Broad General Knowledge Research Articles

Izazovi u prevođenju stručnih tekstova na primjeru turističkih publikacija u prevodu na francuski i italijanski jezik

Translating texts in the field of tourism often seems simpler than it is. With an excellent command of the source and target languages, the skills of written expression in both languages, and a good knowledge of adequate professional terminology, a translator of texts in the field of tourism is expected to have a very broad general knowledge (Vidić 110) and to be a connoisseur of cultural differences in both countries or cultures. In addition to their profession as a translator, their task is to respect the cultural differences and the economic reality of the country into whose language they translate. As such a good knowledge of non-linguistic elements is «a prerequisite for achieving correct translation» (Piletić 31). Furthermore, the translator needs to have extensive translation experience and master the rules of stylistic use and textual interpretation. It is necessary to point out that their command of the target language is more important than their knowledge of the source language (Hlebec 21). Hence, in situations where there is a need to translate into the target language, it is recommended to hire translators whose mother tongue is that language. The research aims to raise awareness of the importance of good translation in overall tourist communication, and the need for the more active involvement of the local and wider community in this issue. It should be remembered that, in many cases, the translation of a certain text, whether in print or online, represents for foreign tourists the first indirect contact with the destination, and becomes their kind of «interface between different linguistic and cultural systems» (Mardešić and Maržić Sabalić 2). The aforementioned authors are therefore right to wonder «whether anyone can do a translation». We would supplement this idea by posing the question: «Can anyone be a publisher? »This opens a wider range of questions related to the responsibility of those involved in copyright protection, but also the national interest of the state that proclaimed the development of tourism as its most important strategic direction, while presenting itself in a less than perfect light at the same time. Raising the level of quality is necessary not only in translation but also in all tourist services provided in foreign languages; in the field of education in particular, that requires the more meaningful, purposeful, and appliacble teaching and learning of foreign languages in both schools and universities.

An Outreach/Learning Activity for STEAM Education via the Design and 3D Printing of an Accessible Periodic Table

Through K-12 student workshops in 3D-printing technology at the Michigan State St. Andrews 3D-printing lab, a collaborative STEAM outreach project was initiated with the Committee on Chemists with Disabilities of the American Chemical Society to design and build an accessible Periodic Table of the Elements to celebrate the 2019 International Year of the Periodic Table. This project supported the education of students in 3D-printing technology and promoted their interests in learning about science while bringing awareness to the obstacles faced by individuals with disabilities. The project lessons, which included tile designs using CAD software, conformed to both the Common Core State Standards and the Next Generation Science Standards by defining problems, developing models, carrying out investigations, and designing solutions. Students acquired basic skills in 3D modeling and broad general knowledge of the Periodic Table. In Fall 2019, this Periodic Table, which included ASL hand-signing and Braille on each element tile, was displayed at the National American Chemical Society Meeting in San Diego.

ANEMIA IN SICKLE CELL TRAIT

Background & Method: Subjects for the study were recruited from the rural comprehensive sickle cell program at Index Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Indore. These patients were followed up with regularly at the comprehensive sickle cell clinic with all relevant clinical and laboratory data documented in detailed case report forms. Patients were advised to follow up on a monthly basis or as symptoms presented.
 Result: In our study we found, maximum no of cases in age group of 01-15 (45.6%) followed by 16-30 (30.6%)
 In our study we found 11 males >18years & 19 males <18 years & 11 females >18 years & 05 females <18 years.
 Conclusion: We provide for the first time detailed prevalence data of the ?s gene among Rural Population ethnic groups in Central India. These population screening programs have uncovered previously undiagnosed cases, provided detailed information for population based disease counseling, prevention programs and comprehensive care programs. Over 5,000 individuals were identified with SCT and more than 1,000 individuals were identified with SCD through community-based and target high-risk screening. The population screening study shows how community-based screening can identify individuals who may not have otherwise sought care and guide individuals to available comprehensive care centers. The screening also helped identify specific sub-groups within the Rural Population that have higher prevalence rates of the ?s gene. An estimated 1.1 million individuals in the state of Madhya Pradesh alone are expected to have SCT. Similar community-based screening programs need to be initiated throughout regions of India that have a high prevalence of Rural Population to determine the true prevalence of the ?s gene in India.
 In summary, there appeared to be a broad general knowledge of sickle cell disease in the identified. target samples, with many 1nteresting comparative responses to the attitudinal survey, but no statistically significant differences 1n black and white responses in western countries.
 That all persons experiencing genetic disease have the option to choose genetic counseling and sufficient community education to know they have this choice. That all genetic counseling include supportive family therapy and education over a sufficient period of time so the family can integrate the information into their own life systems.
 Keywords: Anemia, Sickle & Trait.

