Types Of Brines Research Articles

Investigating formation water variability in the Búzios oilfield (Santos Basin) using cluster analysis and hydrogeochemical modeling

The characteristics of formation waters play a crucial role in production development projects within Pre-Salt oil fields in the Santos Basin, offshore southeastern Brazil. This study investigated the compositional variations of brines of the Búzios Field (northeast of the Santos Basin), proposing for the first time an extensive hydrochemical mapping of the Pre-Salt aquifers and identifying nuances of connectivity. A comprehensive methodology was employed, including analysis of pressure gradients, cluster analysis, and hydrogeochemical modeling to classify different types of brine and understand their behavior under reservoir conditions. A hydrochemical classification routine was applied to 129 formation water samples, identifying seven distinct clusters using the unsupervised k-means algorithm. This clustering process efficiently differentiated representative, non-representative, and contaminated samples. The hydrochemical composition of the formation waters varied among the four hydraulic compartments identified in the field, with their boundaries defined by permeability barriers. Compared with the central portion of the field (regional aquifer), where salinities predominantly range from 155,000 to 185,000 mg/L of NaCl, enrichment of specific ions was observed at the field's extremities, such as boron (northeast), barium and lithium (north), and bicarbonate (west). These hydrochemical differences lead the brine salinities at the field's extremities to exceed 225,000 mg/L of NaCl. Hydrogeochemical modeling provided insights into the pH levels of each brine under reservoir conditions, showing a decrease of between 23 and 32% compared to surface pH values. The speciation analysis showed positive strontianite and barite saturation indices in certain types of formation water, indicating potential precipitation. These areas are considered critical for inorganic scaling in production equipment.

Morphological, hydrogeochemical and sedimentological analysis of hypersaline Sambhar Lake, India: An analog to understand evaporitic paleolake basins on Mars

In the recent decade of astrobiological exploration of the Martian surface, there has been a shift from identifying habitable environments to finding markers indicative of biological activity. It requires a prior understanding of the physical and geochemical environment of the setting to decipher whether the conditions were conducive. Generally, quiescent surroundings of lacustrine basins are considered one of the best targets for the preservation of any biological signatures. However, due to logistical limitations, the geochemical information available is mostly restricted to small areas on the surficial level (or in the subsurface in case of layered deposits or impact craters) where sufficient satellite coverage is available and, in some areas, where rovers/landers have been deployed. In this context, terrestrial lacustrine basins offer valuable insights into the environment required for the formation of the minerals observed on the Martian surface.This study was carried out within Sambhar Lake located in the arid/semiarid climatic zone within the Thar desert. It is a hypersaline playa that has undergone several cycles of desiccation and re-filling, sharing its climate-controlled history with that of several paleolakes on Mars. We conducted physicochemical analysis of the samples collected from the lake and its surrounding area and compared our results with samples from the Curiosity rover (at Gale crater) and to those of the studies carried out in basalt-rich parent settings of Iceland. Our results suggest that Sambhar Lake is a Na-Cl type brine with climate-driven hydrology. The shallow cores and rock samples indicated that the area is rich in evaporites. We propose that even the sites with different parent material may be crucial in understanding the geological evolution of paleolakes on Mars and that Sambhar is a great example to study tectono-geomorphic evolution and the climate-induced transition of a lacustrine basin to a playa. Additionally, the lake is also desirable to study extremophiles and their adaptation to changing environmental variables for future planetary missions, including but not limited to, Mars.

