand, was reported for plain concrete (R)-1.678 ± 0.001 MJ/m3 K.

Istoriya razvitiya stroitel'noj otrasli i ee rol' v ekonomike Rossii

Construction is a fundamental branch of the economy of the Russian Federation, as it contributes not only to providing the population with high-quality housing and infrastructure facilities, but also to the development of other industries, including metalworking, production of building materials, services and many others. The article presents the main stages of development and trends in the regulation of the construction industry in the Russian Federation, its role in the modern economy of the state is presented.

Waste slags as sustainable construction materials: a compressive review on physico mechanical properties

Rapid industrialization and urbanization in emerging nations have resulted in the accumulation of various industrial wastes. As a result, reusing and recycling these wastes into an economical, durable, and environmentally friendly building material may be the most effective means of mitigating their environmental impact. Such wastes are being dumped in greater quantities, which pollute the ecosystem and the land. As a result, its efficient use and management are required, which presents a global issue for its viable recycling and safe disposal. The current review examines the use of various slags, including cupola slag, electric arc furnace slag (EAFS), steel furnace slag (SFS), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) in the development of sustainable construction materials considering the potential of such waste in greener concrete composites towards eco-friendly infrastructure. In order to produce environmentally acceptable construction materials, these waste slags have been used as a partial and full replacement of cement, fine and coarse aggregate with or without supplementary materials ranging from 10 to 60% for cupola slag, 20 to 50% for EAFS, 10 to 50% for GGBFS, and 10 to 30% for SFS are suggested. This review will be an inclusion that helps readers to identify gaps in experimental viability, material characterization, and physico-mechanical behaviour of waste slags, pointing to the potential for application in the production of sustainable building materials.

Combined growth index determination and high-throughput sequencing provides new insights into wood formation in poplar

Wood is the raw material used in the production of paper and building materials. It also plays an important role in human productivity and survival. However, the regulatory mechanisms of wood formation remain unclear in woody plants. In this study, we selected two poplar clones with different growth rates from the same full-sib family and performed SMRT and Illumina sequencing. We obtained 218,439 consensus reads and 50.73 G Illumina clean reads for subsequent analysis. A total of 4032 novel genes, 6587 alternatively spliced (AS) genes, 34,895 AS events, and 3602 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were identified. Moreover, 2545 genes, 89 lncRNAs, and 554 AS events were found to be differentially expressed in the two clones. Furthermore, we found that 56 and 38 genes involved in wood formation could undergo alternative polyadenylation (APA) and AS, respectively. In addition, 377 lncRNAs have the potential to regulate wood formation. This study reveals potential factors that regulate wood formation at the transcriptional level and provides new insights into wood formation.

Optimization of heat supply for production facilities for building materials, products and structures

At present, about a thousand small and large enterprises for the production of building materials, products and structures are operating in Kazakhstan, and all of them are faced with the main problem, this is optimization of heat supply in the production hall or premises during the cold period of the year. In the absence of a comfortable temperature, the productivity drops by 10-15 percent as the classic ribbed heating pipes can not completely compensate for the lost heat at forty degree frost. To solve this problem, it is necessary to rationally organize heat supply, use combined heat supply, obtain cheaper heat of high potential and provide devices for autonomous regulation of coolant parameters with economic expediency. This article shows the results of research on the use of equipment necessary to optimize the heat supply of the production facilities for building materials, products and structures.

Wet oxidation and catalytic wet oxidation of pharmaceutical sludge

In this work, wet oxidation and catalytic wet oxidation of pharmaceutical sludge using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts were investigated. The results indicate that wet oxidation is a promising method for the highly efficient degradation of pharmaceutical sludge. Under optimal conditions, the highest removal efficiencies of volatile suspended solids (VSS) 86.8% and chemical oxygen demand (COD) 62.5% were achieved at 260 °C for 60 min with an initial oxygen pressure of 1.0 MPa. NaOH exhibited excellent acceleration performance on the VSS removal. The highest VSS removal efficiency of 95.2% was obtained at 260 °C for 60 min with an initial oxygen pressure of 1.0 MPa and 10 g·L−1 of NaOH. By using a Cu–Ce/γ-Al2O3 catalyst, the highest removal rates of VSS 87.3% and COD 72.6% were achieved at 260 °C for 60 min with an initial oxygen pressure of 1.0 MPa and 10 g·L−1 of catalyst. The wet oxidation reaction can be maintained itself owing to the exothermic heat. The produced low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids have potential commercial utilization as organic carbon sources in the biological wastewater treatment processes. The inorganic residues can be utilized for the building materials production. These results implied that the catalytic wet oxidation is a promising method for the volume reduction and resource utilization of pharmaceutical sludge.

