Budget Law Research Articles

ОЦЕНКА ВЛИЯНИЯ ФАКТОРОВ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ПРИРОДЫ НА ОШИБКИ ПРОГНОЗОВ ДОХОДОВ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО БЮДЖЕТА РОССИИ

The purpose of the study is assessment of impact of political factors, such as electoral cycles and ideological range of parliament on systematic deviations of actual revenues of the Russian federal budget from its planned values. The study consists of two stages. On the first stage the quality of federal budget revenue forecast on the period from 2000 to 2022 is made (actual value of revenue is compared with planned one in the first version of the budget law). It is shown that official federal revenue forecasts are characterized with statistically significant under-prediction. The second stage is the empirical assessment of potential factors impact on pessimism in revenue forecasting. The following results of the conducted evaluation are proposed: federal electoral cycles are not statistically significant and ideological structure of the parliament is weakly significant factors of revenue forecasts quality. The result of the study gives the motivation for further investigation of key actors’ incentives during budget forecasting.

РЕГУЛЯТИВНЫЕ РАЗВИЛКИ — 2024

The steady growth of the Russian economy in 2023 is associated with a significant risk of a subsequent slowdown in macrodynamics in 2024 as it exits the overheating state. Signs of such a heterogeneous slowdown became noticeable in the autumn. In the context of continuing strong inflationary pressures, additional strengthening of monetary rigidity is possible, which will be balanced by the expansion of fiscal stimulus and active measures to overcome structural constraints on potential output. In 2024, adjustments to the parameters set out in the federal budget law are likely. The choice of specific solutions for the complementarities of monetary, fiscal and structural policies will be influenced by the trajectory of the ruble exchange rate and the intensity of fragmentation of the global economy. As a result, in 2024, the Russian economy will go through a fork in the road, when the trajectory of the next years will depend on the content of the actions of regulators and the level of their synergy.

Physical education in primary school and impact on educational leadership

Purpose: In Italy, the 2022 Budget Law, established the compulsory curricular teaching of physical education (PE) by the specialist teacher, with a master’s degree in exercise and sport sciences, in classes IV and V of primary school to achieve the objectives of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, inherent in the assumption of behaviors and lifestyles appropriate to the harmonious development of the children. Since the impact studies of many internal stakeholders in primary schools have already been done, it remained to extend the impact study among school headmasters. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the perceptions of school headmasters on PE teaching and to verify the variables that could influence their opinions, to complete the study on the impact the reform has produced. Methods: The sample consisted of 32 primary school headmasters from Naples and province, who filled out a questionnaire to investigate their perceptions on PE teaching. Chi Square (X2) was performed to test the associations between variables. Results: 96.9% of headmasters favoured the introduction of the specialist teacher in PE and the compulsory teaching of PE, as it was considered essential. The perceptions of the need of a specific education to teach PE influenced both the importance of PE and the way it should be included in the school curriculum. Conclusions: Most of headmasters were aware that teaching PE required a specific education, possessed by the specialist teacher, wishing for its introduction in all primary school classes. Knowing the perceptions of school headmasters is crucial because, they can influence how PE is taught in the school, essential to ensure proper mental and physical development of the children and to counteract problems related to the need for movement. Keywords: perceptions; specialist teacher; generalist teacher; children wellbeing; headmasters.

APPROACHES TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF INTERBUDGET TRANSFERS IN UKRAINE AND ABROAD

The scientific work is devoted to the study of approaches to the classification of interbudgetary transfers in Ukraine and abroad. It has been determined that the classification of interbudgetary transfers is not established due to the constant changes in relations regulated by law, which necessitates the search for new models and mechanisms for financing public needs. The legislation of foreign states and doctrinal developments of foreign authors regarding the issue of types of interbudgetary transfers and features of their provision has been analyzed. The possibility of assigning interbudgetary transfers established by the norms of the budget legislation of Ukraine to the classifications developed by the foreign doctrine of budget law, taking into account the latest changes in the budget legislation of Ukraine, has been established. The most common are classifications depending on the model of building inter-budgetary relations in a specific state: depending on the presence of a target purpose, depending on the term of provision, depending on the presence of an equalizing orientation, depending on the degree of their obligation, depending on the direction of movement of funds, depending on the direction of movement of interbudgetary financial flows.