Framing undergraduate education approaches in speech and hearing sciences—Liberal arts, vocational, or skill-set oriented?

Human communication is complex and the academic disciplines associated with speech and hearing sciences are necessarily interdisciplinary. In the past few years, the role of and models for undergraduate education in this discipline have been debated within the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) and the Council of Academic Programs in Communication Sciences and Disorders (CAPCSD). Traditionally, these undergraduate programs are collectively referred to as Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD) education, and historically they employed a broad educational perspective based in the liberal arts and sciences. However, many programs today have evolved to focus more primarily on pre-professional education in the clinical fields of speech-language pathology and audiology. From the standpoint of education in acoustics, how should we frame our undergraduate courses to provide the necessary broad general knowledge and skills while satisfying an expectation of vocational preparation from students and other clinically oriented professional organizations? In this talk, I argue that a skill-set oriented approach may be more suitable to prepare CSD undergraduates for a variety of career paths.

Potential for Chemistry in Multidisciplinary, Interdisciplinary, and Transdisciplinary Teaching Activities in Higher Education

For some professionally, vocationally, or technically oriented careers, curricula delivered in higher education establishments may focus on teaching material related to a single discipline. By contrast, multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary teaching (MITT) results in improved affective and cognitive learning and critical thinking, offering learners/students the opportunity to obtain a broad general knowledge base. Chemistry is a discipline that sits at the interface of science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) subjects (and those aligned with or informed by STEMM subjects). This article discusses the significant potential of inclusion of chemistry in MITT activities in higher education and the real-world importance in personal, organizational, national, and global contexts. It outlines the development and implementation challenges attributed to legacy higher education infrastructures (that call for creative visionary leadership with strong and supportive management and administrative functions), and curriculum design that ensures inclusivity and collaboration and is pitched and balanced appropriately. It concludes with future possibilities, notably highlighting that chemistry, as a discipline, underpins industries that have multibillion dollar turnovers and employ millions of people across the world.

Finding patterns in objects and numbers: Repeating patterning in pre-K predicts kindergarten mathematics knowledge

Both recent evidence and research-based early mathematics curricula indicate that repeating patterns—predictable sequences that follow a rule—are a topic of major importance for mathematics development. The purpose of the current study was to help build a theory for how early repeating patterning knowledge contributes to early math development, focusing on development in children aged 4–6 years. The current study examined the relation between 65 preschool children’s repeating patterning knowledge (via a fast, teacher-friendly measure) and their end-of-kindergarten broad math and numeracy knowledge, controlling for verbal and visual-spatial working memory (WM) skills as well as end-of-pre-K (pre-kindergarten) broad math knowledge. Relations were also examined between repeating patterning and specific aspects of numeracy knowledge—knowledge of the count sequence to 100 and the successor principle. Children’s repeating patterning knowledge was significantly predictive of their broad math and general numeracy knowledge, as well as one specific aspect of their numeracy knowledge (counting to 100), even after controlling for verbal and visual-spatial WM skills. Further, repeating patterning knowledge remained a unique predictor of general numeracy knowledge and counting to 100 after controlling for end-of-pre-K broad math knowledge. The relation between repeating patterning and mathematics may be explained by the central role that identifying predictable sequences based on underlying rules plays in both. Theories of math development and early math instruction standards should thus give even greater attention to the role of children’s repeating patterning knowledge.

Level of Academic and Didactic Competencies Among Students as a Measure to Evaluate Geographical Education and Preparation of Students for the Demands of the Modern Labour Market

Abstract Young people, regardless of their social environment, place of residence or work, are looking for values and key competencies that enable achieving goals in life. Therefore, an appropriate education system is important, which in the conditions of changing reality will meet these requirements effectively. The contemporary employer is interested in four groups of key competencies, such as intellectual, professional, personal and interpersonal. Geography is a field with great potential for the development of various competencies. In this context, questions about adjusting geographical education to the expectations of employers are justified. Therefore, the aim of the study is to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the current development of competencies and qualifications at the geography speciality of the Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland. The reference points included a report on research carried out among 200 employers in 2012, as well as surveys among students graduating from master‘s studies on the assessment of the level of their competencies and qualifications. It was determined that the strength of the current geographical education at the faculty is to prepare mainly specialists with broad general and professional knowledge, and high self-esteem in terms of cooperation in the group and communication. The area of development for the geographical education are intellectual competencies, above all independent thinking and prioritising. The last year geography students fall out the most in terms of personal competencies. The authors suggest building students‘ awareness because, as the above results show, they are not fully aware of what expectations they may face in the labour market. It is worth modifying the study program so as to put more emphasis on soft competencies and support the development of various forms of extra activities of students. Attention was also paid to the importance of didactic competencies, which on the one hand raise the self-esteem of students, and on the other, increase the chance of finding a good job. An interesting aspect of the research is the wide spectrum of professions in which students work. This reflects their diverse skills, including spatial thinking. Combined with increasing attention paid to the issues related to the natural environment and sustainable development, graduates of geography have a strong position to enter the current labour market. The advantage of geographers is the use of modern technologies. Unfortunately, however, the results of the research presented above, both among Polish students and internationally, indicate insufficient skills in the use of modern technologies by students of geography.

