Bright Appearance Research Articles

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF REPETITIVE WASHINGS APPLIED TO FILMS PRODUCED BY LAMINATION TECHNIQUE IN TERMS OF THE GLOSS, LAMINATION STRENGTH, AND OPTICAL DENSITY PROPERTIES

Metalized yarns are produced by cutting the films in different thicknesses, metalized with aluminum on one or both sides, in a rectangular form in the desired dimensions and wrapping them on bobbins under a certain tension. Textile products made of these yarns are exposed to repetitive washings like most textile products; metal surfaces of metalized yarns are abraded over time, their bright appearance decreases or disappears. It is undesirable because it affects the lifetime of the final product. In the study, laminated films were produced by the lamination technique using different raw materials to produce metalized yarns with the improved fastness and mechanical properties. Laminated films were subjected to repetitive washings at different temperatures, and the effects of washings on the surface appearance of the films, lamination strength, and optical density properties were examined. As a result of the study, it was determined that repetitive washings reduce the lamination strength, the gloss property is affected by raw material type, the sample type, washing temperature, and the number of washing cycles affect the optical density.

Karakteristik ikan bulan-bulan (Megalops cyprinoides) dan potensinya sebagai tepung untuk fortifikasi pangan

Fish is very good for health because it contains various important nutrients such as protein, fat, and minerals. Food fortification uses fish’s sources is an effort to obtain physiological effects and improve the nutritional status of fortified foods. This study aims to examine the potential of Bulan-bulan fish (Megalops cyprinoides) as flour for food fortification. This research was divided into two stages, namely characterization of the fresh fish and preliminary analysis of its potential as fish flour. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the edible portion of fresh fish was only 42.81%, whereas the remaining of 57.19% was processing waste. The fish had a high protein content of 21.43%, fat content was 13.32%, ash content was 12.80%, moisture content was 42.29% and carbohydrate content was 10.19%. The yield of the fish flour was 22.75%, with sensory characteristics: powdered form; clean, normal, and bright appearance; bright brownish yellow color; specific aroma; non-lumpy and quite dry texture. The Protein content of the fish flour was 55.44% which comply with the protein’s requirement of quality II fish flour.

Contrast Enhancement Using Inverted Gaussian Histogram Specification Technique

Contrast enhancement has become a vital process in improving the human perception as well as machine perception, due to the enormous application of digital imaging techniques in various fields like medical, aerospace, agriculture, machine vision, automation, surveillance, etc. During contrast enhancement by various existing techniques, the advent of adverse side effects like brightness degradation, intensity saturation and appearance of artifacts in the enhanced images is a critical issue, which needs more research attention. In this paper, an inverted Gaussian histogram specification technique for contrast enhancement of differently skewed images is proposed, in which the pixel concentration on either side of the histogram is increased to overcome the drawbacks in the existing methods. The proposed technique uses parameters like mean, standard deviation and inversion constant to generate various inverted Gaussian specified histograms. Further, transformation and objective functions are used to identify the best desired histogram so as to obtain the best enhanced image for the given image. The performance of the proposed method is compared with other existing techniques on the images taken from various standard databases. The experimental results show that the proposed technique is best suitable for contrast enhancement of images with differently skewed histograms.

Magnetic structural color patterns based on all-dielectric thin films with high saturation

We propose a method of utilizing a simple symmetric Fe3O4-SiO2-Fe3O4 configuration to create bright color appearance, high-color contrast, bidirectional, and orientable magnetic structural colors. Absorption at complementary color wavelengths is significantly enhanced and reflection at the unwanted wavelengths is effectively lowered, leading to the improved purity of the desired reflective color. Selected full structural colors are demonstrated using conventional electron beam evaporation combined ion-assisted deposition. Anti-counterfeiting image butterfly pattern presents dynamic petal-like three dimensional (3D) effects by orienting magnetic interference flakes to verify color printing. This structure scheme is safe with low fabrication cost, and its novel magnetic properties can be used in the design and application of magneto-photonic devices based on iridescence.

