British Colonial Era Research Articles

New Provisions for Police Officers in BNSS

On July 1, 2024, three historic criminal laws—the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhinayam (BSA)—replaced three antiquated statutes from the British colonial era in India. The new laws aim to improve India's criminal justice system and offer a more effective framework for dealing with criminal activity. The main points of the BNS, which aims to replace the Indian Penal Code (IPC), which was created a century ago, will be covered in this article. The BNS worsens the retributive system by introducing wide and imprecisely defined offenses, upholding crimes with roots in outmoded moral principles, and continuing the growth of state and police authority. It is argued that the main goal of the legislation's drafting appears to be to provide the impression that colonial legacies—that is, obsolete colonial laws—have been abandoned, all the while advancing a nationalist agenda meant to instill a sense of patriotism in the general populace.

Sense and scents: Kulsum’s smell-world and Khwabnama as an affective assemblage

ABSTRACT Published in 1996, Khwabnama is a novel which details the end of the British colonial era and the creation of Pakistan. Throughout the novel, the author Akhtaruzzaman Elias provides his readers, who are presumably of the educated class, an alternative/subaltern narrative of Bangladesh’s political past. Yet the narrative does not unfold in a linear fashion but rather militates against the boundaries between dreams and reality and between the living and the dead. As I read Khwabnama it becomes a journey that entangles my subjectivity with the nation’s history and intimately connects my memories and senses with the novel’s characters. While all the characters in Elias’s novel are integral to the creation of this narrative that entangles its readers in a myriad of ways, it is Kulsum and her smell-world that exerts the strongest hold on me as a reader, forging a continuum of an affective atmosphere between Kulsum and myself. This paper will elaborate on this embodied and smelly reading of Khwabnama, contributing to the anthropology of sense and smell and a decolonial feminist path.

চিরস্থায়ী বন্দোবস্ত প্রথার প্রভাব ও প্রতিμিয়া : বিভূতিভূষণ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ের আরণ্যক

The Permanent Settlement Regulation Act of 1793 was the most significant and revolutionary change made to the Indian land and revenue system under British administration over the Indian subcontinent. Following the implementation of this Act, Indian society experienced significant turmoil. The ancient Indian social structure and customs saw significant transformations and had a wide-ranging impact. It is a wellestablished fact that writers have always been impacted by significant societal shifts. In that regard, Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay is not an outlier in terms of sociocultural transitions. This research will discuss the impacts and reactions of the permanent settlement system during the British colonial era that are mentioned in the novel Aranyak.

Impact of Audio-Visual Aids in Teaching English to Government Engineering College

During the British colonial era, English was brought to India and has since flourished everywhere. English has become a required language in higher education. English becomes the language of higher learning. It is also recognized as the language of administration, science and technology, libraries, politics and so on. English is a language that connects people because of its adaptability and widespread adoption. The present paper explores the use of audio-visual aids in Government Engineering College in Tirunelveli.

The Kashmir Question

Kashmir has been a site of communal and international violence for the past decades ever since the decolonization of the Indian sub-continent in the late 1940s. Due to British colonial rule and subsequent religious tensions, the region has faced a complex situation, which has resulted in apolitical crisis. As a result of competition between three great nuclear powers —China, India, and Pakistan— Kashmiri voices for peace and sovereignty have been silenced and crushed with violent force by the Indian state. By exploring first the history of Kashmir from the British colonial era, and then the region’s alignments to surrounding powers, this essay explores the ways in which great power politics silences Kashmiri voices.

UNVEILING KNOWLEDGE HORIZONS: TRACING THE TAPESTRY OF EDUCATIONAL MEDIA IN INDIA

This paper navigates the intricate evolution, profound impact, challenges, and future trajectories of educational media within India's dynamic educational landscape. Framed under the title "Unveiling Knowledge Horizons: Tracing the Tapestry of Educational Media in India," this study begins by delving into the definition and scope of educational media, highlighting its intrinsic significance in the unique Indian context. Throughout the research, the historical evolution of educational media unfolds, encompassing ancient educational practices and their transformation during the British colonial era. The exploration continues to early forms of educational media, including traditional tools and the emergence of audio-visual aids. Subsequently, the paper delves into the radio and television era, shedding light on the pivotal role of these mediums in education outreach. The digital transformation section chronicles the advent of computers, CD-ROMs, and the internet's transformative role in disseminating educational content. The analysis of modern educational media initiatives, such as SWAYAM and the ascendancy of EdTech giants like Byju's and Unacademy, underscores the paradigm shift in learning approaches. Challenges and opportunities presented by digital divides, quality assurance, and teacher training are considered, while innovative approaches like virtual and augmented reality and gamification are explored for their potential to enhance engagement.