DESIGN OF THE RESEARCH BASED TRAINING IN TECHNOLOGIES AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE SECONDARY EDUCATION

The article presents the nature of the research approach and its application in the framework of the studied disciplines of the cycle of technological training. Presented are the results of monitoring study of the skills of 11-14 year old students for research. The design of research-oriented training in technology and entrepreneurship predisposes the increase of the interest in the learning process and the learning motivation in parallel with the implementation of basic educational goals.The suggested tools aim to diagnose the skills of the students in the research training. Described are the basic levels of administration of the research approach in the training and its influence on building skills on a high level (at meta-level) in the students. The idea is similar to Bloom’s taxonomy according to which levels that follow the logical transition from easy to difficult act in the cognitive sphere.Knowledge and basic intellectual skills formed during are explored, with an emphasis on problem-solving cognitive and practical tasks. The creative technical abilities of the students are being studied through case studies and situations, and an algorithm for key research projects has been developed.The focus is on the interdisciplinary research training project which requires a broad general culture and knowledge from various scientific fields. A critical analysis of the results and conclusions about changes in teaching practice takes a special place in the article

Iftā’ and Fatwa in the Muslim World and the West

In his review of Maha Elkaisy-Friemuth’s Gods and Humans in IslamicThought: Abdul-Jabbār, Ibn Sīna and al-Ghazāli (Abingdon: Routledge,2006), Sajjad Rizvi (2008) identifies three paths proposed by three influentialmedieval thinkers as characterizing the interconnected nature of intellectualinquiry in Islam: Abd al-Jabbar (d. 1025), regarded as representing the kalām tradition, Ibn Sina (d. 1037) of the philosophical orientation, and al-Ghazali(d. 1111) of the Sufi tradition. If Rizvi had accurately added the juridical orjurisprudential dimension to Elkaisy-Friemuth’s perspective, his review wouldhave panoramically captured the essence of Islam’s intellectual tradition. Theelegant book under review, Iftā and Fatwa in the Muslim World and the West,edited by Zulfiqar Ali Shah, has taken care of that major omission in whatmay be described as a virtually all-encompassing look at emerging concernsin iftā’ (formulating a fatwa) and fatwa (issuing a fatwa).The book features an introduction by the editor and eight chapters byscholars in the various foci of the subject covered. The introduction situatesthe book’s subject in a historical context and exposes its indebtedness tothe seminar convened during July 2011 by the International Institute of IslamicThought’s (IIIT) Summer Institute for Scholars, which addressed thistopic. The editor attributes the emergence of consensus on the chaotic natureof the contemporary processes of both iftā’ and fatwa to the seminar.He then identifies the intellectual skills required for analytical reasoning,as well as the broad general knowledge of the fields relevant to the culturalcontexts of their verdicts, as the strength that characterized the excellentperformance of scholars in fatwa formulation and issuance from the riseof the Abbasids in 750 to the fall of Andalusia in 1492. Conversely, contemporaryknowledge is fragmented into specializations and sub-specializations,all of which can hardly be mastered by one scholar or group ofscholars. The editor, who engages critically with various issues and concernsinvolved in the contemporary formulation and issuance of fatwa, alsoprovides a brief description of each chapter’s subject. However, the wordal-fiqh al-istidlālī (demonstrative fiqh) is wrongly rendered as fiqh alistighlālī(p. 10) ...

Legal Education And Challenges Of Contemporary Developments In Nigeria

<p>The development of any society is anchored on the existence of enabling environment for imparting legal education. Technological breakthrough and globalization among other things has made the provision of sound legal education to would-be lawyers and continuing legal education for lawyers, judges and academics a sine qua non at national and international levels. Hitherto, legal education was and unfortunately is still to a large extent restricted to the domain of domestic law sufficient enough to give a student broad general knowledge and exposure to other disciplines in the process of acquiring legal education. Such system of legal education which exists to date hardly if at all expose the student or the lawyer to challenges and the developments in other jurisdictions or in the emerging fields of law. A lawyer or a judge is a mirror of the system of legal education that produced him. Sadly, the laws regulating legal education, apart from being obsolete are in some cases conflicting due to the roles assigned to different and disparate organs.</p>

Analysis of Watson's Strategies for Playing Jeopardy!