Recycling Plaster Waste as a Substitute for Aggregates in Obtaining Plastering Mortars

The current context regarding the management of waste obtained from the construction industry, according to European Union laws and directives, requires the imposition of an integrated waste management system. The main objective of this study was to integrate and reuse old plaster waste as a substitute for aggregates in significant proportions in mortar composition and analyzing the impact on the physical and mechanical characteristics of mortar in fresh state and in hardened state. Over periods of 7, 14, and 28 days, the experimental program studied three types of plastering mortars: a standard recipe (without waste) and another two proposed recipes, in which construction waste was re-used as a substitute for aggregates in proportions of 10% and 15%. Results obtained on the fresh properties of the proposed plastering mortars (apparent density, consistency, and segregation trend) indicated a variation (increase/decrease) of 1% to 2.5% compared with the standard recipe. Mechanical strengths showed decreased values; that is, the compressive strength decreased by 11.09% and the flexural strength decreased by 22% when waste replaced aggregates in a proportion of 15%. The results of the experimental program identified the potential of waste plaster, which can replace up to 15% of the aggregates in plaster mortars, which still guarantees their successful use in practice. To reduce the influence of the use of waste on the mechanical strengths, we propose to conduct further investigations (nuclear magnetic resonance, electronic microscopy, and X-ray diffraction) on these mortars reinforced with different types of fibers. The large amount of waste resulting from the rehabilitation of damaged building facades and the fact that there are currently no experimental studies on the reuse of waste from old plaster mortars were the main reasons for the present study examining the possibility of their use in the production of new building materials.

Integrating Sustainability into Civil Engineering and the Construction Industry

In terms of the impact of human activity on the natural environment, civil engineering is one of the most significant productive pursuits. The production and use of building materials, the advancement of engineering and construction, the use of the project after it is completed, the removal of discarded components, and other procedures all require significant energy expenditure and ongoing waste generation, which can have severe consequences for the natural environment. To meet the demands of both economic and social development, advancements in civil engineering must be made while also protecting the natural world, limiting the use of natural resources, and promoting sustainable development. This study examines the long-term strategy in civil engineering and explores the role of environmental sustainability throughout the various stages of the civil design process, including the conceptual stage, the technical design stage, and the building stage. The research finds that the construction industry should adopt practices that adhere to sustainability principles such as environmentally-friendly design, durability, energy efficiency, waste reduction, improved indoor air quality, water conservation, and the use of sustainable building materials in construction.

Toward sustainable reprocessing and valorization of sulfidic copper tailings: Scenarios and prospective LCA

There has been increasing attention recently to reprocessing of mining waste, which aims to recover potentially valuable materials such as metals and other byproducts from untapped resources. Mining waste valorization may offer environmental advantages over traditional make-waste-dispose approaches. However, a quantitative environmental assessment for large-scale reprocessing, accounting for future trends and a broad set of environmental indicators, is still lacking. This article assesses the life cycle impacts and resource recovery potential associated with alternative waste management through mine tailings reprocessing at a regional scale. Sulfidic copper tailings in the EU were selected as a case study. We perform prospective life cycle assessments of future reprocessing scenarios by considering emerging resource recovery technologies, market supply & demand forecasts, and energy system changes. We find that some reprocessing and valorization technologies in future scenarios may have reduction potentials for multiple impact indicators. However, results for indicators such as climate change and energy-related impacts suggest that specific scenarios perform sub-optimally due to energy/resource-intensive processes. The environmental performance of reprocessing of tailings is influenced by technology routes, secondary material market penetration, and choices of displaced products. The trade-off between climate change and energy related impacts, on the one hand, and toxicity impacts, on the other hand, requires critical appraisal by decision makers when promoting alternative tailings reprocessing. Implementing value recovery strategies for building material production, can save up to 3 Mt. CO2-eq in 2050 compared to business as usual, helping the copper sector mitigate climate impacts. Additional climate mitigation efforts in demand-side management are needed though to achieve the 1.5 °C climate target. This work provides a scientific basis for decision-making toward more sustainable reprocessing and valorization of sulfidic tailings.

Investigation of the hydrophobicity and microstructure of fly ash-slag geopolymer modified by polydimethylsiloxane

The replacement of geopolymer for Portland cement exhibits the potential for reducing the CO2 footprint and saving natural resources during the production of building materials. However, geopolymer is a class of inorganic cementitious material, easy to suffer water intrusion with aggressive ions, such as chloride and sulphate, resulting in the destruction of structural integrity. In this study, hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was used as an additive to improve the hydrophobicity of fly ash-slag geopolymer. The microstructure was characterized using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that the contact angle (CA) of the geopolymers increased from 57.32° to 127.64°, and the water absorption decreased from 6.96% to 1.61% as a function of the dosages of PDMS, contributing to the hydrophobic nature of the geopolymers. On the other hand, the addition of PDMS led to the formation of a less compact pore structure of geopolymers, accompanied by a transformation from internal gel pores into capillary pores and macropores. The pore enlargement will have adverse effects on the compressive strength of the geopolymers, but it can still meet the requirements for daily work. According to the analysis of microscopic test results, PDMS and N-A-S-H gel were likely to undergo dehydration condensation reaction in a strong alkaline environment, they were connected in the form of covalent bonds, so that the geopolymers have hydrophobicity.