Investigation on effects of water-shale interaction on acoustic characteristics of organic-rich shale in Ordos Basin, China

The water-shale interaction affect the shale structure, leading to wellbore instability and increasing drilling costs. The extent of structural changes within the shale can be determined non-destructively by analyzing its acoustic characteristics. Experiments were conducted to investigate the acoustic properties of shale from the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin before and after exposure to brines of varying types, soaking times, and salinities. The study investigated the effects of brine type, soaking time, and salinity on shale’s acoustic properties, including changes in acoustic wave propagation speed, P/S wave velocity ratio, and both time-domain and frequency-domain amplitudes. The results indicate that although the type of brine has a limited impact on the water-shale interaction, KCl exhibits a significant inhibitory effect. However, the soaking time and the brine salinity have a significant impact on the acoustic properties of shale. As the soaking time increases, the decrease in wave velocity increases, the P/S wave velocity ratio increases, and the decrease in time-domain amplitude increases. The amplitude of the main frequency in the frequency domain signal also decreases with the increase of reaction time, which is consistent with the analysis results of the time domain signal. As the salinity of brine increases, the decrease in wave velocity decreases, the P/S wave velocity ratio decreases, and the decrease in time-domain amplitude decreases. The amplitude of the main frequency in the frequency domain signal also decreases with the increase of brine salinity, which is consistent with the analysis results of the time domain signal. This work establishes the relationship between water-shale interaction and acoustic characteristics, which can quantitatively evaluate the degree of interaction between water and shale without damaging shale. Furthermore, this research provides new insights and guidance for predicting drilling collapse cycles and optimizing drilling fluid compositions.

Molecular dynamics simulation studies elucidating interaction mechanisms and structures of salt–brine interfacial systems derived from magnesium sulfate subtype salt lakes

Salt–brine interfacial systems widely occur in the process of salt crystallization and separation, where the interfacial interaction plays a crucial role in influencing salt crystal growth, product purity and brine recovery rates. In the present study, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the interaction mechanisms and structures of salt–brine interfacial systems derived from the magnesium sulfate–subtype salt lakes. The results indicate that the type of salts was the key factor that affects salt–brine interfacial interactions. The strength of interfacial interaction in hydrated salt–brine systems was found to be more than twice that of ionic salt–brine systems. This can be attributed to two characteristics observed in hydrated salt–brine systems: the incompact and undulating surface structure of hydrated salts and the hydrogen bonding between water molecules on hydrated salt and brine surfaces. In all the seven interfacial systems, no accumulation of Li+ ions at the interface was observed, and there were no significant structure changes in bulk brines except the variations in hydration numbers of K+ ions. These findings provide insights into atomic-level mechanisms governing the interfacial interactions between different types of salts and brines, thus providing a theoretical guidance for enhancing the salt crystallization and separation process.

Source and genesis of Ca-Cl type brines in Qaidam Basin, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: evidence from hydrochemistry as well as B and Li isotopes

Ca-Cl brine is a highly mineralized special water body occurring in oceanic ridges or basins. The deep part of the western Qaidam Basin is rich in Ca-Cl brine, which is essential for the formation of (MgSO4-deficient) potash deposits. Previous studies on this type of brine in the Qaidam Basin focused on its source tracing, but different carriers led to different conclusions. Moreover, the genesis of Ca-Cl brines in inland basins still remains unclear. In essence, a solid understanding of the relatively abundant Ca sources for the formation of Ca-Cl brines in inland basins has not been reached. In addition, a metallogenic model for this type of brine has not yet been established. Through hydrochemical analysis as well as Band Li isotope tracing, this study clarified that the main elements (Na and Cl) in these Ca-Cl brines mainly originated from the dissolution of existing evaporites in the inner basin. Further, trace elements in Ca-Cl brines (such as Band Li) mainly originated from lixiviation; atmospheric rainfall infiltrated and interacted with ore-rich mother rocks along the basin-margin fracture system under suitable temperature-pressure conditions; alternatively, they may have originated from mixing with magmatic hydrothermal fluids. This study showed that Ca-Cl brines in the western part of the Qaidam Basin have a typical “binary structure” in terms of their sources. In addition, the sources of Ca in Ca-Cl brines were further discussed based on B and Li isotope data, thus exploring a new genesis of Ca-Cl brines in inland basins. Finally, by integrating the above findings, an ore-forming model of this type of water body in the western part of the Qaidam Basin is proposed. This study is valuable for understanding the genesis mechanism of Ca-Cl brines in inland basins, and also has practical significance for the prediction, exploration, and evaluation of this type of brine resource.