MPO: A Menace to Fundamental Rights - Unveiling the Abuses

This research article delves into the enduring challenges faced by our country in ensuring the preservation of constitutional liberties, even long after the end of the British colonial era. Examining the notion of "might is right" prevalent in our society, we highlight the existing disparity between the Constitution's perceived strength and its practical application. By scrutinizing the principle of strict construction of laws, we explore how it poses significant threats to citizens' liberties. While stringent interpretation may appear necessary for national security and governance, it often leads to an unjust infringement upon individual rights. This study emphasizes the importance of imposing limitations on government requirements to safeguard against arbitrary deprivation of liberty. By advocating for due care, caution, and attention in the decision-making process, we aim to foster a more balanced approach that respects citizens' fundamental rights while ensuring effective governance. Through an in-depth analysis of relevant legal precedents, we propose alternative strategies and reforms that can mitigate the existing shortcomings in upholding constitutional liberties, promoting a society where justice and freedom prevail.

KONFLIK KAUM SELEPAS PENDUDUKAN JEPUN 1945 DAN PERISTIWA 13 MEI 1969 DI TANAH MELAYU: SUATU ANALISIS

The society of Malaya has a diverse and multiracial population, which originates from the British colonial era. In the pluralistic context of Malaysian society, racial issues can be said to be sensitive and important. Pluralism shows diversity based on each racial identity. Diversity refers to the differences that exist in a society. This difference is a challenge to the construction of national identity and national unity because in the effort to create a nation state is not something easy. The focus of the study focuses on the analysis between two incidents of racial conflict that occurred after the Japanese occupation in 1945 and the event of May 13, 1969. This analysis will look in terms of analysing the similarities and differences between the two incidents of racial conflict. Is it true that there are differences or similarities between the two incidents of racial conflict in Malaya? The results of the study found that the two incidents of racial conflict were a planned incident and did not happen spontaneously. It is also motivated by the existence of elements of oppression or very heavy oppression. In terms of communist involvement, it was seen to be more comprehensive during the incident after the Japanese occupation in 1945 compared to the event of May 13, 1969. The racial conflict in 1945 was not entirely racial in nature but more about their goal in expanding communist influence in Malaya. In contrast to the events of May 13, 1969, the racial riots occurred as a result of political competition at that time which was unhealthy and did not care about pluralism.

POLICING IN PAKISTAN: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES FOR REFORM

Policing is a critical component of the criminal justice system, responsible for maintaining law and order, preventing and investigating crimes, and enforcing the law. In Pakistan, policing has a long history, with the police force being established during the British colonial era. However, over the years, the police force has faced numerous challenges, including corruption, inadequate training, and inefficient organizational structure. These challenges have resulted in poor public confidence in the police, which has hindered the ability of law enforcement agencies to effectively address crime and maintain law and order. The current legal framework governing policing in Pakistan is the Police Order, 2002, which provides the basis for the organization and functioning of the police force. However, this framework has faced criticism for being inadequate and outdated, failing to address the challenges faced by law enforcement agencies. Moreover, the police force in Pakistan is decentralized, with district police officers responsible for maintaining law and order at the local level. This decentralization has led to inefficiencies and duplication of efforts, as different districts may have different priorities and strategies for addressing crime. In recent years, there have been efforts to reform the police force in Pakistan, including the establishment of the Pakistan Police Academy to provide training and capacity building to police officers. However, these efforts have been hampered by a lack of resources, corruption, and political interference. As a result, the police force in Pakistan continues to face significant challenges in terms of capacity, capability, and legitimacy.

Making disciples of all nations: Bishop Carlo van Melckebeke and his apostolate to overseas Chinese 1953–77

This article investigates the understudied mission of Bishop Carlo van Melckebeke CICM as Apostolic Visitor for the Chinese overseas from 1953 to his retirement in 1970. Although Chinese had settled overseas from as far back as the twelfth century, the Catholic Church never had a significant presence among these communities, except in British colonial era Singapore-Malaya. Following the mid-twentieth century forced exodus of Chinese seminarians and Western missionaries from the mainland after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Holy See responded by redirecting missionary efforts through the initiatives of Bishop van Melckebeke and his colleagues to this major ethnic group scattered across the world. This article deals with this unprecedented apostolate to these diasporic communities, in a substantially different manner from previous scholarship on Catholicism in China in terms of notions of institution, and the framing of missionary activities, networks, and resources. Based on archival resources, media reports and interviews, it recounts how the Office of Apostolic Visitor and the Singapore Catholic Central Bureau extended their mission beyond the politics of the Cold War, and organised a variety of ministries to serve the overseas Chinese population residing on five continents.

