Budget System Research Articles

ОСОБЕННОСТИ НАЛОГОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КОРЕЯ

The article examines the features of the current tax system of the Republic of Korea. The relationship between the tax system and the level of economic development of the state is obvious and undeniable: the more transparent, rational and efficient the tax system is, the more budget formation is based on tax revenues and the greater the ability of the state to finance the performance of its functions, including ensuring the socio-economic development of the country, which fully corresponds to the essence of the tax. The thesis was used as the basis for the research, according to which the tax system of the state is a set of taxes and fees levied in accordance with the procedure established by law, the system of tax authorities, as well as the methods and forms of taxation and tax administration used by them. Based on the analysis of the legislative base of the Republic of Korea, the current structure of taxes and fees, the system of tax authorities, forms and methods of taxation and administration of tax revenues to the country's budget system are considered. Based on the analytical resources of the exchange portal Take-profit.org It has been revealed that the current policy of the Government of the Republic of Korea to curb the increase in tax rates on a number of significant taxes, combined with traditional tax incentives to stimulate exports of products from companies in a number of key industries, leads to an expansion of debt financing of the economy and ultimately to an increase in the debt burden on the economy. In this regard, the dynamics of the country's debt burden was compared with the dynamics of a number of countries belonging to the G20 group. Based on statistical data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the structure of tax revenues has been identified both by major groups (national and local) and by individual types.

Развитие национальной самоидентификации инструментарием мегапроектного финансирования экономики

Introduction. The article analyzes the interpretations of the concept “megaproject” and proposes the author’s definition of the concept presupposing explicit and implicit beneficiaries and ensuring high-tech products with a high potential for market sales. Purpose. Based on the results of the regression analysis, the paper draws conclusions and describes the behavior strategies of the explicit and implicit beneficiaries in the megaproject when its results are being registered and after it. Materials and Methods. Theoretically and methodologically, the paper refers to the works of scientists examining megaprojects. The regression analysis for thirty constituent entities of the Russian Federation made it possible to determine that the indicators of their budget revenues illustrate that cash flows determined by the investment return from the investments in fixed capital go through the budget system with a minimal tax burden. Results. It has been found that in the analyzed period, the return on investment in fixed assets was determined by the investors’ speculative motives when using financial market instruments under personal guarantees of the heads of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the applied financial market instruments gave the minimum inflow of taxes into the budget system of the Russian Federation. Conclusions. In its model, Russia is closer to the continental civilizational type; the balance in the socio-economic relations determined by megaprojects with their maximum contribution to GDP could be achieved when national self-identification is distinctly shaped; national self-identification could only be developed with due regard to the quantitative and structural composition of population.

System-wide and targeted principles of legal provision of national tax security

The principles, acting as the basis of any social system, are of particular importance for the legal provision of national tax security as a systematic public management activity carried out in a legal form and aimed at countering threats to the accumulation of tax revenues. The importance of principles is not limited to their ontological, axiological, epistemological and pedagogical roles, but also manifests itself in purely applied functions: conflictological, hermeneutic and directly regulatory. The principles of legal provision of national tax security are defined as ideas and attitudes that form conceptual and organizational basis for the emergence, modification and termination of legal relations that develop inside and outside the system of public administration. Such relations are concerned with receiving into the budget system such an amount of taxes that corresponds to the planned, taking into account the need for full financing of the functions and tasks of the state both in the current period and for the purposes of long-term development. The following groups of principles of legal provision of national tax security are identified: system-wide, targeted, functional, organizational and procedural. Two groups of principles that determine the functioning of all subsystems of administrative activities to ensure the national tax security are described in detail: system-wide and targeted. The first group includes legality; systematic and comprehensive application by public authorities of measures to ensure tax security; priority of public interests while taking into account the legitimate interests of individuals; mutual responsibility of the state and the individual; priority of preventive measures to ensure tax security. The following principles are targeted: the adequacy of administrative activities in tax and related areas to the nature and scale of threats; effectiveness, continuity and timeliness of legal response to threats; avoiding the creation of risks and uncertainty by state actions; support for innovative development.