Experimental study of the silica dissolution onto sandstone formation: Influence of PH, salinity, and temperature on dissolution

Sand production has been acknowledged as a critical issue that causes various problems, such as surface and subsurface equipment damage, and affects the oil production economy. As the water saturation increases, sand production becomes more challenging. The most impactful factor affecting this phenomenon is silica dissolution, a chemical reaction between quartz and water that reduces formation strength. This study aims to investigate how water quality affects silica dissolution rates and contributes to sand production. A series of experiments were performed to determine the behavior of silica dissolution on pure quartz in different types of water (distilled water and electrolyte solutions including NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, and KCl) at various concentrations, temperatures, and pH levels. The Silica dissolution on quartz was determined using UV–Vis spectrophotometry (DR3900) to measure the concentration of silica dissolved in solution. The results showed that temperature and pH had a significant impact on silica dissolution, with an increase in dissolution as temperature increased at high and low pH. Among all brine types, NaCl and KCl had the highest effect on silica dissolution at 30 °C. The maximum amount of silica dissolution was found at 118 mg/l and 68 mg/l at pH 12 and 3, respectively. The study suggests that water quality could affect formation strength by enhancing or reducing silica dissolution. Thus, designing the optimum water quality with a neutral pH and minimizing free ions is the key to reducing sand production in water injection processes.

Classification and mineralization of global lithium deposits and lithium extraction technologies for exogenetic lithium deposits

A reasonable classification of deposits holds great significance for identifying prospecting targets and deploying exploration. The world’s keen demand for lithium resources has expedited the discovery of numerous novel lithium resources. Given the presence of varied classification criteria for lithium resources presently, this study further ascertained and classified the lithium resources according to their occurrence modes, obtaining 10 types and 5 subtypes of lithium deposits (resources) based on endogenetic and exogenetic factors. As indicated by surveys of Cenozoic exogenetic lithium deposits in China and abroad, the formation and distribution of the deposits are primarily determined by plate collision zones, their primary material sources are linked to the anatectic magmas in the deep oceanic crust, and they were formed primarily during the Miocene and Late Paleogene. The researchers ascertained that these deposits, especially those of the salt lake, geothermal, and volcanic deposit types, are formed by unique slightly acidic magmas, tend to migrate and accumulate toward low-lying areas, and display supernormal enrichment. However, the material sources of lithium deposits (resources) of the Neopaleozoic clay subtype and the deep brine type are yet to be further identified. Given the various types and complex origins of lithium deposits (resources), which were formed due to the interactions of multiple spheres, it is recommended that the mineralization of exogenetic lithium deposits (resources) be investigated by integrating tectono-geochemistry, paleoatmospheric circulation, and salinology. So far, industrialized lithium extraction is primarily achieved in lithium deposits of the salt lake, clay, and hard rock types. The lithium extraction employs different processes, with lithium extraction from salt lake-type lithium deposits proving the most energy-saving and cost-effective.©2023 China Geology Editorial Office.