A brightness-preserving two-dimensional histogram equalization method based on two-level segmentation

Histogram equalization (HE) is a classical enhancement method for image processing. However, conventional HE techniques have poor performance in terms of preserving the brightness and natural appearance of images, meaning they typically fail to produce satisfactory results. A novel two-dimensional HE method with two-level segmentation for refining image brightness is proposed in this paper. Additionally, a modified two-dimensional histogram is generated to determine the locations of main segmentation points based on neighborhood matrices. The weights of the absolute brightness differences between low and high local contrast regions in this two-dimensional histogram are adjustable. After separating images into two main areas based on main segmentation points, multiple sub-segmentation points are selected based on a novel criterion derived from the maximum value distribution of the double histograms. Experimental results for various test images demonstrate that the proposed method achieves excellent performance in terms of brightness preservation and image contrast enhancement.

Liquid crystal-based sensing platform for detection of Pb2+ assisted by DNAzyme and rolling circle amplification

Lead ions (Pb2+) are one of the most widespread heavy metal contaminants that pose detrimental impact on environment and human health. We demonstrate a highly sensitive and specific liquid crystal (LC)-based sensing platform for detecting Pb2+ assisted by DNAzyme and rolling circle amplification (RCA). Magnetic beads (MBs) are functionalized with DNA duplexes of the catalytic strands (DNAzymes) and the substrate strands. In the presence of Pb2+, the substrate strands are disassembled due to activation of the DNAzyme, which allows initiation of DNA RCA on MBs. The amplified DNA strands can disrupt arrangement of octadecy trimethyl ammonium bromide monolayers (OTAB), thereby inducing planar orientation of LC molecules at the interface of aqueous and LCs. Thus, LCs exhibit bright appearance. In contrast, RCA cannot be triggered in the absence of Pb2+. Therefore, LC molecules adopt perpendicular orientation at the interface, which induces the dark morphology of LCs. The limit of detection reaches as low as 16.7 pM. It is an improvement of more than two orders of magnitude compared to that of previously reported LC-based sensing approaches. This approach also shows excellent performance in monitoring Pb2+ in tap water and lake water.

Influence of temporal and spectral profiles of lasers on weld quality of titanium

The effect of interaction of lasers having different spectral and temporal profiles with titanium on the weld surface quality is investigated by high-speed imaging and optical emission spectroscopy at atmospheric pressure in argon environment. High-speed imaging of the plume reveals that plume is produced during the laser pulse. Decrease in plume size and expansion rate is observed for those lasers whose spectral profiles overlap with more number of neutral atomic titanium transitions (Ti I) owing to increasing rate of reabsorption of the laser pulse primarily by the neutral titanium atoms present in the plume. Darkness around the laser spot on the titanium surface observed due to deposition of the nanoparticles increases with decrease in size and expansion rate of the plume which indicates that reabsorption of the laser pulse is the main cause of dark colouration of the surface. The bright appearance of a part of the plume produced by one laser at which another laser whose spectral profile cover many Ti I transitions is passed confirms the reabsorption process. Clean appearance of the surface around the laser spot along with enhancement of the plume size and expansion rate is observed for lasers with customized spectral profiles which do not overlap with any Ti I transitions. Modulation of the temporal profile can moderately improve the plume expansion rate and reduce the darkness around the laser spot provided that the laser spectral profile does not overlap with many Ti I transitions, particularly, with those whose energy of lower levels is less than 3 eV.

Rheological, textural, and digestible properties of fresh noodles: Influence of starch esterified by conventional and pulsed electric field‐assisted dual technique with full range of amylose content

This research was aimed to investigate the influence of esterified starches on the quality and texture of fresh noodles by adding starches with different amylose contents (<1%, 23%, 50%, 80%). The application of pulsed electric fields (PEF) during esterification can improve the introduction of acetyl groups. The peak viscosity of esterified waxy starch was decreased obviously from 4,238 to 79 mPa s by PEF assistance. Compared to the conventional method, esterified starch with higher amylose content (>23%) by PEF assistance can improve the appearance and elasticity of its uncooked noodles, while the addition of waxy starch esters showed an opposite trend. The influence of PEF-assisted modification on the increase in cooking yield and the decrease in hardness was more obvious compared to conventional method. Additionally, waxy starch esterified by the dual method exhibited a decrease in rapidly digestible starch content during in vitro digestion. Practical applications This study was to explore the effects of esterification on maize starch with full range of amylose content as well as the modified starches applied on noodles. Conventional and PEF-assisted dual methods have different influence on the rheological, cooking, and textural properties of noodles. Bright appearance and higher springiness, which were the desired properties of raw noodles for consumers, can be obtained by adding starch esters (except for waxy starch) modified by PEF-assisted esterification rather than the conventional method. It can expand the application of PEF technology on flour products, especially for noodles.