Development of the budgeting system as a tool of management accounting in the budgetary institution

The study was conducted to develop a budgeting system based on the formation of financial management structure in the budget institution, contributing to the rational resource functioning, the achievement of established state goals and information objectivity. The objectives of the study included determining the degree of implementation of management accounting tool - budgeting - in the activities of institutions. In the course of the study the financial structure of organizations was developed, which is represented by budgetary institutions and commercial enterprises, where not only the form of ownership, but also the specifics of activity is taken into account. On the basis of the budgetary structure the scheme of the consolidated budget of the institution in the divisional and functional aspect and practical recommendations for the development of forms of each of the presented budgets are offered. The application of the developed model of budgeting will help in the formation of operational, relevant management decisions to achieve the mission of the institution. This tool makes it possible not only to reduce deviations from the state assignment, but also to achieve the set targets of income-generating activities.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СТРУКТУРИЗАЦІЇ БЮДЖЕТНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОЇ СПІЛКИ

The formation of economic, customs, currency unions, as well as common budgeting systems by independent states can be considered as a concomitant trend of modern globalization processes. It is globalization, as well as increasing economic interdependence and a greater degree of market openness, that have led to the need for more effective management of regional financial transactions, as well as coordination among decision-making centers. The task of increasing the efficiency in the financial management of these associations can be solved due to the synergistic effect of the integration of the economies of the member states of such unions. The Economic and Monetary Union of European States is a vivid example of the result of integration processes in the field of economics and finance. Its most significant achievement is the implementation of a common monetary policy. However, important theoretical and practical problems arise both in the implementation of the budget policy and in the management of the budget processes of the Union. An unconditional factor in improving the efficiency of budget process management is the use of the resultoriented budgeting mechanism, the establishment of a clear relationship between goals, objectives, implementation tools, and indicators of expenditure effectiveness. This mechanism can be used in the practice of budgeting not only by sovereign states, but also by regional associations. The integration of the result-oriented budgeting mechanism into the budget systems of regional associations is associated with solving the problems of budget planning, coordination of participants in the process of coordinating budget decisions, execution and control. The EU's experience in managing budget processes has developed as a result of constant processes of improvement, adaptation to changing conditions, and the development of the most optimal solutions for the distribution of the Union's resources. Undoubtedly, the experience gained is unique due to the specifics of the EU from the economic, political, and institutional points of view. Nevertheless, the developed mechanisms and principles of management are of interest for a detailed study and assessment of the possibility of applying the established practices to other integration associations. Strengthening regional integration associations is a priority task for Ukraine in the framework of the implementation of the foreign policy concept. One of the main factors contributing to the integration processes is the provision of sustainable coordination mechanisms between members in the adoption and implementation of joint decisions, including within the framework of joint budget management. Consequently, strengthening and increasing the efficiency of the system of managing budget processes can contribute to achieving the task of strengthening the integration of regional associations as a whole. In this regard, the study and analysis of the

Financial conflicts as a threat of weakening the financial security of business entities in Ukraine

The article examines the economic content of financial conflicts, their impact on the financial security of economic entities. Financial security is highlighted from the point of view of an important element of economic security of business entities. Financial conflict is defined as a confrontation between participants in economic relations, which appears in the process of their economic activity as a result of a mismatch of goals, benefits and the long-term goal of functioning. In order to more thoroughly illuminate the internal nature of the conflict in the field of finance, its key components and characteristic features are highlighted. The main causes of financial conflicts of business structures are determined. The key factor in the emergence of corporate conflicts was determined to be the separation of the owners from the management of the company, as a result of which there was a significant separation of interests between these parties. It is proposed to use value-oriented management tools to resolve financial conflicts. Tax conflicts and conflicts arising in the field of financial management are analyzed. The main prerequisites for solving financial contradictions in the functioning and development of enterprises in Ukraine have been determined. The economic essence of compliance as the construction of a risk management system, which will make it possible to ensure an increase in the level of compliance with the economic and financial legislation of the country, an increase in the degree of corporate culture in society and the formation of a favorable business climate in the country, which will help attract investment resources and increase the income of the country's budget system, is highlighted. The main component of tax compliance is determined - the study of risks in the field of taxation that arise in the event of taxpayers violating tax legislation and causing losses to the state. It is proposed to build an effective tax compliance system in order to strengthen the financial security of the country, which is characterized to a large extent by tax security, that is, the receipt of taxes and fees to the budgets in the projected amount and the creation of prerequisites for its growth.

