HHO Gas Research Articles

Detailed analysis on engine operating in dual fuel mode with different energy fractions of sustainable HHO gas

AbstractCarbon emission and problems associated with the world have been the major concerns for the past few decades. The world governments have implemented stringent emission norms to reduce the pollution created by hydrocarbon combustion in automobiles. The use of gaseous fuels in IC engines has gained interest among the research community. In the present research work, hydrogen, and oxygen (HHO gas) are produced together in an electrolyzer unit and is fed into the engine intake manifold before the carburetor. The electrolyzer consists of an anode, cathode and five neutral plates made of 316 L SS. Electrolyser production rate was tested with four different molarity conditions of NaOH electrolyte solution ranging from 0.24 to 1 N. It was noted that a maximum of 2 LPM of HHO gas was produced with the supply of 90 A‐h current at 1 N solution concentration. The performance and emission characters of the SI engine were conducted at six different load conditions and four flow rates of HHO gas. HHO gas induction has significantly increased the thermal brake efficiency by 8% and decreased the specific fuel consumption by 20%. With the supply of 2 LPM of HHO gas, CO2, HC, and NOx emissions were reduced by 67%, 59%, and 34%, respectively.

Impacts of HHO gas utilisation on the operating parameters in internal combustion engines

Social pressure is forcing manufacturers to make huge investments in development in order to reduce the harmful emissions of passenger cars. However, there are also cheaper solutions that promise to reduce pollutants with minimal investment. One way is to enrich the fuel/air mixture with HHO gas (oxyhydrogen with a 2 : 1 ratio of hydrogen and oxygen). HHO gas is produced by the electrolysis of water using the vehicle's electrical system. This study investigated the impact of an HHO generator on the operating parameters of an internal combustion engine. The testing took place on two levels. The first was a laboratory test with an spark ignition (SI) engine connected to a dynamometer where complete load characteristics were measured and the function of the engine in various steady-state modes was monitored. The second was a laboratory test of a compression ignition (CI) engine vehicle in a chassis dynamometer where the engine behaviour was observed during simulated driving. During the measurements, it was clearly demonstrated that there is a serious change in the fuel/air mixture. The HHO gas mixture caused engine control instability. The control unit was not able to sufficiently regulate the engine parameters. During the test on chassis dynamometer, the steady-state regimes did not last long enough for this instability to occur.

Investigation of the effects of oxyhydrogen gas (HHO) flow rate and injector penetration on the performance of a dual fuel CI engine

ABSTRACT Renewable sources of energy help mitigate the environmental concerns associated with fossil fuel combustion and in meeting the ever-increasing energy demand. The use of HHO gas in I.C. Engines becomes promising in this context. HHO gas is a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 2:1, produced by the electrolysis of water. In this research, alkaline electrolysis was used for producing HHO gas using KOH as an electrolyte. This HHO gas was introduced in the intake manifold of the C.I. engine, making it operate in dual-fuel mode. The effects of HHO gas addition on engine performance and emissions were investigated. The variation of diesel injector protrusion (DIP) by +/− 1 mm from its normal position was also studied. This was achieved using washers of varying thicknesses. Three different HHO gas injection locations, namely port, manifold, and upstream, were compared to determine the most suitable position. The simultaneous evaluation of the effects of DIP and HHO injection location makes this study unique. BSFC, peak pressure, HC, CO, CO2 and smoke emissions were observed to be lower, while BTE, NOx and O2 emissions were enhanced for the optimum condition of + 1 mm DIP, PI with 1.63 LPM of HHO gas.

Effect of Supplementing Water Electrolyzed Hydroxyl Gas and Exhaust Gas Recirculation in the Combustion Process of a Compression Ignition Engine

In the current state of affairs, the global concern is about greenhouse gas emission into the environment and ambient air pollution driven by massive consumption of fossil fuels by the various automobile and power generating sectors. One of the most excellent solutions to control the above concern is to develop and employ carbon-neutral fuels in internal combustion engines. Water electrolyzed hydroxyl gas (HHO gas) is the imperative and promising alternate fuel to pure fossil fuels. In this study, the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a 3.7 kW single cylinder four stroke CI engine enriched with HHO gas supplied to the intake manifold with the constant speed of 1500 RPM using diesel as a pilot fuel are studied. In this investigation, HHO gas was generated through the electrolysis of water and utilized to exterminate the handling and safety-related issues originated by compressed hydrogen. The examinations are repeated with HHO blend of 5, 10 and 15% with various Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) proportions to study the impact of HHO gas and EGR on dual fuel mode of diesel engine. The dual-fuelled (diesel + HHO gas) engine’s performance, combustion, and emission parameters are presented and compared in both analytical and graphical approaches. The results obtained at full load conditions are exhibited and compared with neat diesel operation. The brake thermal efficiency is higher by 9.6% for 15% HHO gas without EGR. NOx emission is almost similar for 10% HHO gas with 10 and 15% EGR. Smoke and greenhouse gas emissions are lower by 33.3% and 13.2% respectively for 15% HHO gas without EGR. Reduction in CO and HC emissions are noticed in dual-fuel operation.