Major advances in Question Answering technology were needed for IBM Watson to play Jeopardy! at championship level -- the show requires rapid-fire answers to challenging natural language questions, broad general knowledge, high precision, and accurate confidence estimates. In addition, Jeopardy! features four types of decision making carrying great strategic importance: (1) Daily Double wagering; (2) Final Jeopardy wagering; (3) selecting the next square when in control of the board; (4) deciding whether to attempt to answer, i.e., "buzz in." Using sophisticated strategies for these decisions, that properly account for the game state and future event probabilities, can significantly boost a player's overall chances to win, when compared with simple "rule of thumb" strategies. This article presents our approach to developing Watson's game-playing strategies, comprising development of a faithful simulation model, and then using learning and Monte-Carlo methods within the simulator to optimize Watson's strategic decision-making. After giving a detailed description of each of our game-strategy algorithms, we then focus in particular on validating the accuracy of the simulator's predictions, and documenting performance improvements using our methods. Quantitative performance benefits are shown with respect to both simple heuristic strategies, and actual human contestant performance in historical episodes. We further extend our analysis of human play to derive a number of valuable and counterintuitive examples illustrating how human contestants may improve their performance on the show.

Nuevos modos de trabajo de una redacción digital integrada: el caso de los servicios informativos de <i>TVE</i>

The arrival of the digital revolution has modified TVE’s production system, as occurred in other broadcast companies all over the world. This essay offers a view of the daily workflows in a Spanish national television newsroom, and how the work-team manages information used to produce daily news programs. Media librarians are responsible for dealing with the incoming media and creating metadata and locators to facilitate searching/recovery processing and guide the department responsible for media selection and transfer to the digital library. In this digital newsroom, a new professional profile, the media manager, has emerged to manage the production and broadcasting servers. Media librarians who work in these environments must have a broad general knowledge of all the processes involved, as well as the work done by everyone who participates in them and the tools that are used.

Alwyne (Wyn) Cooper Wheeler (1929–2005) and the libraries of the Natural History Museum, London

As a senior scientist working in the Fish Section of the Department of Zoology at the Natural History Museum, Alwyne (Wyn) Wheeler was a regular library user and well-known to library staff. Always amiable and helpful, and possessing a broad general knowledge of natural history as well as expertise on fishes, Wyn interacted with library staff at all levels. A close working relationship developed where he contributed to section library management and collection building. He also published catalogues of some of the library's most important art collections. This paper celebrates the collaboration between Museum scientist Wyn Wheeler and librarians at the National History Museum.

JOURNALISM EDUCATION IN SLOVENIA

This article presents the findings of the first research into editors’ views of journalism education in Slovenia. The results of a mail survey and in-depth interviews reveal that although the vast majority of editors are not particularly familiar with the curriculum of current journalism studies, they identified a broad general knowledge and practical journalistic knowledge as the curriculum's advantages, with—inconsistently—the latter also being described as the curriculum's main deficiency, together with the lack of any knowledge of special fields such as law and economics. The editors’ negative attitudes to journalism education are grounded less in actual knowledge of what the Journalism Faculty offers its students than a priori convictions and stereotypes about journalism graduates being incompetent theorists. Factors in the media and in society that might be hindering journalists’ professionalism are overlooked, while the blame for editors’ negative experiences with journalism graduates is almost exclusively ascribed to the Faculty. Although the Slovenian university journalism curriculum has been reformed several times in the past few decades, the old image of the Faculty of Social Sciences as a remnant of the old communist political school is still firmly grounded in the mentality of Slovenians, yet rejected by the editors.

The evolution of social work practice: implications for the generalist approach

Historically, social work has assumed a generalist approach to practice. Such an approach involves a broad general knowledge base and skills in several disciplines, fields, etc. Evidence‐based practice (EBP) entails the exactness of scientific research. It is intended for the application of rigorous expertise to arrive at the most effective practice methods based upon objective research findings. The evolution of social work toward a more legitimate practice method can then be realised via the prescripts of EBP.