Ice accommodation in plant tissues pinpointed by cryo-microscopy in reflected-polarised-light

BackgroundFreezing resistant plant organs are capable to manage ice formation, ice propagation, and ice accommodation down to variable temperature limits without damage. Insights in ice management strategies are essential for the fundamental understanding of plant freezing and frost survival. However, knowledge about ice management is scarce. Ice crystal localisation inside plant tissues is challenging and is mainly based on optical appearance of ice in terms of colour and shape, investigated by microscopic methods. Notwithstanding, there are major uncertainties regarding the reliability and accuracy of ice identification and localisation. Surface light reflections, which can originate from water or resin, even at non-freezing temperatures, can have a similar appearance as ice. We applied the principle of birefringence, which is a property of ice but not of liquid water, in reflected-light microscopy to localise ice crystals in frozen plant tissues in an unambiguous manner.ResultsIn reflected-light microscopy, water was clearly visible, while ice was more difficult to identify. With the presented polarised cryo-microscopic system, water, including surface light reflections, became invisible, whereas ice crystals showed a bright and shiny appearance. Based on this, we were able to detect loci where ice crystals are accommodated in frozen and viable plant tissues. In Buxus sempervirens leaves, large ice needles occupied and expanded the space between the adaxial and abaxial leaf tissues. In Galanthus nivalis leaves, air-filled cavities became filled up with ice. Buds of Picea abies managed ice in a cavity at the bud basis and between bud scales. By observing the shape and attachment point of the ice crystals, it was possible to identify tissue fractions that segregate intracellular water towards the aggregating ice crystals.ConclusionCryo-microscopy in reflected-polarised-light allowed a robust identification of ice crystals in frozen plant tissue. It distinguishes itself, compared with other methods, by its ease of ice identification, time and cost efficiency and the possibility for high throughput. Profound knowledge about ice management strategies, within the whole range of freezing resistance capacities in the plant kingdom, might be the link to applied science for creating arrangements to avoid future frost damage to crops.

A Preliminary Study on Motorcycle Conspicuity Improvement Based on Detection Distance

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Conspicuity has been one of the main contributing factors to the high percentage of motorcycle crashes around the world. In Malaysia, it is normal to observe a motorcycle ridden without its lights functioning. Furthermore, the ignorance of motorcyclists on attire selection also contributing to less contrast of motorcyclists against the background which has led to the increase of motorcycle conspicuity related crashes particularly at night time. This study aims to propose multiple ways to improve the conspicuity of the motorcycle in Malaysia road traffic including a new intervention of conspicuity enhancement. The preliminary results suggested that a brighter appearance helps the driver to detect motorcyclists further and earlier. It is also proved that the luminance of the headlight had contributed to better detection of a motorcycle at night. The new intervention of applying a set of retroreflective tape on the side body of the motorcycle has shown a promising result as it helps to improve motorcycle detection further especially at a junction. To conclude, brighter appearances of motorcyclists and motorcycle can improve their detection and enhance motorcycle conspicuity at night time while reducing the risk of motorcycle crashes and injury.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Clinical characteristics of lip infantile haemangiomas and main risk factors for ulceration: an 8‐year retrospective study of 69 Chinese infants