Effect of Electrode Plates on the Engine Performance and Gas Emissions of a Four-Stroke Petrol Engine

The effectiveness generation of HHO gas depends on the characteristic of the electrode plates. This research aims to investigate the effect of the HHO gas generator produced through the water electrolysis technique. The effect of several controlled factors, such as the number, distance, and area of electrode plates used in the water electrolysis process to produce HHO gas, were studied and analyzed using a factorial full design approach (RBFAD). Stainless Steel of 1 mm thickness has been chosen as an electrode plate material. A single-cylinder four-stroke S.I. engine was used as the test engine. The engine was tested at 16 different setups where the engine speed and exhaust emission of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) gasses were recorded. The statistical significance of these controlled factors contributing to the engine performance and exhaust emission has been established with the analysis of variance. It was found that the number of plates that interacted with a large area of electrode plate is a significant factor that caused an increase in engine speed on an average of 26%, an average reduction in CO by 43%, and a decrease in HC gas by 42%. In conclusion, the higher number of electrode plates and a higher electrode plate area produced more HHO gas that yields completed internal combustion. Thus, it can enhance the engine speed and reduces the CO and HC gas content in exhaust emissions.

Combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of diesel engine using oxyhydrogen gas as a fuel additive.

A lot of research is being carried out to reduce the environmental pollution resulting from compression ignition engines. For this, various gaseous fuels are being explored as fuel additives in compression ignition engines. The purpose of this research work is to investigate rarely explored Brown's gas (oxyhydrogen gas) in CI engines to reduce environmental pollution. Brown's gas was produced by electrolysis of distilled water with potassium hydroxide as a catalyst. A common rail direct injection CI engine was used for the present investigation. Detail combustion, performance, and emission analyses were carried out, which is scarcely reported in oxyhydrogen gas fuel investigations in compression ignition engines. Oxyhydrogen was injected at varying flow rates of 200 ml/min, 400 ml/min, 600 ml/min, and 800 ml/min in the intake manifold of the CI engine equipped with an electronically controlled common rail direct injector. The peak pressure and maximum heat release rate increased with the increasing concentration of oxyhydrogen gas. The comparison was made between conventional diesel combustion and oxyhydrogen gas addition of 800 ml/min at 75% load. The reduction in CO and HC emissions was about 37.5% and 17.94% respectively. CO2 and NOx emissions increased by 9.37% and 7.41% respectively. Very low smoke emission of 0.01 to 0.02% was recorded at 800 ml/min oxyhydrogen gas flow rate. Thus, it can be concluded that oxyhydrogen gas provides promising benefits in terms of better combustion and low emissions. However, it is recommended to carry out further research to incorporate the use of this additive in actual automobile applications.

Consequences of suplementing the HHO gas and CNG with EGR on diesel engine characteristics

Water electrolyzed hydroxyl gas (HHO or Brown gas) and compressed natural gas (CNG) are the important and promising alternatives to the pure fossil fuels. The global concern is about GHG emission in the environment and ambient air pollution steered by mass consumption of fossil fuels in automobile industries and power sectors. In this study, the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of HHO gas and CNG mixtures supplied to intake manifold of compression ignition engine using diesel as a pilot fuel are studied. The same investigations are repeated with various exhaust gas re-circulation (EGR) proportions to study the impact of EGR on multi fuel mode (diesel + HHO gas + CNG) in a Diesel engine. The multi fueled engine performance, combustion and emission parameters are presented and compared with graph and analytical discussion. The results indicated that at full load, the NOx emission decreased by 4% (without EGR), 18% (with 10% EGR) and smoke density decreased by 78% with multi fuel mode comparing to the pure diesel operation at constant speed of 1500 rpm. Also more enhanced performance by improving the brake thermal efficiency by 17%, reducing the brake specific energy consumption by 19%, resulted better fuel economy, and power due to better combustion.