A New Disruptive Technology for Zero-Brine Discharge: Towards a Paradigm Shift

The desalination of aquifers and seawaters is a viable choice to meet primarily domestic and industrial global water requirements. It removes salts from seawater to obtain freshwater with sufficient quality for different purposes, as well as a highly salt-concentrated waste stream known as brine. This residue is usually returned to the ocean, provoking, among other impacts, changes in temperature, salinity and oxygen and overall local aquatic ecosystem stress, as well as social rejection. Desalination in inland aquifers is more complicated because brine disposal is complicated or impossible. The current study presents a new zero-brine discharge technology able to achieve ecological liquid purification through distillation for the separation of the dissolved solids as crystallized salts (Adiabatic Sonic Evaporation and Crystallization, ASE&C). This new technology was used with seawater and three types of brine to test how it would work when coupled with reverse osmosis desalination plants. Analysis of the byproducts after treatment of the seawater and the different brines are presented here. A basic economic approach to calculating potential revenues is also presented. The results of the analyses revealed a complete depuration of water as distilled water, and crystallized solids with highly concentrated commercial salts (with different composition depending on their origin). The estimated economic value of annual revenue (taking into account only seven element recoveries and treatment of a volume of 1000 m3/d) for three types of brines ranged between 1 and 11 million euros, compared to between 3.6 and 9.3 million euros when ASE&C is employed with seawater. The treatment of greater volumes for seawater desalination would increase these numbers significantly. ASE&C supposes a solution coupled (or not) to desalination plants to reduce the ecological impacts associated with brine discharges to zero, obtaining two significant commercial byproducts: (seawater: freshwater and commercial elements Br, Ca, Cs, Cl, NaOH, Mg, N, K, Rb, Na, Sr, Li, U, B, Sr, Ga, etc.; aquifers: a larger list than for saltwater, depending on the nature of the water body). It can solve environmental issues associated with brine discharge, with null CO2 emissions (renewable energy) and profitable (i.e., with no costly pretreatment) technology.

Fly ash degree of reaction in hypersaline NaCl and CaCl2 brines: Effects of calcium-based additives

The pozzolanic reaction of fly ashes with calcium-based additives can be effectively used to solidify and chemically stabilize (S&S process) highly concentrated brines inside a cementitious matrix. However, complex interactions between the fly ash, the additive, and the brine typically affect the phases formed at equilibrium, and the resulting solid capacity to successfully encapsulate the brine and its contaminants. Here, the performances of two types of fly ash (a Class C and Class F fly ash) are assessed when combined with different additives (two types of cement, or lime with and without NaAlO2), and two types of brine (NaCl or CaCl2) over a range of concentrations (0 ≤ [Cl−] ≤ 2 M). The best performing matrices – i.e., the matrices with the highest Cl-containing phases content – were identified using XRD and TGA. The experimental results were then combined with thermodynamic modeling to dissociate the contribution of the fly ash from that of the additives. All results were implemented in a machine learning model that showed good accuracy at predicting the fly ash degree of reaction, allowing for the robust prediction of extended systems performance when combined with thermodynamic modeling.

Brine geochemical changes and salt crust evolution of Lake Urmia in Iran

Gradual desiccation of Lake Urmia (LU) in the northwest of Iran has led to catastrophic water loss by 2022 promoting the salt crust (SC) deposition on the lake bed. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate 1) the effect of water level on the brine composition, 2) the effect of gradual lake desiccation on SC formation, mineralogy and stratification and 3) the SC formation and mineral precipitation in a lab-scale experiment. In 2019, brine and SC samples were collected in July and October, and analyzed for the prevailing ions and minerals. For the simulation experiment, brine samples were added in two vessels and the change in pH, ionic composition and SC evolution were investigated. The wet season brine type changed from Mg-Na-Cl to Na-Mg-Cl and remained unchanged throughout the dry season. In vessels, Mg2+ and Na+ became dominant ions in the surface and subsurface layers respectively, while Cl- remained roughly unchanged; and minerals gradually precipitated from the margins to the center of the vessels based on their solubility. Similar to the lake SCs, in the simulation vessels, halite dominated the SCs and bischofite (MgCl2·6H2O) was detected in most of the vessels’ layers. The formation of oldhamite (CaS) in both in the vessels and the lake SC indicated the prevalence of low oxygen conditions. In the simulation vessel, Calciolangbeinite (K2CaSO4(H2O)4) was one of the first minerals to form along with halite, while Starkeyite (MgSO4·(H2O)4) and Kieserite (MgSO4·(H2O)) were the latest minerals to precipitate. The absence of magnesium sulfate minerals under natural conditions in both newly formed SCs in 2019 and those dated back to 2005, suggested that if the lake level continues to drop, magnesium sulfate minerals will be the final product of the brine. The existence of a dark silicate layer within SC stratification helped to investigate the evaporate deposition at the early stages of SC formation and after the catastrophic shrink. Based in the precipitation of a new layer on top of the submerged SC samples during 2019, a sedimentation rate between 10 and 30 mm/y is calculated with NaCl and CaS as major precipitants.