Налоговая нагрузка НДФЛ и страховых взносов в Российской Федерации

Introduction: the period between 2000 to 2020 was marked by serious changes in taxation in the Russian Federation. The consequences of these changes for both the budget system and residents of Russia are still poorly studied, in particular, with reference to the impact of changes in social contribution rates and the introduction of various tax benefits on reducing income inequality. Such studies are necessary for both determining the degree of distortion in various incentives by tax policy measures and evaluating the effectiveness of these measures. Objectives: to assess the tax burden on individuals and households in order to determine the degree to which tax reforms comply with the originally stated goals, primarily, in terms of fairness criteria. Methods: analysis of distribution curves, regression analysis. Results: the tax wedge assessments based on the survey data revealed the differences between the actual level of the tax burden and the formal tax burden as well as tax evasion typical for low-income groups of the population. At the same time, there were no significant differences found in the tax burden distribution in individuals and households. Conclusions: the taxation system for individuals in Russia is regressive. The results obtained turned out to be robust to the choice of specifications of the estimated equations. It is important to note that there is a relatively high degree of regressiveness of the taxation scale in terms of insurance premiums and, at the same time, a bell-shaped dependence of the tax burden on the size of the payroll.

РАЗРАБОТКА И ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬСКИХ БЮДЖЕТОВ В СОВЕТСКОЙ РОССИИ И СССР

The purpose of the study is to fill the gap in studying the practice of developing consumer budgets in Soviet Russia and the USSR, generalizing, analyzing, and systematizing the experience of developing consumer budgets in 1918–1928 and 1956–1991. The concepts of consumer budgets used in these periods are considered and the areas of their application are grouped. Particular attention is paid to the methods used for developing consumer budgets, including normative. The research methods are dialectical knowledge, bibliographic and historical research (comparative, periodization, retrospective), classifications, groupings, etc. The authors conclude about the continuity of the experience of Soviet Russia and the USSR in the development and application of consumer budgets in the conditions of modern Russia after 1991 and the feasibility of its use by federal and regional executive authorities at present when preparing decisions related to the further development of the system of consumer budgets and programs to reduce poverty.

A descaracterização da política de financiamento da CT&I: uma análise do FNDCT

Abstract This study aims to critically analyze the mechanisms that depletethe Brazilian fund for the development of science and technology (FNDCT), jeopardizing its ability to promote economic and social development. Data were extracted from the integrated budget and planning system (SIOP) bases and the budget execution report between 2012 and 2021, made available by the Brazilian funding agency FINEP. The quantitative results indicate a process of “dehydration” due to changes such as the regulation that allows the executive to redirect resources previously earmarked for the fund (called DRU), the formulation of the legislation on the annual budget (PLOA) and the contingency reserves. The qualitative analysis shows a mismatch between the promise of a bold and innovative science and technology policy and a centralized and bureaucratic governance structure. Sectoral funds do not face, on average, problems in raising resources. However, the centralized management subservient to fiscal austerity policies leads to quantitative insufficient budget execution and qualitatively poor diversification. As outcomes, this situation mischaracterizes the ST&I funding policy, failing to comply with the promise of development through innovation.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ АКЦИЗНОГО НАЛОГООБЛОЖЕНИЯ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The scientific article examines current issues of excise taxation in the Russian Federation. It is noted that currently the main source of revenue generation for the budgetary system of our state is taxes, and an effectively operating modern tax system is of decisive importance for the successful functioning of the domestic economy. It is quite obvious that the reforms carried out in Russia have demonstrated that gaps in the tax system are one of the significant reasons for the controversial issues in the state of the country’s economy. Of course, this required the development of a new fiscal policy, which plays a major role in the system of measures of government influence on the economic situation in the country. And of course, a key place is given to a tax system that meets the requirements of a market economy, that is, a system that stimulates rather than suppresses economic growth. In the scientific work, the authors examined the determinants of excise tax, although each of the taxes in the tax system has its own functional meaning and difference from other taxes, depending on the purposes, methods of calculation and collection, as well as the degree of impact on the economy and subjects of tax relations. At the same time, the article pays attention to excise tax as an effective component of the financial system and taxation, since excise taxes are used in almost all states, being one of the most important sources of budget revenue and, thus, the most effective mechanism of state regulation of the tobacco and alcohol market sector. The functional components of the excise tax as one of the most important taxes in the tax system of the Russian Federation are summarized. It is noted that taxation is a rather complex and sometimes contradictory process. Here it is important to maintain a balance between the interests of the state and the taxpayer. But the main strategy, of course, should be the life of every citizen of our country, its quality and completeness.