Effect of Onboard Generated Hydroxy (Hho) Gas on the Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of a Diesel Engine

Effect of Onboard Generated Hydroxy (Hho) Gas on the Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of a Diesel Engine

Investigations on Effect of H2 and Hho Gas Induction on Brake Thermal Efficiency of Dual-Fuel Ci Engine

Investigations on Effect of H2 and Hho Gas Induction on Brake Thermal Efficiency of Dual-Fuel Ci Engine

Performance improvement and emission reduction of gasoline engine by adding hydrogen gas into the intake manifold

Reducing the emission pollution related to fossil fuel combustion is gaining increasing interest worldwide and the researcher did an intensive effort to reduce the dependency on fossil fuel. This work conducted an experimental study on the effect of the hydroxyl gas (HHO) produced by water electrolysis on the spark ignition engines performance. Experimental setup and procedures are performed in internal combustion laboratory at variable speeds. Different parameters like brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency and emission gasses from the exhaust, were taken under consideration. It was found that brake power increased from 1059 W to 1186 W at engine speed 2600 rpm when 3 L/min of HHO added in the intake manifold and increased from 1198.2 to 1413 when the engine speed 2400 rpm. It has been observed that a significant reduction in specific fuel consumption from 968 for pure gasoline to 792 g/kW.hr at the brake power 314 W and from 506 to 365 g/kW.hr. The thermal efficiency improved from 16.93% for pure gasoline to 23.48 % by adding 3 L/min of HHO , this improvement can be attributed as a result of wide range of flame propagation and fast flame speed of hydrogen, while carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons significantly reduced. HC reduced from 240 to 215 PPM at 2600 rpm whereas CO decreased from 3.9 to 2.7 % volume. Therefore, HHO is recommended as promising substitute fuel. Since the addition of HHO gas to the fuel increased the combustion temperature, NOx emissions were slightly increased.

Combustion Conduct Of A Single-Cylinder Spark-Ignition Affected By Ethanol Fuel Mixtures of Supplement Hydroxy Gas (HHO)

Ethanol is an alternative fuel to replace fossil fuels. Ethanol's high octane value can substitute for power in spark-ignition engines (SI). Gasoline mixed with ethanol will reduce the calorific value generated and intensify the combustion process in the combustion chamber. Through the engine performance test, we can find out the increase in the performance of the SI engine. Several essential variables can improve engine performance, such as gasoline-ethanol variations, iridium spark plugs, and hydroxy gas generators (HHO). This research uses an experimental method by utilizing gasoline (octane-92)-ethanol variations (35%, 45%, and 55% v/v) with the intake of hydroxy gas during the combustion process. The SI automatic transmission engine has a capacity of 124.8 cubic centimeters (one cylinder-four stroke), a compression ratio of 11/1, fuel injection, and iridium spark plugs. Engine performance test using chassis dyno test with engine speed variations of 4000-9000 rpm. This study resulted in optimal performance on a 55% increase in gasoline-ethanol mixture with an intensify in output-power, pressure, and thermal efficiency at an engine-speed of 8000 rpm. It is contrary to the specific fuel consumption has decreased.

Optimisation of dry cell electrolyser and hydroxy gas production to utilise in a diesel engine operated with blends of orange peel oil in dual-fuel mode

This study aims at producing hydroxy (HHO) gas using a dry cell electrolysis setup and utilising it along with orange oil in a diesel engine. First an electrolyser was designed considering the optimised values of the material (SS316L), electrolyte (NaOH), and electrode gap (2 mm). Then the biodiesel obtained from the waste orange peels, after transesterification, were blended with diesel at 25 and 50% by vol. The HHO gas was produced by the water electrolysis method by a plate-type electrolyser having a maximum production rate of 2.5 LPM with NaOH as the electrolyte. HHO gas was inducted through the inlet manifold along with the fresh air at a constant rate of 2 LPM with both the biodiesel blends. The performance, emission, and combustion outcomes of the single cylinder diesel engine for different load conditions (0–100%) were tested for all the blends with and without HHO addition. The results showed a considerable increase in brake thermal efficiency of 1.54% at full load condition, with a noticeable decrease in fuel consumption by 11.1% compared to conventional diesel fuel, was achieved for the O25 blend with HHO induction. Moreover, emissions like hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and smoke were reduced by 17.6, 29.5, and 12.1%, respectively. However, the improvement in combustion outcomes led to the increase in nitrogen oxides emission by 9.67%. This study helped to understand the production process of HHO gas by dry cell electrolyser and its effect on the blend of orange oil methyl ester and diesel in dual-fuel mode.