Comparative Study on Lithium Recovery with Ion-Selective Adsorbents and Extractants: Results of Multi-Stage Screening Test with the Use of Brine Simulated Solutions with Increasing Complexity

Oil (and natural gas) field brines can be considered promising sources of lithium for the sustainable supply of a growing market. To date, many materials have been developed for direct lithium recovery from brines, but most often these materials have been tested under various conditions, what makes it impossible to compare them. The aim of this research is to provide knowledge that would enable the comparison and selection of effective sorbents for different types of brines. For this purpose, an eight-step experimental protocol was employed. The recovery tests started with a pure lithium solution (300 mg/kg), and then other salts were gradually added, resulting in a brine containing Li+ (220 mg/kg), Na+ (7.21 wt%), Ca2+ (3.0 wt%) and Mg2+ (1000 mg/kg). For selected cases, the effect of pH was also investigated. Fifty materials (including ion exchange resins, organophosphate extractants, mineral adsorbents) were examined, for which the distribution coefficient and lithium recovery were determined. Moreover, for the most promising materials, lithium over magnesium selectivity and lithium ion capacity were determined. Only γ-Al2O3, TiO2 and MnOx-based powders keep their effectiveness in ultra-high salinity ranges and in the presence of high concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in alkaline solution.

Multiscale Wettability Characterization of Anhydrite-Rich Carbonate Rocks: Insights into Zeta Potential, Flotation, and Contact Angle Measurements

Summary Anhydrite (CaSO4) is a chemically reactive rock/mineral found predominantly as a constituent of carbonates. The main constituents of anhydrite are calcium and sulfate ions. The presence of anhydrite, its distribution, and the associated anhydrite-fluid interactions are important to precisely evaluate the effectiveness of oil recovery techniques. While anhydrite dissolution is the key interaction mechanism in anhydrite-rich rocks, its presence may also lead to complex rock wetting behavior. The underpinning logic is that pure anhydrite is strongly water-wet, while pure calcite and dolomite are somewhat intermediate to weakly oil-wet, thus the question remains unclear as to what the wettability would be of anhydrite and calcite, and anhydrite and dolomite combinations. Moreover, because anhydrite is negatively charged while dolomite and calcite in formation water (FW) are positively charged, depending on the mixture composition, pH, and brine type, it is not clear what the charge would be of a combination of anhydrite-calcite or anhydrite-dolomite, and, consequently, what the wetting behavior of calcite and dolomite would be due to anhydrite presence. Therefore, this research explores the effect of anhydrite mineral on carbonate wetting characteristics. The effect of mineralogical heterogeneity, specifically the presence of anhydrite minerals in calcite and dolomite wettability, is investigated across a range of scales. The results show that anhydrite dissolution occurs in deionized (DI) water, seawater (SW), and FW as evident from the general increase in sulfate ions concentration with increased anhydrite content in the anhydrite-carbonate system. We also found that zeta potential demonstrates an unstable colloidal system, which is indicated by near-zero and low zeta potential values (less than ±10) of the anhydrite-carbonate-brine systems. It also shows a nonmonotonic wetting behavior with brine salinity and pH variations. Accordingly, the zeta potential is not a general and valid candidate to justify the wettability behavior of heterogeneous carbonates. However, based on flotation and contact angle techniques of wettability estimation, anhydrite presence has the tendency to alter the wetting state of anhydrite-carbonate-brine-oil systems to more water-wet. Thus, findings from this research will provide answers to the question of how the mineralogy affects the wetting characteristics of carbonates. What will be the changes in carbonate wetting behavior with mineralogical heterogeneity? Specifically, what would be the wettability of calcite-anhydrite and dolomite-anhydrite combinations? This research therefore provides a systematic investigation of rock/fluid interactions and their implications on wettability and ultimate recovery of oil at different range scales. The findings from this study will significantly enhance our knowledge of fluid-rock interactions, in particular, anhydrite-rich carbonate wetting behavior, thereby reducing the uncertainties associated with laboratory-scale predictions and oil recovery planning.