New educational strategy in toxicology: the requirements of governmental health care and industrial sectors

Toxicology as a multidisciplinary field, provides career opportunities for graduates with medical, or veterinarian. pharmacological, pharmaceutical. biological, microbiological, molecular biological, chemical, biochemical, and genetic backgrounds. Today, however, specialists with a university degree in toxicology or a postgraduate training in toxicology have a clear advantage. Postgraduate diplomas are now available in most industrial and even developing countries including Iran. In addition. to be successful, modern toxicologists in the industrial sector also need a good understanding of how to turn a scientific project into a successful product, an expertise generally acquired by on-/he-job training. The rapid progress in essentially all toxicology-relevant sciences makes continuous training mandatory. On the other hand, the governmental health care sector provides rewarding career opportunities for professional toxicologists. Toxicologists in this sector evaluate diverse data on chemicals, assess the risks for exposed populations and assist in the articulation of policies for mc11wgement of those risks. The latter aspects require extensive experience in health care and environmental fields, awareness of international policies and developments. and ability to communicate risk to politicians and to the public. Education of toxicologists for the governmental health care sector must reflect the broad general and specialist knowledge required Keywords education, training, governmental toxicology, industrial toxicology

Nurse Practitioners' Knowledge of Occupational Therapy

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine what nurse practitioners (NPs) in western New York know about occupational therapy's (OT) roles and functions. Method. A self-designed survey of 27 questions was mailed to 150 randomly selected NPs in western New York who are members of New York State Coalition of Nurse Practitioners. A modified Dillman procedure was used for mailing the materials to the NPs. One hundred of the NPs responded. Results. The NPs have a broad general knowledge about OT although there are areas of uncertainty about the profession. Uncertainties about who formulates the patients' goals, who pays for OT, and aspects of OT, such as working with prosthetic devices, working with cardiovascular patients, working with young adults in prevocational and vocational skills, and making appropriate goals for elderly patients were identified. They also had limited awareness regarding the importance of OTs' contributions to patient care in certain work environments and regarding certain specialty areas. The results also suggested direct OT contact was their primary source of acquiring information about OT and also was the most beneficial method for their learning. Conclusion. This study may help to shape OTs' efforts in educating NPs since it identifies the areas of uncertain knowledge and the ways in which their information is best obtained. Some strategies for increasing NPs' understanding of OT include presenting information about OT at an NP conference, role playing or lecturing during the NPs' final clinical course, and direct discussions about cases regarding patient progress.

Nurse Practitioners' Knowledge of Occupational Therapy

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine what nurse practitioners (NPs) in western New York know about occupational therapy's (OT) roles and functions.Method. A self-designed survey of 27 questions was mailed to 150 randomly selected NPs in western New York who are members of New York State Coalition of Nurse Practitioners. A modified Dillman procedure was used for mailing the materials to the NPs. One hundred of the NPs responded.Results. The NPs have a broad general knowledge about OT although there are areas of uncertainty about the profession. Uncertainties about who formulates the patients' goals, who pays for OT, and aspects of OT, such as working with prosthetic devices, working with cardiovascular patients, working with young adults in prevocational and vocational skills, and making appropriate goals for elderly patients were identified. They also had limited awareness regarding the importance of OTs' contributions to patient care in certain work environments and regarding certain specialty areas. The results also suggested direct OT contact was their primary source of acquiring information about OT and also was the most beneficial method for their learning.Conclusion. This study may help to shape OTs' efforts in educating NPs since it identifies the areas of uncertain knowledge and the ways in which their information is best obtained. Some strategies for increasing NPs' understanding of OT include presenting information about OT at an NP conference, role playing or lecturing during the NPs' final clinical course, and direct discussions about cases regarding patient progress.

Frigid enthusiasts: Lucian on Writing History

Lucian's singular role within the socio-cultural context of the period known as the Second Sophistic has found increasing appreciation amongst scholars, particularly over the last fifteen years. Although not a sophist in the true sense, Lucian can be regarded as an outstanding pepaideumenos, meaning this: during an era in which being Greek was less a matter of political than of cultural definition, and in which membership in the upper administrative echelons was dependent on academic qualifications, on the mastery, that is, of a code which consisted of broad general knowledge and rhetorical activity partnered by thorough conversancy with the literary heritage and language of Attic Greece – during this age, then, Lucian proved himself not only a worthy representative of such paideia, but also contributed with his literary works to its development and adaptation.

Professional opportunities for toxicologists: the requirements of the public sector for education/teaching

The public sector provides rewarding career opportunities for professional toxicologists. Public sector toxicologists evaluate diverse data on chemicals, assess the risks for exposed populations and assist in the articulation of policies for management of those risks. The latter aspects require extensive experience in the regulatory field, awareness of national/international policies and developments, and ability to communicate risk to politicians and the general public. Education of toxicologists for the public sector must reflect the broad general and specialist knowledge required.