Between parliamentary control and fiscal discipline: the General Budget Act for 1303/1924-25 (1925) on the eve of Pahlavi rule

The budget system is a fundamental component of modern constitutional politics. It works for the establishment of not only the fiscal discipline, but also for parliamentary control over tax and fiscal policies. This study aims to portray controversy between these two principles over the legislation of the General Budget Act for 1303/1924-25, the first comprehensive budget law in Iran. An analysis of parliamentary and other contemporary sources reveals how the National Assembly prioritized their control over budget-making, whereas Administrator General of Finance Millspaugh (1922–1927) struggled to maintain fiscal discipline. The lack of cooperation between them consequently benefitted Prime Minister Reza Khan (1923–1925; later Reza Shah Pahlavi 1925–1941), who desired to seize full control of state finance. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the constitutional politics on the eve of Pahlavi rule, as well as the process of Reza Khan’s rise to power.

Public Law of the Financial Market in the System of Financial Law

This article is devoted to the study of the question of the place of the norms governing social relations that develop in the process of the functioning of the financial market in the system of financial law. The author substantiates the allocation of the sub-sector Financial and legal regulation of the financial market (Public law of the financial market), defines its subject, method and system. It is concluded that the allocation of the named sub-sector allows building a logically complete system of the Special Part of Financial Law, consisting of four sub-sectors: budget law, tax law, financial and legal regulation of the financial market (public law of the financial market) and the law of monetary circulation. Each of the indicated sub-sectors regulates groups of financial relations that are significant in volume and sufficiently specific in content, striving for isolation, but being in a systemic relationship with each other.

Social Focus of Public Financial Activity as a Principle of Financial Law

The paper is devoted to the consideration of the principle of social orientation of financial activity of the state and municipal entities. Under Part 1 of Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Russian Federation is recognized as a social state with the state policy aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free human development. Proceeding from this, the social orientation of financial and legal regulation is regarded as one of the principles of the legal field under consideration.The social orientation of financial activity finds its external expression in many forms. In particular, it manifests itself in the tasks of financial activity, which, among other things, are associated with the formation of centralized state extra-budgetary funds as the basis of social insurance, accumulation of funds in the budgets of public entities in order to solve social problems, development of the main directions of state financial policy in the social sphere, as well as a number of other tasks. In addition, it is concluded that each principle of the sate financial activity is in one way or another connected with the social sphere. The author traces the manifestation of the principle of social orientation within the framework of other principles of financial activity — planning, legality, publicity, federalism, unity of purpose, etc. The author also comes to the conclusion that today all sub-branches of financial law (budget law, tax law, legal regulation of the financial market and the law of monetary circulation) in one way or another are connected with the social sphere — providing a direct or indirect regulatory influence on it or being subjected to the influence of social factors. The conclusion is made about the fairness of attributing the social orientation of the financial activity of the state to the fundamental principles of financial law, as well as that financial law is a socially oriented branch of Russian law.

Fostering Policy Change in Anti-Poverty Schemes in Italy: Still a Long Way to Go

This article explores the poverty phenomenon and anti-poverty policies in Italy, before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. It aims to contribute to the mainstream literature on policy change, looking at how the convergence of multiple streams (problem, policy, and political) contributed to achieving the adoption of the Italian Minimum Income scheme, the Citizenship Income. Despite increasing political and public awareness of poverty, the 2022 Budget Law failed to achieve a structural reform—considering amendments proposed by the Ministry of Social Policy’s Commission and the Italian Anti-Poverty Network—to improve both the equity and efficiency of the anti-poverty measure. Strong path dependency in the conceptualization and implementation of the anti-poverty tool is still evident; policy change thus has a long way to go.