Origin of boron and lithium-rich salt lakes in center of Tibetan- plateau: Evidence from B and Cl isotopes

Tuotuohe Basin, one of sedimentary basins in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has a large number of salt lakes, and these salt lakes are typically rich in boron, lithium and other rare elements. The origin and extent of these resources is still unknown. In this study, we present a detailed analysis of several chemical compositions (Na/Cl, B/Cl, B/Li and Br/Cl molar ratios) δ11B and δ37Cl characteristics of salt lakes in the Tuotuohe Basin. The evidences of δ11B and δ37Cl have proved that the salt lakes in the Tuotuohe Basin are a type of leached brine. The amount of B isotopes in the water of these lakes is in the range of +0.17‰ to +12.52‰, suggesting that the salt lakes have a terrestrial origin. δ37Cl and Cl/Br relations suggest that brines in Tuotuohe Basin belong to halite dissolving and also influenced by rainwater and the leaching of volcanic rocks during the evolution process. The characteristics of the δ11B–B relationship are similar to those observed in the Tibetan geothermal area, indicating that these 2 places have the same B sources. Moreover, they have a crustal origin (Marine carbonate rocks and volcanic rocks) instead of a deep mantle source.

The Tatatila–Las Minas IOCG skarn (Veracruz, Mexico): Mineralogical, fluid inclusion and stable isotope constraints

The Miocene skarn deposits at Tatatila–Las Minas are found in central-eastern Veracruz state, east Mexico, near the Palma Sola massif. These deposits are geologically associated with the early stages of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) intruded Mesozoic carbonate rocks of the Sierra Madre Oriental. Skarn associations are distributed in the classic evolution from prograde to retrograde mineralization stage. Prograde associations consist mainly of grossular-andradite, clinopyroxene, quartz, wollastonite, clinopyroxene, potassium feldspar, quartz, epidote, chromian muscovite, and are rich in magnetite, whereas retrograde associations are richer in hematite than magnetite, chlorite, fuchsite, hornblende and additionally contain chalcopyrite, pyrite, bornite, and native gold. The systematic study of fluid inclusions shows a broad variety of petrographic and microthermometric features. Fluid inclusion associations in early prograde minerals show evidence for boiling and effervescence, which are hereby interpreted as deep boiling in the -magmatic environment (or “first boiling”) with no evidence for supercritic fluids. Such a process would account for the generation of two distinct brines at ≤650 °C (a) up to ∼20 wt% NaCl equiv. and (b) up to ∼70 wt% NaCl. Both brines have cooled down independently until the brittle-ductile transition (∼400 °C) bypassed it and were able to interact with other fluids, and perhaps between with each other. Later on, deep isothermal mixing would have occurred between both brines and deeply evolved meteoric water (thermally equilibrated with host rocks). REE geochemistry of garnet suggests that mineralizing fluids at prograde stage evolved from near neutral pH and oxidizing conditions to mildly acidic and reducing conditions, perhaps reflecting the entrainment of shallow fluids. Both brines or their mixed products have experienced further dilution leading to the precipitation of retrograde associations. The most noticeable features in the retrograde stages, however, are conductive cooling and shallow isothermal mixing, this time between the products of the two pathways that originated as two distinct types of magmatic brines. The occurrence of magmatic fluids is corroborated by C and O isotope geochemistry, in which such source presents different types of water/rock interaction with sedimentary C and O from local limestones (δ13CVPDB between 0.9 and 3.7‰ and δ18OVPDB between −7.5 and −3.7‰), thus drawing an isotopic zonation that parallels the marble front associated with skarns (endoskarn calcite, δ13CVPDB between −8.5 and −3.5‰, and δ18OVPDB between −22.4 and −15.0‰). δ34SVCDT values from pyrite, chalcopyrite and galena in retrograde associations (between −3 and 4.2‰) also indicate a dominant magmatic source for sulfur, with a minor sedimentary/metasedimentary contribution. Low H2S concentrations enhanced magnetite deposition in prograde stages, and the progressive increase in H2S concentrations, coupled with a decrease in temperature by conductive cooling, led to sulfide and gold precipitation during retrograde stages. These deposits are hereby classified as IOCG skarn that were developed in association with the regional adakitic stage of the TMVB.