Infantile haemangiomas (IHs) involving the lip are of special concern because of the susceptibility of complications, including ulceration, obstruction and disfigurement. The available data for the relationship between their clinical characteristics and ulcerations are limited. To describe the clinical characteristics of lip IHs and to evaluate the main risk factors for ulceration. A retrospective study was designed that included infants with lip IHs during an 8-year period, the clinical data of participants were collected, and univariable and multivariable logistic models were used todetermine the relationships between the clinical characteristics of lip IHs and ulcerations. Location, size and type were investigated as potential independent factors influencing the development of ulceration. A total of 69 lip IHs were identified including 40 girls and 29 boys. Ulcerations were found in 37 (53.6%) lip IHs. Lip haemangiomas experiencing ulceration had a mean size (SD) of 3.49 (2.82)cm2 compared with 1.08 (0.96) cm2 for those without ulceration. Twenty-eight (52.8%) of the 53 localized haemangiomas and 9 (56.3%) of the 16 segmental haemangiomas experienced ulcerations. Univariable analyses of all investigated factors revealed significant associations of location and size with increased risk of ulceration, and these significant associations remained after adjusting for sex and age [OR 8.61 (95% CI, 2.24-33.13) and 2.62 (95% CI, 1.46-4.72), respectively]. The duration before ulceration was between 4 and 70days after the occurrence of lip IHs, with a median of 28 (19.41) days. Most ulcers occurred within 45days of IH occurrence. Ulceration is a common complication of lip IHs at an earlier stage. A swollen with pale or bright crimson appearance of the lip IH surface could be an important signal of subsequent ulceration. Location of the IH on the lower lip and lip IH size are risk factors for the occurrence of ulceration.

Resonant Metagratings for Spectral and Angular Control of Light for Colored Rooftop Photovoltaics

We designed semitransparent metagrating supercells that enable control over the spectrum and directivity of incident light for applications in photovoltaics with tailored angular appearance. The building block of the supercells is a 100–120 nm wide and 175 nm tall silicon nanowire that shows a strong Mie resonance around λ = 650 nm. By arranging the resonant Mie scatterers into metagratings of increasing pitch (675–1300 nm), we created a Lambertian-like scattering distribution over an angular range of choice. The millimeter-sized metasurfaces were fabricated using electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching. The fabricated metasurface nearly fully suppresses specular reflection on resonance while 10% of the incoming light around the resonance is scattered into the angular range between 30° and 75°, creating a bright red appearance over this specific range of angles. Off-resonant light in the blue, green, and near-infrared is efficiently transmitted through the metasurface and absorbed in the underlying photovoltaic cell. The implemented silicon heterojunction solar cells with integrated metagrating supercells shows a reduction in external quantum efficiency matching the resonant scattering spectral range. The short circuit current is reduced by 13% due to the combined effects of resonant scattering, reflection from the high-index substrate, and absorption in the Si nanowires. In addition to efficient colorful photovoltaics with tailored angular appearance, the metagrating concept can find application in many other light management designs for photovoltaics and other optoelectronic devices.

Detection of organophosphorus pesticides with liquid crystals supported on the surface deposited with polyoxometalate-based acetylcholinesterase-responsive supramolecular spheres

Here, we demonstrate use of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-responsive polyoxometalate (POM)/surfactant supramolecular spheres to build a liquid crystal (LC)-based sensing platform for detection of organophosphorus pesticides. The self-assembled spheres are composed of hybrid materials of a POM, sodium dodecatungstophosphate (PW12), and a surfactant, myristoylcholine (Myr). It displays dark appearance when the aqueous solution is in contact with LCs supported on the octadecyltrichlorosilane-treated glass deposited with the supramolecular spheres, suggesting perpendicular orientation of LCs at the aqueous/LC interface. In contrast, LCs show bright appearance when the surface-deposited supramolecular spheres are enzymatically hydrolyzed by AChE, corresponding to planar orientation of LCs at the aqueous/LC interface. Detection of organophosphates are successfully achieved as they are potent inhibitors of AChE. The detection limit of the sensing platform reached 0.9 ng/mL for dimethoate. This method can avoid disturbance of external interference with excellent specificity and sensitivity, which makes it very promise in detection of organophosphorus pesticides.

PyWRKY26 and PybHLH3 cotargeted the PyMYB114 promoter to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis and transport in red-skinned pears