Hydroxy gas enriched diesel fuel investigations on homogenous charge compression ignition engine with change in injector opening pressure

Experiments were performed on a diesel engine with varying injector opening pressure (IOP) and fuel injection timing of 45° before top dead center. Hydroxy gas was mixed with incoming air at a constant flow rate of 200 ml/min. An increase in IOP improved brake power and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 8.42% and 7.03%, respectively. The addition of hydroxy gas improved brake-specific fuel consumption, brake power, and BTE was 7.10%, 3.2%, and 11.48%, respectively with increment in IOP. Carbon monoxide, hydro carbons, and smoke were reduced by 29.24%, 19.84%, and 32.27%, respectively due to hydroxy gas addition at elevated IOP.

The Influence of Magnetic Field on Newly Designed Oxyhydrogen and Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis

Herein, new prototypes of a dry cell and an H2 generator are designed to produce hydrogen and HHO (oxyhydrogen) gas, and the effect of a magnetic field on both systems is examined. Experiments are conducted in both systems; a 3.5% potassium hydroxide electrolyte is chosen because it is an alkaline type of solution with a high dissociation rate. NdFeB magnets with magnetic fluxes of 1.2 and 1.6 T are added to both systems to reveal the effect of the Lorentz force on gas production. The flow rates of HHO gas in the productions under 1.2 and 1.6 T in the HHO system are 680 and 730 ml min−1, respectively. These values show that the flow velocities were 15.4% (1.2 T) and 23% (1.6 T) greater, respectively than the values recorded without a magnetic field (MF). Additionally, the percentage of hydrogen production increased by 4% for 1.2 T and 11% for 1.6 T compared to the measured value without the MF. In addition, production costs are calculated for both systems in the study: the energy required to obtain the same flow rate as the comparison examples in the literature was lower.

A Predictive Approach to Optimize a HHO Generator Coupled with Solar PV as a Standalone System

Production of hydrogen by means of renewable energy sources is a way to eliminate dependency of the system on the electric grid. This study is based on a technique involving coupling of an oxyhydrogen (HHO) electrolyzer with solar PV to produce clean HHO gas as a fuel. One of objectives of this study was to develop a strategy to make the electrolyzer independent of other energy sources and work as a standalone system based on solar PV only. A DC-DC buck convertor is used with an algorithm that can track the maximum power and can be fed to the electrolyzer by PV while addressing its intermittency. The electrolyzer is considered to be an electrical load that is connected to solar PV by means of a DC-DC convertor. An algorithm is designed for this DC-DC convertor that allows maximization and control of power transferred from solar PV to the electrolyzer to produce the maximum HHO gas. This convertor is also responsible for operating the electrolyzer in its optimum operating region to avoid overheating. The DC-DC converter has been tested under simulated indoor conditions and uncontrolled outdoor conditions. Analysis of this DC-DC convertor based on maximum power tracking algorithm showed 94% efficiency.

Energy, Exergy, and emissions (3E) assessment of a low-displacement engine powered by biodiesel blends of palm oil mill effluent (POME) and hydroxy gas

In this research, an experimental assessment of a low-displacement diesel engine evaluated the influence of hydroxy gas enrichment in a biodiesel blend produced from industrial palm oil residues. The study incorporates different performance parameters from energy, exergy, combustion, and emissions criteria. The engine is monitored to operate at a constant speed of 3600 rpm and load conditions from 20% to 100%, and the fuels analyzed were commercial diesel and POME 10 biodiesel, whereas the hydroxy gas flow rates additions were set to 0.075, 0.150, and 0.225 LPM. The results of the study indicated that the presence of hydroxy gas in the POME 10 biodiesel increased the combustion pressure between 3.77 and 11.86%, while the heat release rate is intensified up to 15.61% depending on load condition. Also, hydroxy gas volumetric flow enrichment of 0.225 LPM boosted both energy and exergy efficiencies up to 15.36% and 12.15%, respectively. The emissions assessment demonstrated that hydroxy gas doping compensated the magnification of CO2 emissions produced by the POME 10 implementation. Additionally, the presence of hydroxy gas further reduces unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and smoke opacity by 11.02% and 9.39%, respectively, compared to the POME 10 standalone operation. In general, hydroxy replacement stands as a reliable and cost-effective tool to minimize the environmental pollution associated with biodiesel blends from palm oil waste residuals.