Farklı Salamura Konsantrasyonlarında Sofralık Yeşil Zeytin Üretimi ve Ürünün Kimyasal ve Mikrobiyolojik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi

Sofralık zeytin üretiminin amacı yapısında oleuropein denilen acılık maddesini azaltarak zeytini tatlandırmak ve salamura ile zeytine dayanıklılık kazandırarak uzun süre muhafaza etmektir. Bu çalışmada; Kahramanmaraş ilinde yetiştirilen zeytin çeşitlerinden farklı tuz konsantrasyonlarında geleneksel sofralık yeşil zeytin üretiminin gerçekleştirilmesi ve elde edilen sofralık zeytinlerin 1, 7, 14 ve 21. gün fermentasyon sürecinde kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca Gıda Kodeksi sofralık zeytin tebliğine uygunluğu da tespit edilmiştir. Sofralık salamura zeytin üretiminde %5 ve %7 olarak iki farklı tuz konsantrasyonu kullanılmıştır. Üretilen salamura zeytinlerde pH 4,35- 6,62, tuz %2,78-%7,71, titrasyon asitliği %0,05-%0,33, protein %2,52-%5,36, kuru madde %21,53-%49,25, kül %1,18-%4,20 olarak tespit edilmiştir ve laktik asit bakterileri 0,1-4,6 log kob/mL, maya sayımı 0,2-8,8 log kob/mL olarak belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte florada belirlenen laktik asit bakterilerinden Lactobacillus plantarum’ların tanımlanması moleküler olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Experimental Study on the Interplay between Different Brine Types/Concentrations and CO2 Injectivity for Effective CO2 Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers

Salt precipitation during CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers can have severe consequences on injectivity during carbon storage. Extensive studies have been carried out on CO2 solubility with individual or mixed salt solutions; however, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no substantial study to consider pressure decay rate as a function of CO2 solubility in brine, and the range of brine concentration for effective CO2 storage. This study presents an experimental core flooding of the Bentheimer sandstone sample under simulated reservoir conditions to examine the effect of four different types of brine at a various ranges of salt concentration (5 to 25 wt.%) on CO2 storage. Results indicate that porosity and permeability reduction, as well as salt precipitation, is higher in divalent brines. It is also found that, at 10 to 20 wt.% brine concentrations in both monovalent and divalent brines, a substantial volume of CO2 is sequestered, which indicates the optimum concentration ranges for storage purposes. Hence, the magnitude of CO2 injectivity impairment depends on both the concentration and type of salt species. The findings from this study are directly relevant to CO2 sequestration in deep saline aquifers as well as screening criteria for carbon storage with enhanced gas and oil recovery processes.