ROAD-PURPOSE CERAMIC BRICK FOR PAVING PAVEMENTS IN THE ARAL REGIONS

Today, in the field of construction, the volume of use of ceramic paving stones is growing from year to year to improve the resistance to environmental influences and the decorative properties of road surfaces of modern buildings and structures. Along with this, it is important to obtain ceramic pavers based on compositions consisting of mineral and technogenic raw materials that prevent premature wear under the influence of a salty environment in regions with high salinity. All over the world, intensive scientific research is being carried out to develop the production of ceramic paving stones and other related building materials for regions with high humidity and salinity. In research, special attention is paid to improving the process of firing ceramic mass, introducing modifying additives into the composition, developing technologies for obtaining new materials with crystalline structures and the formation of their properties.

Detecting Cracks in Aerated Concrete Samples Using a Convolutional Neural Network

The creation and training of artificial neural networks with a given accuracy makes it possible to identify patterns and hidden relationships between physical and technological parameters in the production of unique building materials, predict mechanical properties, and solve the problem of detecting, classifying, and segmenting existing defects. The detection of defects of various kinds on elements of building materials at the primary stages of production can improve the quality of construction and identify the cause of particular damage. The technology for detecting cracks in building material samples is of great importance in building monitoring, in pre-venting the spread of defective material. In this paper, we consider the use of the YOLOv4 convolutional neural network for crack detection on building material samples. This was based on the creation of its own empirical database of images of samples of aerated concrete. The number of images was increased by applying our own augmentation algorithm. Optimization of the parameters of the intellectual model based on the YOLOv4 convolutional neural network was performed. Experimental results show that the YOLOv4 model developed in this article has high precision in defect detection problems: AP@50 = 85% and AP@75 = 68%. It should be noted that the model was trained on its own set of data obtained by simulating various shooting conditions, rotation angles, object deformations, and light distortions through image processing methods, which made it possible to apply the developed algorithm in practice.

Resource and Energy Saving Control of the Steelmaking Converter Process, Taking into Account Waste Recycling

With the development of the energy control system of iron and steel enterprises, the urgency of solving the problem of the resource and energy saving control of steelmaking processes increases, taking into account the reconfiguration of production to a new task, intensification of the processes of recycling of raw materials, as well as reducing the waste intensity of production. The way to solve the problem of resource and energy saving of steelmaking production is the creation of a computer system. It allows one to analyze the state of the refractory converter lining, calculation of the material and thermal balances, the amount of slag-forming materials, the quantitative characteristics of slag corrosion, as well as predict the phase and chemical composition of the slag in order to impart the properties necessary in the production of mineral binders and other building materials. The computer system allows one to identify complex fuzzy relationships between process parameters and issue recommendations on the resource and energy saving control of the converter process, taking into account the waste recycling. The testing of the computer system, according to the industrial data of the enterprises CherMF (PJSC Severstal) and PJSC NLMF, confirmed its operability and the possibility of its use at iron and steel enterprises.

Goal Programming Model in Tackling The Optimal Building Material for Production Planning

The goal achieved in the preparation of production planning is more than one. UD Rezeki Berkah is a small business medium-sized enterprise engaged in the production of building materials. UD Rezeki Berkah aims to meet market demand and must consider the costs used during production to maximize profit. Because of these problems, it will be solved with a goal programming model where this method can solve more than one goal to get a model with optimal goal priority. This research provides an optimal solution, namely achieving the target sales volume and production costs within the Rp limit target. 929,128,971, and profit targets reached Rp. 562,751,890 for a period of one year.

Carbon Footprint Analysis of Buildings Based on LCA Theory Under Carbon Neutrality Goals: Taking the 3rd China International Solar Decathlon Competition as an Example

This paper focuses on the design of residential buildings oriented to the efficient use of solar energy, and selects the entries HUI HOUSE of Hefei University of Technology and Lille I University of France in the 3rd China International Solar Decathlon China Competition, based on the theory of the life cycle assessment (LCA) of buildings, and analyzes the carbon footprint from four aspects: building materials production and transportation stage, building construction stage, building operation stage, and building demolition stage. Through the calculation of the carbon footprint of buildings, the socio-economic benefits of HUI HOUSE in carbon reduction were analyzed; the result of the calculation was that HUI HOUSE achieved carbon neutrality in the ninth year, and continued carbon reduction after that, contributing a cumulative total of 947.54 tons of carbon negative in the life cycle of buildings.

Influence of Waste Basalt Powder Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Autoclave Brick.

In the production of building materials, there has been an increased interest in the use of by-products and industrial waste in recent years. Such modifications make it possible to solve not only technical and economic problems, but also environmental problems. This article describes the use of basalt powder waste in sand-lime products (silicates). The aim of the study was to manage basalt powder waste and to investigate the changes it causes in sand-lime products. The article describes the planning of the experiment, which directly determines the number of samples and their composition, which was necessary to conducting a full analysis and correctly illustrating the relationships occurring in the samples. Basic tests were carried out: compressive strength, density and water absorption, as well as optical tests and scanning microscopy. Based on the research conducted, it was concluded that the use of basalt powder as a component of sand-lime products has positive effects. Studies show that the best results are achieved with a proportion of powder in the raw material mass of about 10%-the compressive strength reaches almost 30 MPa, which is almost twice that of traditional silicate.