Social contract as a tool for overcoming poverty of the working-age population: assessment of budget efficiency and directions of modernization

One of the promising instruments of social support for the population in the Russian Federation is a social contract, the feature of which is the conditional nature of social payments, requiring poor citizens to take active actions to improve their living situation (job search, vocational training, doing business). This study analyzes the Russian and foreign experience in organizing social contract instruments (the TANF program in the USA and the RSA program in France). The subject of the author's research is the effectiveness of budget expenditures of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation for the financial provision of the social contract mechanism in the context of the allocated areas of assistance. Special attention is paid to the legal support of the functioning of the social contract in terms of methods for evaluating its effectiveness and the distribution of appropriate subsidies from the federal budget. Based on the criterion proposed by the author of the relative amount of budget expenditures per citizen who has overcome the poverty threshold, an assessment of the budgetary effectiveness of various areas of assistance under the social contract is carried out. The conclusion is made about the difference in the evaluation results when using official indicators and the author's approach. Thus, official data indicate the success of the results of the social contract program, comparable with foreign analogues. The author's assessment of budgetary efficiency showed the irrational use of budgetary funds: 60% of financial resources in 2021-2022 were directed to the least effective area of assistance. Additionally, the problems in the mechanism of federal co-financing of expenditures of regional budgets for the use of the instrument are identified. The author identifies the methodological shortcomings of the current methodology for evaluating its effectiveness. Based on the identified problems, changes are proposed in the regulatory framework governing the financial mechanism for providing assistance on the basis of a social contract. These results are of high practical significance for the activities of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, as well as regional executive authorities responsible for the implementation of the social contract.

НИЗКАЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ МЕЖБЮДЖЕТНЫХ ТРАНСФЕРТОВ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The scientific article is devoted to the problem of low efficiency of interbudgetary transfers in the public finance system of the Russian Federation. The study is conducted to identify the main factors influencing the low efficiency of transfer of funds between different levels of the budget system, and to develop recommendations for improving this situation. The authors draw attention to the imbalance in the distribution of financial resources between different regions, which creates problems in ensuring the socio-economic development of less developed territories. The rest of the article analyzes the reasons underlying the low efficiency of intergovernmental transfers. Factors include insufficient transparency in the distribution of funds, a complex system for distributing mandatory expenses, as well as problems of corruption at the level of regional and local authorities. Particular attention is paid to financial management models that promote more efficient use of budget resources at the local level. In addition, the article emphasizes the importance of the participation of public organizations, experts and representatives of the business community in the process of discussion and decision-making on issues of interbudgetary transfers. Active involvement of civil society can contribute to more transparent and responsible use of budget funds. In conclusion, the article puts forward the idea of the need for an integrated approach to solving the problem, which includes changes in legislation, strengthening the institutional framework, as well as training and support for regional and local authorities in order to increase their efficiency in managing budget resources. Thus, this scientific article offers extensive analysis and constructive proposals for improving the efficiency of intergovernmental transfers in the Russian Federation, taking into account the multidimensional aspects affecting this problem.

НАЛОГ НА ДОБЫЧУ ПОЛЕЗНЫХ ИСКОПАЕМЫХ КАК ОДНА ИЗ ОСНОВНЫХ ПРОБЛЕМ РАЗВИТИЯ НЕФТЕГАЗОВОГО СЕКТОРА ЭКОНОМИКИ РОССИИ

Without a doubt, the role of the main energy carriers belongs to unique resources, namely oil and gas. Since they produce a colossal amount of extremely necessary products for almost all other industries – from agriculture to the military-industrial complex, etc. As is known, in the Russian Federation, the exploration of hydrocarbon resources is about 35%, which indicates enormous prospects for geological research in yet undiscovered deposits, as well as the fact that there is a lot of time for the development of the regulatory and tax base, production technologies and combating existing problems. This article examines an extremely pressing topic in recent times, namely, the mineral extraction tax as one of the main problems in the development of the oil and gas sector of the Russian economy. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that throughout the development of our state there has been an important problem in the taxation of oil and gas fields due to their specific characteristics. At the same time, the mineral extraction tax is a fairly important element of the tax system of the Russian Federation and affects the revenues of the budget system of the Russian Federation.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РЕФОРМИРОВАНИЯ НАЛОГООБЛОЖЕНИЯ НЕДВИЖИМОСТИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ БЮДЖЕТНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ

Real estate taxation is one of the main sources of income for subnational budgets, but the traditional property valuation model does not work in most emerging market economies, bringing minimal fiscal impact. In this regard, the creation of a framework for the integration of households in the shadow sector with the official sector, the introduction of real estate tax rates depending on the occupied area is crucial for the sustainability of the budget system. Tax administration can be facilitated through tools based on satellite imagery and blockchain technology, and linking the amount of property tax paid to basic public services is crucial to ensure its political acceptability.

Data Visualization of Budgeting Assumptions: An Illustrative Case of Trans-disciplinary Applied Knowledge

Trans-disciplinary research combines different fields into new conceptual and methodological frameworks. In this study, the SECI model of knowledge creation, which consists of Socialization, Externalization, Combination, and Internalization conversion modes, is used to analyze the implementation of a structured budgeting visualization system by a trans-disciplinary team. Through applied research in implementing a global budgeting system, budgeting assumptions are made explicit through visualization, transforming the approach to the budgeting process and its accuracy. This visualization, in turn, is enabled by assumptions underlying revenue planning, business services and employee compensation, and a visual process. The system displays a stepped approach, indicated by icons, representing the tasks involved in the budget process. For example, the system requires uploading the previous year’s information, setting the assumptions, calculating the suggested figures based on assumptions, and amending the proposed outcome. As adapted by Rice and Rice (2005), SECI is applied as the socialization of tacit-to-tacit budgeting assumption knowledge is solidified during the design phase of this transformation exercise. The externalization phase, in which budgeting assumptions are transformed from tacit to explicit, is evidenced during the configuration phase of the new system. The systemic collaboration results in the explicit assumptions being collectively leveraged across the regions during and after the “go-live” phase of system development. Finally, the internalization phase involves the explicit assumptions being transformed into new tacit knowledge as the experts evolve new assumptions derived from the transformation process. Semiotics provides variance information through hue, with, for example, darker colours indicating higher variances. This trans-disciplinary communication provides the means for increased efficiency and effectiveness. The resulting budget framework is visually validated through a heatmap by comparing the budgeting accuracy and assumption 1 Contact author 2 Peer-Editor: Prof D Sewry. Dean of Commerce, Rhodes University. complexity between the different regions where it was implemented. In summary, value is added in developing a new data visualization process, focusing on the role of budgeting assumptions and using planning process visualizations. This approach improves communication efficiency, effectiveness, and understanding of budgeting while enhancing accuracy.

НАЛОГОВОЕ АДМИНИСТРИРОВАНИЕ НДФЛ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ УСЛОВИЯХ И ЕГО ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

The article is devoted to the changes that will affect the personal income tax in the near future. At the legislative level, they take the initiative to use this tax as an instrument of a fair, socially oriented state policy. On the one hand, the main function of taxes is fiscal, and they should serve as a source of stable financial revenues to the budget system of the Russian Federation, on the other hand, the personal income tax is designed to perform a social function. The experience of introducing a progressive scale of taxation – a 13% tax rate for incomes not exceeding 5 million rubles and 650,000 rubles + 15% from exceeding 5 million rubles was recognized as successful, personal income tax receipts are steadily growing. To date, various options are being considered for both the step of the progression itself and the initial amount of total income from which the application of the progressive scale will begin. A stable increase in tax revenues from the personal income tax and the implementation of a socially oriented state policy can be achieved with a competent tax policy, where not only a progressive tax scale is introduced, but also a bundle with a non-taxable minimum works.

Assessment of restraining factors in financing climate transition programs for agricultural organizations

Agriculture is fraught with numerous risks that can lead to bankruptcy for agricultural enterprises and hinder the climate transition. It is possible to increase the volume of financing for climate transition programs if you understand the level of financial stability of enterprises and correctly assess the risk factors that hinder sustainable development. This research focuses on evaluating the ability of agricultural enterprises to finance climate transition programs. The article examines quantitative indicators of the financial condition and performance efficiency of the agro-industrial complex industry and the largest agricultural enterprises for 2015 and 2023. By using comparative analysis methods and official statistics data, we arrive at a conclusion regarding the main problems associated with the risks of insolvency and reduced financial stability, the prerequisites for the financial insolvency of agricultural enterprises, and the increasing burden on the budget system due to the measures of state support. The livestock industry demonstrates poorer performance than the crop production industry. We propose to use economies of scale and form mixed farms, combining crop farming with livestock farming. This will help reduce negative risk factors and ensure financing for climate transition programs.