Investigation of Influential Parameters on Oil/Water Interfacial Tension During Low-Salinity Water Injection

Abstract Injecting low-salinity water has proved to be an efficient displacement process in oil reservoirs, owing to its ability to modify the properties at the fluid-rock and fluid-fluid interfaces in favor of mobilizing more oil. In this regard, reduction of interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and water is one of the key controlling parameters. It is suspected that the asphaltene constituents of the oil and type of water ions are responsible for such a reduction in IFT. In this study, systematic experimental investigations were carried out to scrutinize the influence of brine salinity, asphaltene concentration, and temperature on IFT. Single and multi-component brines, which in particular compose of NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 salts, and two synthetic oils with 1 and 10 wt% asphaltene content were used at temperatures ranging from 25 to 80 °C. The results showed that the presence of salt in the solution can alter the distribution of polar components at the oil-brine interface due to the electrostatic effects, which in turn would change IFT of the system. IFT also decreased when temperature increased from 25 to 80 °C; however, the level of changes was strongly depended on the brine type, salinity level, and asphaltene content. The results also demonstrated that the crude oil with the higher asphaltene concentration experiences higher IFT reduction when is contacted with the low-salinity water. The new findings from this study will improve the understanding of the underlying mechanisms for low salinity water flooding in oil reservoirs.

Interactions between different type of brine and emulsifier: effects on stability of olefin emulsions

This work aimed to study the interactions between the type of brine and emulsifier and their effects on the physical properties of olefin emulsions applied in oil well drilling fluids. It was observed that the intensity of the complexes formed between the carboxylate groups and the brine and lime ions, might be a parameter for choosing the type of emulsifier that ensures better physical stability to the emulsions. In this way, olefin emulsions with better stability were obtained from the appropriate combination of the type of emulsifier and the type of brine.

Hydrological and thermodynamic controls on late Holocene gypsum formation by mixing saline groundwater and Dead Sea brine

The rapid retreat of the Dead Sea during the past four decades led to the exposure of unique structures of massive gypsum along the shores. Many of these structures (having the shape of mounds) are associated with the activity of Ein Qedem-type saline springs that currently discharge Ca-chloride brine to the lake. Field observations, radiocarbon dating of aragonite (within the gypsum mounds) that yield ancient ages, and the narrow range of δ34S and δ18O values (δ34Sgyp: 14.1–16.9‰; δ18Ogyp: 14.4–16.5‰) indicates that the formation of the gypsum structures is related to the mixing of brines: the Dead Sea brine and ancient (last glacial) Ein Qedem type brine. These are Ca-chloride brines having different salinities and sulfur concentrations that satisfy conditions of an outsalting process whereby supersaturation of gypsum is attained by the mixing of these two brines in the offshore shallow water environment.Thermodynamic calculations (using the PHREEQC software) show that gypsum outsalting occurred when both brines were enriched with sulfate as compared to the present. The Ein-Qedem brine had higher sulfate when subjected to less intensive bacterial sulfate reduction. The Dead Sea was characterized by higher sulfate concentrations during intervals of low lake stands. The conditions of higher sulfate concentrations and enhanced discharge of the saline springs occurred repeatedly in the Dead Sea between ∼6.6 to 0.6 ka and were intermittent with periods of enhanced supply of sulfate to the lake by freshwaters.

Survival of Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica in alternatively cured bacon during cooking and process deviations

Pork bellies were injected with four different alternative curing brines. The bellies were inoculated on the surface and at a depth of 1 cm with multiple strains of Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica. The bellies were processed using either a standard process cycle or an interrupted process cycle to simulate a process deviation. Additionally, laboratory simulation of the same cycles was conducted where surface inoculated pork belly samples (22 ± 1 g) were processed in a circulating water bath. Microbiological populations were determined at the beginning, mid-point and end of the cycles, and the change in population was calculated for each bacterium at each time point, by comparing the population to the initial inoculated population. Irrespective of the brine or process cycle, the populations of all of the inoculated bacteria on both the surface and interior samples had decreased by the end of the process. There was no difference in the reductions in bacterial populations for all of the inoculated bacteria by brine type or by sample location (P > 0.30). There were differences in the microbial population reductions for C. perfringens attributable to the processing cycle (P < 0.001), with less population reductions associated with the standard cycle when compared to the interrupted cycle. However, no differences (P > 0.10) were observed in the population reductions between the two processing cycles for either S. aureus or S. enterica.