Tuu Karrai Spi: Deconstructing Aman Committees and Life in South Waziristan

ABSTRACT This study explores the post-9/11 ramifications of the Global War on Terror (GWOT) in South Waziristan, Pakistan. It discusses how the post-colonial state has undermined state and tribal political relations which constituted political order first during the British colonial era and later in Pakistan. Furthermore, it explores how the post-colonial state has shared de facto sovereignty in the region with a “good” Taliban in the shape of a peace committee. To understand the Pakistan post-colonial state’s engagement with South Waziristan, it is necessary to make sense of the ongoing GWOT and the resulting necropolitics of life and death in South Waziristan. The paper explores how residents have confronted different scenarios when they encounter the new powerholders. It details the everyday experiences, life stories, and socio-political existence of the people of South Waziristan as an alternative narrative to how mainstream media and academic sources have discussed this area.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THEATRE AND PERFORMANCE IN THE HISTORY AND FORMATION OF IDENTITY IN BANGLADESH

Theatre activities play an important role in the history as well as the daily lives of Bangladesh, and have contributed crucially towards both national and other senses of identity. The study shall now briefly address the notable performances and theatrical traditions that have interacted with Bangalee, the Bangladeshi nation and nationalism since the British colonial era. There are ambivalent, paradoxical, and complementary genealogies to be traced, all of which have “imagined” or “narrated” or “performed” in the nation in multiple ways. Whether as part of a postcolonial project in the reconstruction of the “collective imagination” or, on the other hand, as the creation of a new aesthetic, mirroring an emergent intercultural heterogeneity, or proposing intervention for social transformation, Bangladeshi performance has formed part of a vivid tableau of complex, shifting live spectacle in Bangladesh. This study will examine theatre and performance in Bangladesh both from the point of view of artistic practice, and as an agent for change.

WESTERN CULTURAL HEGEMONY AND ENGLISH RHYMES IN INDIAN SCHOOLS: IMPLICATIONS FOR CULTURAL IDENTITY AND SELF-ESTEEM

This research paper titled “Western Cultural Hegemony and English Rhymes in Indian Schools: Implications for Cultural Identity and Self-Esteem” explores the impact of Western cultural hegemony and the teaching of English rhymes on Indian schools, and its implications for the cultural identity and self-esteem of Indian students. It embarks on a historical exploration, tracing the origins of English rhymes in India during the British colonial era. Furthermore, the present research paper argues that the teaching of English rhymes in Indian schools is a manifestation of cultural imperialism, colonization, and hegemony, where Western cultural values and beliefs are imposed on Indian cultures. The theoretical framework of the paper is based on the concept of cultural hegemony, cultural imperialism, and cultural colonization, which are used to understand the impact of the teaching of English rhymes on Indian schools and its implications for the cultural identity and self-esteem of Indian students. The paper also traces the history of the introduction of English rhymes in India during the British colonial period and shows how it was part of a larger project of English language education that aimed to produce a class of Indians who could serve as intermediaries between the British colonial administration and the Indian population. The research study argues that the teaching of English rhymes in Indian schools reinforces the idea that Western culture is superior to Indian culture, erodes the self-esteem of Indian students, and leads to the erosion of indigenous cultural practices and beliefs.

Perkembangan Institusi Memori (LAM) pada Era British di Tanah Melayu

This paper aims to examine the development ofLAM memory institutions (Library, Archive, Museum) or libraries, archives,and museums during the British colonial era in Malaya. This study is using qualitative methods that involve the collection and evaluation of primary sources from National Archive and Museum. The findings of the study show that the efforts of usingLAM in Europe based on the philosophy of the Enlightenment have been applied by the British in the colonization of Malaya. This reality can be seen from the British writings on Malaya before independence. Among them was the role of Islamic jurisprudence that has been denied and census information, mapping and museum frameworks that are in favor of British interests.

浅谈马来西亚华语词的外来语词

Abstract: This paper is an attempt to analyze the lexical borrowing from foreign languages to Malaysian Chinese including English, Malay, Japanese and others. The English loanwords in Chinese accounted the most among them. This paper also discuss the cultural meanings contained by the loanwords, especially Malay loan words from which we are then able to explain the various cultural interactions between the Chinese and Malay community in Malaysia. We can also able to see the influences of English due to trace of British colonial era from the English loanwords.
 摘要: 本文试图从外来语借此的角度分析马来西亚华人的语词使用情况。马来西亚华语受到源自英语、马来语、日语等影响，其中英语外来词所占的比例最大。本文还讨论了外来词所包含的文化含义，尤其是马来语外来词，从中我们能够解释马来西亚华人和马来社区之间的各种文化互动。我们还可以从英语借词中看到英国殖民时代的痕迹对英语的影响。