Методологические подходы к формированию системы управления налоговыми расходами

In the context of the increasing role of the state as a subject of market relations, fiscal instruments affecting the economy are expanding as a result of changes in the amount of expenditures or revenues of the state budget, which determines the relevance of the problem considered in the article concerning the formation of a tax expenditure management system. The subject of the study is functioning of the tax expenditure management system in the state in the form of falling revenues of the budget system of the Russian Federation due to the provision of tax benefits, exemptions and other preferences for taxes, fees, customs payments, insurance premiums. The purpose of the work is to systematize theoretical and methodological approaches to the formation of a tax expenditure management system by following the fundamental principles of its formation, identifying and overcoming methodological problems of applying the concept of tax expenditures, in respect of which their assessment and determination of their list for the next financial year and planning period and possible directions of its formation are required. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the substantiation of methodological approaches to the formation of a tax expense management system and the definition of its specific features. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the tax expense management system determines the need to improve the methods of accounting, systematization, evaluation, monitoring and control. To determine the meaningful characteristics of these methods, it is advisable to follow the established principles for making decisions on the inclusion of specific tax expenditures in the annually approved list and ensuring the effectiveness of the entire management system in relation to public legal entities.

К вопросу развития банковской системы в Российской империи во второй половине XIX – начале XX вв

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the functioning of the banking system of the Russian Empire in the period of the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries in the conditions of reforms in the era of Emperor Alexander II, in the period of "counterreforms" of Emperor Alexander II, as well as in the era of active development of the capitalist system in the reign of Emperor Nicholas II. Materials and Methods. The sources include the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. A number of volumes of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire include charters of banks - the State Bank of the Russian Empire, the Peasant Land Bank, as well as charters of joint-stock banks opened at the end of the XIX century. In the process of preparing the article the historical and chronological method was used. Due to this method it was possible to establish the main stages of the banking system formation. The historical-problem method allowed to reveal the relationship between the ongoing processes in the state and the formation of a new banking system. The source method proved to be necessary in determining historical sources for the preparation of the materials of the article. Results. The authors note that the banking system of the Russian Empire at the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. developed in the conditions of strengthening capitalist relations. Due to the undertaken research it was possible to trace the main stages of formation of the banking system in the Russian Empire. On the basis of the attracted material from historiography and sources the understanding of the relationship between the formation of the banking system in the conditions of budget deficit of the Empire in the middle of the XIX century was formed. It was possible to establish that in order to carry out a series of reforms under Alexander II was first attempted to strengthen the budget system through the formation of a new banking system. It was established that in the late XIX - early XX cc. The State Bank of the Russian Empire in the framework of its activities was aimed at strengthening industrial production, as well as agriculture. Conclusion. As a result of the study, it was possible to establish the stages of the banking system formation. The interrelation of the socio-economic situation with the state of the financial system was noted. On the basis of the conducted research it is possible to further consider, for example, changes in the functioning of the banking system during the reforms of S.Y. Witte. It is possible to conduct a study of the process of development of the banking system during the Agrarian Reform of P.A. Stolypin.

Impact of information and communication technologies on budget transparency of the provincial government in Vietnam

The concept of fiscal transparency holds significant importance; however, its attainment poses considerable challenges. Current discourse suggests that the concept of transparency lacks sophistication. To tackle this hurdle regarding public expenditure, analytical approaches that pertain to the general concept of transparency can be utilized. The present paper aims to ascertain the determinants of the openness of the provincial budget and its subcategories by human development, technology access, as well as industrialization progress, in addition to other relevant indicators. This study aims to ascertain the fundamental principles that underpin the achievement of efficient transparency in public expenditure. In terms of outcomes, the overall model has limited relations to the hypotheses. For the elemental dependent variables, the impact of various forms of transparency on the attainment of public policy goals varies, but generally have similar results. The study has attempted to conclude the components for an optimal transparent budget system, thus providing a suggestion for effective schemes later on.