Red pear is favored because of its bright appearance and abundant anthocyanins. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is controlled by transcription factors (TFs) forming regulatory complexes. In red-skinned pears, the WRKY TFs have a significant relationship with anthocyanin biosynthesis, but the molecular mechanism of the WRKY TFs involved in regulating color formation in red-skinned pear is unclear. In this study, the TFs PyWRKY31 and PyWRKY26 were screened as candidate genes for controlling anthocyanin biosynthesis by transcriptome data and bioinformatics analysis. The effect of anthocyanin accumulations after cotransformation of PyWRKY31 or PyWRKY26 with its partners PyMYB10, PyMYB114, and PybHLH3 was verified in tobacco leaves and strawberry receptacles by a transient expression system. RT-qPCR analysis and a dual-luciferase reporter system further confirmed that this cotransformation activated the expression of PyDFR, PyANS, and PyUFGT in anthocyanin biosynthesis and PyGST in anthocyanin transport instead of the PyABC transporter and PyAVP. Furthermore, the cotransformed PyWRKY26 and PybHLH3 could bind to the PyMYB114 promoter, and PyWRKY26 directly activated the transcription of PyMYB114. In addition, the TF PyWRKY26 could interact with PybHLH3, as confirmed by firefly luciferase complementation and yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays. These results showed that the interaction of PyWRKY26 and PybHLH3 could cotarget the PyMYB114 promoter, which resulted in anthocyanin accumulation in red-skinned pear. This study further strengthened the understanding of the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation and contributed to improving the appearance of red-skinned pears.

Management of squamous cell carcinoma on the thigh of a Nigerian Albino horse

The albino horse is the choice horse traditionally for ceremonial parade amongst the military and the police force in Nigeria because of their bright and attractive appearance on parade ground. Incidentally, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common neoplasia of the skin in horses especially the albinos. An 8-year old albino parade stallion of Nigerian breed was presented with the chief complaint of growths on skin of right thigh and a tentative diagnosis of SCC was made. This case reports a successful management of SCC in albino horses with a view to improving management of the condition especially in veterinary settings with limited facility. The horse was restrained in standing position using hobbles and xylazine sedation. Local anaesthesia was achieved using Lidocaine hydrochloride. Growths were debulked in two surgeries, conducted 60 days apart. Vincristine 2 mg was administered intravenously twice at 3 weeks apart after each surgery but additionally, 1g was infiltrated at site after the second surgery, necessitated by re-growth of lesion. Wound was regularly cleaned and dressed. Blood and tissue samples were collected and analyzed for haematological and histopathological alterations respectively. Pre-treatment, haemogram showed neutropenia, lymphocytosis and hyperproteinemia. Histopathological examination revealed focal areas of keratin pearls, massive undifferentiated tumour cells at different stages of mitosis. It was concluded that surgical excision of lesions and vincristine therapy should be used in squamous cell carcinoma management in horses. Therefore, it was recommended that surgeons should be patient as multiple surgeries may be indicated depending on severity of squamous cell carcinoma.Keywords: Albino, Carcinoma, Horse, Management, Nigerian, Squamous Cell, Thigh

Usefulness of Post-labeling Delay for the Assessment of Bright Vessel Appearance by Arterial Spin Labeling.

This study was performed to clarify the differences in blood flow strength, blood vessel diameter, and post-labeling delay (PLD) by physical experiments, and to examine whether bright vessel appearance (BVA) can be observed by arterial spin labeling (ASL). We introduced simulated blood flow (25 cm/sec, 12.5 cm/sec) using a specially made phantom of fixed tubes in a plastic container. At each speed, we scanned at several points of PLD using ASL imaging. We measured the signal in the tube to obtain a signal intensity (SI). We revised the T1 level from the SI and obtained SIblood. We used SItissue with normal perfusion measured from obtained clinical images by ASL and compared it with SIblood. In tubes with a narrow inner diameter, the signal slightly decreased. SI also decreased under slow flow compared with fast flow. At each flow rate, SIblood significantly exceeded SItissue. PLD distinguishes spin in brain tissue from 1525 msec to 2525 msec, and it can be observed. As spin signal decreases when the flow rate is slow, attention is necessary for observation. Assessment at PLD1525-2525 msec where normal perfusion was obtained suggested that BVA can be observed.

Fuzzy Mapped Histogram Equalization Method for Contrast Enhancement of Remotely Sensed Images

Histogram equalisation (HE) is a widely used image contrast enhancement technique which is less computationally complex, but it fails to preserve the brightness and natural appearance of the remotely sensed images. To overcome these limitations several modifications have been reported in the literature. However, the images processed by most of the methods still suffer with the problems of saturation artifacts and un-even expansion of intensities. This paper proposes a novel fuzzy mapped HE method to overcome the aforementioned limitations by partitioning the histogram into multiple segments, expanding each segment to full dynamic range using fuzzy mapping function, then equalising each segment independently, and finally normalising the combination of equalised segments. The normalisation process is controlled by a non-negative control factor, which requires a training data for its estimation. Experimental results demonstrate that the application of proposed method in the area of remote sensing yields better results than the contemporary methods.

