Designing nanocomposite with multi-level interfaces is an effective approach to improving the microwave absorbing capability of materials. In this study, the urchin-like multiple core-shelled Co/CoS2@NC@MoS2 composites (CCM) are designed and fabricated by high-temperature pyrolysis and solvothermal process, where the structure and phase composition are affected by the migration of Co. Abundant interfaces in the multiple core-shelled structures favor the polarization relaxation loss, defects of MoS2 and nitrogen doping carbon (NC) matrix induce the dipole orientation polarization loss. The CCM composite exhibits excellent microwave absorption with the strongest reflection loss (RL) of − 43.9 dB. Meanwhile, the broadest effective absorption bandwidth (EAB, RL<−10 dB) is 4.4 GHz with a thickness of 1.5 mm. Besides, with the thickness of 1.0–3.5 mm, all peaks of RLmin< −20 dB (99 % absorptivity). It is believed that this work can provide an effective strategy for the design of tunable multi-interface nanostructures to regulate microwave absorption.