Mechanisms of financing the fiscal deficit in Iraq - legal study

comThis research sheds light on the mechanisms adopted by the Iraqi government to finance the financial deficit it suffers from as a result of the irrational fiscal policy, and the significant effects that it entails, especially in the draft general budget law in the way it reached the House of Representatives, especially after the Iraqi government fell between two options. The first is the adoption of a severe austerity policy, while the second is to take a negative stance and go about things as agreed until a new government is elected and bears the burden of searching for a solution to the crisis, in addition to the challenges surrounding the adoption of alternative mechanisms, which makes it more difficult despite being better than the options presented. Not to mention the strange way to solve the crisis by adopting means to finance the deficit without looking for ways to reduce that deficit by reducing public expenditures

Budget Regulation as a Complex Legal Institution of Financial Law

The paper is devoted to the consideration of issues related to the unification of financial law norms, which govern public relations on the internal distribution and redistribution of budgetary funds, into a single independent legal institution of financial law within its main sub-branch, namely budget law. The system patterns of law inherent in financial law and its structural elements became the conceptual basis of the research. It is established that the norms regulating the activities of public legal entities of the Russian Federation on budget regulation represent an independent complex financial and legal community and are a separate part of budget law. In the course of the study, various factors that determine the formation of a complex legal institution of budget regulation are identified. The author considers and formulates general and special principles of functioning of this legal institution, studies the main sources containing relevant financial and legal norms, analyses the structure of the legal institution of budget regulation and single out its sub-institutions. It is determined that the legal institution of budget regulation is a set of financial and legal norms regulating inter-budgetary relations arising in the process of distribution and redistribution of funds between the budgets of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation. The author concludes that the considered pool of legal norms united by a single purpose, due to their fragmentation, is of a complex character and dialectically includes legal norms of various legal entities of financial law. These include the norms of the Institute of budget revenues, the Institute of budget expenditures, individual norms of the sub-branch of tax law, the institute of legal regulation of state extra-budgetary funds, the Institute of public credit and debt, as well as the integrated financial and legal institute «budget process».

Research on the Audit of Budget Implementation of Public Institutions under the New Budget Law

Research on the Audit of Budget Implementation of Public Institutions under the New Budget Law

Optimal Economic Stimulus Policy in the Pandemic Situation

The risk factors named in the 2021 Draft Scenario for Amendments to the Budget Law of Georgia include: risk of pandemic exacerbation; a sharp decline in revenues of the tourism sector; despite the increase in trade turnover, the increase in supply costs, which is explained by the world's ongoing inflationary processes; increased global debt and changes in global consumer behavior are also mentioned. In a pandemic, it is especially difficult to stimulate the economy in low- and middle-income countries. The article discusses global issues and potential solutions. The economy must be recovered as quickly as possible. Government actions create an economic incentive to encourage the private sector. Economic stimulus is based on the analogy of biological stimulus and response processes. Keywords: Economic stimulus, recession, stimulus, investment, economic stimulus plans, Rickard equivalence.

Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of Government Expenditure Budget Management In the Case of Ethiopia's Ministry of Finance

The study examined the factors affecting the effectiveness of government expenditure budget management in the case of Ethiopia's Ministry of Finance. The general objective of this study was to assess the factors affecting the effectiveness of expenditure budget management, in carrying out its budget administration responsibilities, ensuring the proper application of laws and regulations, ensuring public accountability, and promoting transparency in the use of government resources. A descriptive survey research design was employed using quantitative and qualitative methods. Closed-ended questionnaires and interviews were collected from MOF staff. The respondents were chosen using stratified and purposive sampling techniques. The survey questionnaire was distributed to 93 people, but only 76 of them responded, yielding an 82 percent response rate. The information was then quantitatively analyzed with Pearson's correlation, multiple linear regression analysis, and descriptive statistics using SPSS 23 versions. In Ethiopia's ministry of finance, the researcher found that there is a significant positive relationship between laws and regulations, budget expert competency, and integrated financial management information systems with budget expenditure management. There is a problem with the MOF salary scale that attracts and retains qualified and experienced experts. Government budget laws and regulations have a significant effect on government budget management. MOF has weaknesses in updating and revising budget laws and regulations. In terms of IFMIS applications, the Ministry uses IFMIS to prepare and execute the budget; however, there is still room for improvement in personnel knowledge and expertise for the effective implementation, operation, and maintenance of IFMIS. The Ministry of Finance should provide training on government budget management, public financial management, and government accounting systems to budget specialists and legislative organs of public accounts standing committees.