Fuzzy-Based Histogram Partitioning for Bi-Histogram Equalisation of Low Contrast Images

The conventional histogram equalisation (CHE), though being simple and widely used technique for contrast enhancement, but fails to preserve the mean brightness and natural appearance of images. Most of the improved histogram equalisation (HE) methods give better performance in terms of one or two metrics and sacrifice their performance in terms of other metrics. In this paper, a novel fuzzy based bi-HE method is proposed which equalises low contrast images optimally in terms of all considered metrics. The novelty of the proposed method lies in selection of fuzzy threshold value using level-snip technique which is then used to partition the histogram into segments. The segmented sub-histograms, like other bi-HE methods, are equalised independently and are combined together. Simulation results show that for wide-range of test images, the proposed method improves the contrast while preserving other characteristics and provides good trade-off among all the considered performance metrics.

A Case Study of Brick Properties Manufacture in Bhaktapur

Bricks are commonly used for construction of buildings structures. The main objective of this article is to present the case study on different properties of the bricks manufactured in Bhaktapur city. Sample specimens were collected and tested for crushing strength, water absorption, specific gravity, density, porosity, impact test, dimension test, hardness test, soundness test and color appearance test of bricks in the laboratory. The overall aim of this study is to determine, through extensive experimental investigation, the effect of different brick on strength, water absorption, density, hardness, impact, porosity, and crushing strength. After multiple tests, results regarding the properties of bricks included – water absorption varies from 8.80% to 23.93%, porosity varying from 19.28% to 53.99%, specific gravity varying from 2.19 to 4.00, density varying from 1549.77 kg/m3 to 2816.6kg/m3, and crushing strength varying from 7.83 MPa to 22.10 MPa. In hardness test, 15 out of 33 were found to be hard; while 13 out of 33 passed the impact test; and 18 out of 33 has metallic sound. For the good quality of brick, the brick should have bright color appearance but only 15 out of 33 samples carry bright color appearance. Regarding the dimensions, length varies from 212.00 mm to 242.00 mm, breadth varies from 96.00 mm to 115.00 mm and thickness varies from 48.80 mm to 63.00 mm. From this research, properties of almost all bricks are not as per Nepal Building Code. The bricks manufactured at present are being commercialized rather than maintaining the standards as per the code.

The effect of packaging type and storage temperature on the characteristics of cheese spread analogues from corn extract

Cheese spread analogues composed of corn milk have a limited shelf life due to their high water and fat content. Therefore, appropriate packaging and storage temperatures are required to maintain the nature of these products for long-term storage. The purpose of the present study was to 1) study the effect of packaging type and storage temperature on the chemical and sensory characteristics of corn milk-based cheese analogues; 2) determine the most effective packaging type for corn milk-based cheese analogues; 3) determine the optimal storage temperature to be applied for corn milk-based cheese analogue. The present study used a completely randomised split-plot design. The effects of various storage factors were assessed, including storage time (1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks) as the main plot, type of packaging (polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and glass) as a subplot, and storage temperature (-5°C, 5°C, and IOC) as a subplot. The studied cheese analogue variables included moisture, free fatty acid content, soluble protein content, fat content, pH and sensory characteristics. The results indicated that packaging type and storage temperature had a significant effect on analogue cheese during storage. The most effective packaging types applied for 4 weeks of analogue cheese storage were glass packaging with a moisture content of 69.60%, soluble protein of 6.91%, a fat content of 5.4%, free fatty acid content of 3.65% and pH of 4.6. The sensory characteristics included smooth texture, easy to spread, a bright, attractive and shiny appearance, pale yellow colour, and acidic smell. The optimum storage temperature for corn milk-based analogue cheese spread for 4 weeks was 5°C with a moisture content of 69.26%, dissolved protein content of 7.23%, fat content of 5.68%, free fatty acid content of 3.54% and pH 4.6. Sensory characteristics included smooth texture, easy to spread, a bright, attractive and shiny appearance, pale yellow colour, and slightly acidic smell smelling only slightly of cheese.