PENULARAN WABAK HAWAR BERDARAH DI TANAH MELAYU, 1917-1957

Bloody blight plague is an infectious disease of animals that have been occurring in Malaysia for a long time, since the British colonial era. According to the earliest found bloody blight disease has occurred since 1917. The outbreak of bloody blight has brought various implications for the economic and social sectors in Malaya. Therefore, this objective was to study the efforts taken by the British colonial authorities in order to curb the spread of dengue blight that occurs in Malaya from 1917 until 1957. This study applies the method of qualitative research methodology through the analysis and study of reference to primary sources such as documents from the Colonial Secretary's Office, State Veterinary Surgeon, and Annual Reports obtained from National Archive of Malaysiasources. Therefore, this study was conducted to examinate the British efforts in eradicating this disease. Further, this research has also led to the conclusion and finding that the British colonial authorities had arried out their roles and responsibilities well despite having to face some constraints in addressing the epidemic, especially when tried to develop a vaccine centre in Malaya in 1953.

New Zealand in Great Famine Era Irish politics: The strange case of A Narrative of the Sufferings of Maria Bennett

A Narrative of the Sufferings of Maria Bennett, a crudely printed, eight-page pamphlet, was published in Dublin in spring 1846. It has been interpreted as an early fiction concerning New Zealand, or alternatively as a New Zealand ‘captivity narrative’, possibly based on the author’s own experiences. Against these readings, it is argued here that Maria Bennett, more concerned with Ireland than New Zealand, is a piece of pro-British propaganda hurried out in connection with the British Government’s ‘Protection of Life (Ireland) Bill’ – generally referred to simply as the ‘Coercion Bill’ – first debated on 23 February 1846. The Great Famine had begun with the substantial failure of Ireland’s staple potato crop in autumn 1845. This led to an increase in lawlessness, and the Government planned to combine its relief measures with draconian new security regulations. The story of Maria Bennett, a fictional young Irishwoman transported to Australia but shipwrecked in New Zealand, was designed to advertise the humanity of British law. Having escaped from the Māori, she manages to get to London, where she is pardoned by Sir James Graham, the Home Secretary, the man responsible for the Coercion Bill. New Zealand, imagined at the very beginning of the British colonial era, functions in the text as a dark analogy to Ireland, a sort of pristine example of the ‘savage’ conditions making British rule necessary and desirable in the first place. A hungry, lawless Ireland could descend to that level of uncivilization, unless, the propagandist urges, it accepts more British law.

إسهامات كلية دهلي في تطوير حركة الترجمة والتحقيق في عصر الاستعمار البريطاني

This article aims to explore the contribution of Delhi College to the field of translation in the subcontinent during the British colonial era. Translation plays a pivotal role in the exchange of knowledge and culture. Its importance multiplies in learning and teaching foreign languages. Delhi College arranged for the education of its students in oriental studies and Western sciences in their native language. The language of instruction at the college was Urdu. Therefore, it translated the books, which were included in the curriculum of the various classes. This paper analyses the idea of instructing the students in their mother tongue, in this case, the Urdu Language. Then it focuses on the establishment of translation societies and mentions the list of the books, which were translated by these societies. The paper also includes the biographical accounts of some prominent translators who were associated with Delhi College, such as Shaikh Mamlūk al-‘Alī, Shaikh Karīm al-Dīn and others.

HISTORY OF TELUK ANSON TOWN IN THE STATE OF PERAK, MALAYSIA, 1882 - 1957

The writing of this study is about the town of Teluk Anson in the state of Perak, Malaysia, during the British colonial era. The opening of the Teluk Anson town has been a factor in the development of economic activities in Teluk Anson especially with the existence of the Teluk Anson port which is the focus of merchant ships from within and outside Perak. The availability of road and rail links has made Teluk Anson the focus of the arrival of various communities to contribute to the economic boom in Teluk Anson. This study uses a qualitative method that emphasizes on the analysis of primary and secondary documents obtained from the National Archives of Malaysia and public universities in Malaysia. The findings of the study indicate that the rapid progress and development of the Teluk Anson town under the British colonial administration has driven the Teluk Anson urbanization process by providing various infrastructure facilities for the Teluk Anson community. The construction of a medium of communication through roads, railways, and the opening of a port made Teluk Anson an important economic destination for European investors and local traders. In conclusion, the city of Teluk Anson is a very important city in developing economic activities and one of the centers of British colonial administration in the state of Perak. KEYWORDS : Teluk Anson, Municipilaty, British Colonial, Port, Infrastructure

Sri Lankans’ Geospatial Management at the Independence Struggles during the British Colonial Era

Sri Lankans’ Geospatial Management at the Independence Struggles during the British Colonial Era