Are ‘carrots’ better than ‘sticks’? New EU conditionality and social investment policies in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy and Spain

This article asks whether the novel EU approach to member states’ economic adjustment strategies constitutes a ‘social investment turn’ by the Italian and Spanish welfare states. The analytical framework combines insights from different strands of the literature on policy change, in particular those devoted to policy legacies and to policy-making ‘conditionings’ (constraints and facilitators). The study assesses the extent of social investment, as advocated by EU country-specific recommendations, of the set of measures introduced to fight the socio-economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and of programmatic documents issued by the Italian and Spanish executives, such as the State Budget Laws for 2021 and National Recovery and Resilience Plans. In order to evaluate the impact of new conditionality on policy outputs, the article then turns to consider the economic, social and policy legacies of the previous economic crisis and what would have been the prospects for a social investment turn in the absence of Next Generation EU funding. Conclusions show that, at least at the level of intentions, ‘carrots’ seem to be working better than ‘sticks’ on the quest for more intense social investment in Italy and Spain.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1057/s41295-022-00281-w.

RECONOCIMIENTO FACIAL CON FINES DE SEGURIDAD PÚBLICA EN URUGUAY. ANÁLISIS DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN ADMINISTRATIVA.

In recent times, ICTs have burst into force, spreading their use in multiple areas of society. The Public Administration is one of the most fertile fields for the application of these new technologies, especially as tools to fulfill the tasks of the State, among which Public Security stands out. Among the most innovative instruments that have made a place in the state organization, artificial intelligence stands out, especially tools based on biometrics, such as facial recognition, by allowing a person to be identified through the parameters of the face. A technology of these characteristics was acquired by the Ministry of the Interior to fulfill its Public Security tasks, approving a series of articles in Budget Law No. 19,924 that seek to make it possible for the Police to use it. This tool and the approved articles are the object of analysis of this paper from the perspective of the administrative organization.

How does China’s new budget law affect the pricing of local government bonds?

ABSTRACT This article examines the impact of China’s New Budget Law implementation on the pricing of Local Government Bonds (LGBs). We collect 5,442 province-year LGBs observations from 2009 to 2019 and estimate the Simultaneous Equation Models that consider the endogeneity of fiscal transparency. Our results show that the enforcement of the New Budget Law unexpectedly leads to a rise in the interest rates of LGBs overall while enhancing the fiscal transparency of local governments. The findings in this paper suggest that the marketization level of LGBs’ pricing in China needs to be further improved.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BUDGET MANAGEMENT IN A CASE OF THE MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION OF ETHIOPIA

Budget is an important component in county government planning and decision making. A budget is the quantitative expression of a proposed plan of action by management for a specified period and aid to coordinating what needs to be done to implement the plan. A budget system that functions well is important to develop sustainable fiscal policies and economic growth. In many countries economic problems are worsen by weak budget systems and faulty budget choices. In developing countries, budgetary institutions are in their infancy and are mainly used as tools for legalistic controls and micromanagement. The general objective of the study was to evaluate factors affecting the effectiveness of budget management in the ministry of finance and economic cooperation of Ethiopia. To conduct the study both primary and secondary data were used. The primary data were collected from the ministry of finance and economic cooperation using questionnaire and interviews. SPSS 23 versions were used to analyze the collected data. The findings show that budget experts’ staff competency has strong impact on the budget management, to this end the ministry has put in place a training and development policy and arranged trainings programs to enhance budget experts’ skills; however, there is still a problem with ministry salary scale to attracts and retains qualified and experienced experts. Government budget laws and regulations have significant effect on the government budget management; the ministry has weaknesses in updating and revising the budget laws and regulations. Regarding the applications of IFMIS the Ministry prepares and executes the budget using IFMIS; however, it has still a room for the improvement of personnel with requisite knowledge & expertise for the effective implementation, operation, & maintenance of IFMIS. The ministry should strictly hold accountable the heads of line ministries for the breach of budget laws and regulations, it should provide trainings on the government budget management, public financial management and government accounting system to the public accounts standing committees of the legislative organs.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE BUDGET MANAGEMENT IN THE CASE OF ETHIOPIA'S MINISTRY OF FINANCE