Performance, Emission, and Economic Perspectives of a Diesel Engine Fueled with a Mixture of Hydroxy Gas and Biodiesel from Waste Palm Cooking Oil

This investigation experimentally examines the influence of hydroxy gas fumigation in a diesel engine fueled with a biodiesel blend derived from waste palm cooking oil (B10). For the experimental tests, a fixed rotation speed of 2000 rpm and a load condition of 50%, 75%, and 100% have been established. Hydroxy gas (HHO) has been added through the engine's air intake system at a flow of 0.5 lpm, 0.75 lpm, and 1 lpm. Results have demonstrated the positive effect of HHO fumigation on the combustion performance of the B10 blend. Moreover, a reduction of 4.3% in the BSFC and a 2.64% increase in peak pressure in B10 due to the presence of HHO have been observed. On the other hand, a decrease of 8.7%, 9.9%, and 22.8% in CO2, HC, and smoke opacity emissions has been evidenced with the addition of HHO in B10. B10 implementation has promoted NOx emission escalation. However, this increase has been only 1.23% compared to pure diesel. In conclusion, HHO enrichment favors combustion performance and emissions minimization, which represents a significant opportunity to mitigate the negative effect of the lower calorific power of these types of fuels.

Effect of Hydroxy Gas Injection on Biodiesel Blends from Industrial Palm Oil Residues in Stationary Engines

In the current investigation, an analysis of the performance parameters and emissions has been carried out in a stationary diesel engine fed with an alternative fuel blend from industrial palm oil waste (Palm Oil Mill Effluent, POME). Additionally, the influence of hydroxy gas injection in the combustion chamber has been evaluated. A test engine, which has operated at four torque levels and at a constant speed of 3600 rpm, has been used for the study. The fuel blend tested has been POME10%, and the volumetric flow of the hydroxy gas has been 0.075 and 1 LPM. From the results, it has been possible to demonstrate that POME10% biodiesel causes inefficiency in fuel use due to less homogeneity and greater fuel injection than standard diesel. In general, it has been evidenced that POME10% causes a decrease of 3.3% and 3.8% in fuel pressure and in maximum engine efficiency. However, the presence of hydroxy gas makes it possible to offset these negative effects. Additionally, the combined use of POME10% and hydroxy gas allows a decrease of 8.0%, 9.2%, and 10.1% in CO2, HC, and smoke opacity emissions compared to the engine running only with the engine POME10%. In general, hydroxy gas is a promising alternative to offset the negative effects caused by the use of biodiesel from waste materials such as palm oil mill effluent.

A Review of Comparative Study on The Effect of Hydroxyl Gas in Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) On Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission

This introductory study comes up with an innovative idea of using Hydroxyl gas as a fuel performance enhancer to reduce the natural sources and the overuse of fossil fuel resulting in increased pollution levels. Many researchers have used HHO gas to analyze gasoline and diesel in internal combustion engines. The main challenges of using HHO gas in engines have been identified as system complexity, safety, cost, and electrolysis efficiency. This article focuses on different performance reports and the emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine. As opposed to general diesel, this study found that using HHO gas improved brake power and torque. In all cases, an increase in braking thermal efficiency can be observed. This was due to the presence of hydrogen in HHO gas with higher calorific value than fossil fuels. At the same time, the fuel consumption unit of the engine was reduced, and the combined impact of hydrogen and oxygen helped to achieve complete combustion and improved the combustion capacity of the fuel when HHO gas was injected. The addition of HHO gas also improved the Brake Power (BP), Brake Torque (BT), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), and thermal efficiency while simultaneously reducing CO and HC formation. The rise in CO2 emissions represented the completion of combustion. Therefore, the usage of HHO gas in the Compression Ignition (CI) engine improved the engine performance and exhaust emissions.

Effects of oxyhydrogen on the CI engine fueled with the biodiesel blends: A performance, combustion and emission characteristics study

The main purpose of this study is to analyse the effects of oxy hydrogen (HHO) along with the Moringa oleifera biodiesel blend on engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics. HHO gases were generated using the typical electrolysis process using the potassium hydroxide solution. The experiments were performed under various engine loads of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% in a constant speed engine. Biodiesel from the M. oleifera was prepared by the transesterification process. Further, the procured biodiesel blends mixed with neat diesel at the concentration of 20% (B20) and 40% (B40). In addition to above, the HHO gas flow rate to the engine chamber maintained at the flow rate of 0.5 L-1. The use of the 20% and 40% blends with HHO reported less BTE compared to the neat diesel. However, B20 reported marginal rise in the BTE due to the addition of the HHO gas. On the other hand, addition of HHO gas to the blends significantly dropped the brake specific fuel consumption. With regard to the emissions, addition of the biodiesel blends reduced the concentration of the CO, HC, and CO2. Nevertheless, no reduction reported in the formation of the NO. However, adding the HHO to the biodiesel reduced the average NOx by 6%, which is a substantial effect. Overall, HHO enriching biodiesel blends are the potential replacement for the existing fossil fuels for its superior fuel properties compared to the conventional diesel.