Budget is an important component in county government planning and decision making. A budget system that functions well is important to develop sustainable fiscal policies and economic growth. In developing countries, budgetary institutions are in their infancy and are mainly used as tools for legalistic controls and micromanagement. The general objective of the study was to evaluate factors that affect the effectiveness of budget management in the ministry of finance of Ethiopia. To conduct the study both primary and secondary data were used. Primary data were collected from MOF staffs using questionnaire and interviews. SPSS 23 versions were used to analyze the collected data. The findings show that budget experts’ staff competency has strong impact on the budget management, there is a problem with MOF salary scale to attracts and retains qualified and experienced experts. Government budget laws and regulations have significant effect on the government budget management; MOF has weaknesses in updating and revising the budget laws and regulations. Regarding the applications of IFMIS the Ministry prepares and executes the budget using IFMIS; however, it has still a room for the improvement of personnel knowledge & expertise for the effective implementation, operation, & maintenance of IFMIS. MOF should provide trainings on the government budget management, public financial management and government accounting system to the public accounts standing committees of the legislative organs. Key words: Government budget, laws and regulations, IFMIS, staff competency and SPSS

Development of treasury management of public procurement: problems and prospects

The subject of this study is the legal norms contained in legislation, other legal acts, as well as materials of law enforcement practice regulating the process of treasury management of budgetary funds. This article also analyzes the experience of legal regulation of the mechanism of treasury management of budgetary funds during public procurement, examines the gaps in budget legislation directly related to the topic under consideration.The purpose of this article is to consider the problems and prospects of the development of the Institute of the Federal Treasury in the Russian Federation. The reason for this study was multiple scientific discussions, which caused an ambiguous reaction from the legal community of Russia. The gaps in the budget legislation directly related to the topic under consideration are considered.The methodology. General scientific methods were applied in the framework of comparative, logical and statistical research and analysis of law enforcement and judicial practice in the field of treasury management of budget funds.The main results. A number of issues related to the chosen topic were considered. First of all, it is necessary to understand how the legal regulation of treasury management of budgetary funds is carried out. The form of legal regulation of treasury management differed from other forms and instruments of control the norms on treasury management were established annually by the federal law on the federal budget and acts of the Russian Government, Russian Ministry of Finance and the Federal Treasury adopted in pursuance of this federal law. Secondly, it is worth noting how the procedure for treasury management of budgetary funds during public procurement is built. The mechanism of treasury management provides for operations on personal accounts opened in the Federal Treasury with funds received from the relevant budget in the form of subsidies and budget investments, as well as funds directed to the execution of government contracts, contracts, the sourceof financing of which is the budget of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation. Thirdly, it is necessary to understand what prospects the institute of treasury management of public procurement has. Trends in the development of the institute of treasury management show that quantitative parameters will grow, including due to the use of "extended" treasury management and due to the spread of technological solutions to the level of subjects of the Russian Federation and municipalities.Conclusions. Treasury management of budgetary funds during public procurement is a new institution of budget law, a comprehensive budgetary and legal instrument of public administration, which is used at the stage of budget execution for expenditures to exercise financial control over the public procurement, contracts with legal entities and sole proprietors who are not participants in the budget process. In addition, treasury management is a tool with sufficient elasticity and relative "versatility". At its core, it allows you to strengthen control over the targeted and effective use of budget funds, ensure transparency and openness of procurement procedures and execution of state contracts; reduce unscrupulous suppliers in the chain of co-executors while ensuring proper execution of the state contract; increase financial discipline of the parties to the contract. It is also worth noting that treasury management minimizes some of the risks inherent in the use process. This institution should be considered as a system element in a larger mechanism of budget monitoring.

Budget law of the Republic of Lithuania under the influence of the European Union law

The article deals with the question of the impact of the European Union law on budget regulation in the law of the Republic of Lithuania after its accession to the European Union in 2004. The influence of the European Union law on the Lithuanian budget law is twofold - direct when the requirements of the relevant European Union legislation are transposed into national budget law, and indirect, when national budget law is changed during the harmonization of national tax laws with the requirements of the European Union law. As the article deals only with the aspects of direct impact, such questions, as harmonization of annual and medium-term budget planning, changes in the budget planning process, strengthening of fiscal discipline, the requirements of the Stability and Growth Pact and their implementation in national law are analysed in the article.