Mosquito Breeding Research Articles

Analisis Sanitasi Lingkungan dan Pengendalian Nyamuk di Kota Tarutung

Tarutung City, as the center of government and commerce in North Tapanuli Regency, faces environmental sanitation issues that contribute to the increase in mosquito populations. This study aims to analyze the condition of environmental sanitation and mosquito control efforts in Tarutung City. A descriptive-analytical approach was used to assess environmental cleanliness, the availability of sanitation facilities, and vector control programs implemented by the local government. The results of the study indicate that environmental sanitation in some areas remains inadequate, with many water storage sites found to be breeding grounds for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the primary cause of dengue fever. Control efforts, such as fogging and the elimination of mosquito breeding sites (PSN), have not been optimal due to the lack of community participation and awareness of the importance of maintaining environmental cleanliness. This study recommends enhancing public education programs, improving waste management, and conducting regular monitoring of high-risk areas to reduce mosquito populations and prevent disease spread. Strengthening cooperation between the government and the community is crucial to achieving a healthier environment free from mosquito threats

Role of Libraries in the Simultaneous Threats of the COVID 19 Pandemic and Flood in Kamrup Metro District of Assam

Corona virus disease or COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by a virus named corona which is said to be originated from China. In the year 2021 the virus has got spread all the over the world which has resulted many deaths of the people. Also the physical library services were stopped to minimize the COVID cases. In the pandemic situation the information exchange plays a very vital role. Accurate information is the key to handle the chaotic situation. Exchange of false information seems to be on the rise. It has created a situation of ‘infodemic’ as stated by the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO). This has not only affected research work severely but has also created chaos among the laypeople. Flood event of the Brahmaputra River in the Indian north-eastern state of Assam coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic. Kamrup Metro district of Assam being in the bank of river Brahmaputra faces a severe flood problem. Due to the poor drainage system the people living in the district suffers from the problem of flood. Diseases such as Dengue, Malaria and Japanese Encephalitis are likely to increase in stagnant water left by receding floods. Treatment of these diseases have been hindered by fear of the COVID-19 pandemic and restrictions have hampered the efforts to destroy mosquito breeding sites and awareness-raising among at-risk populations.

Rearing Protocol for Culex quinquefasciatus

Mosquitoes are vectors capable of transmitting various life-threatening diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, lymphatic filariasis, malaria, and so on. They are reared in the laboratories for conducting various studies such as vector biology, vector competence, mechanism of disease transmission, to check the efficiency and follow-up of various control methods, insecticide susceptibility, and vaccine trials. Moreover, mass rearing of mosquitoes is required for sterile insect technique (SIT) to control mosquitoes. Successful breeding of mosquitoes requires attention to detail and depends upon various factors such as quality and quantity of larval food, temperature, humidity, population size, mating, blood feeding, and egg laying. Culex quinquefasciatus is a vector of lymphatic filariasis (LF) and a cosmopolitan mosquito, abundant in tropical and subtropical regions. In this study, a simple and convenient rearing protocol for Culex quinquefasciatus has been discussed.

Assessing the basic knowledge and awareness of dengue fever prevention among migrant workers in Klang Valley, Malaysia.

Globally, 390 million dengue virus infections occur per year. In Malaysia, migrant workers are particularly vulnerable to dengue fever (DF) due to mosquito breeding sites exposure and poor health literacy. Therefore, this study aimed to (i) assess the current DF knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP), and (ii) identify strategies to promote DF awareness, among migrant workers in Klang Valley. A survey was conducted with 403 Nepali, Filipino and Indonesian migrant workers through phone interviews and online self-administered questionnaires. Piecewise structural equation modelling was applied to identify predictor variables for DF KAP. Most respondents were male, working in the services industry, had completed high school, aged between 30-39 years and with less than ten years work experience in Malaysia. Overall, respondents' knowledge was positively correlated with attitude but negatively with practices. Older respondents, who had completed higher education, obtained higher knowledge scores. Similarly, those with working experience of >20 years in Malaysia obtained higher attitude scores. Respondents with a previous history of DF strongly considered the removal of mosquito breeding sites as their own responsibility, hence tended to frequently practise DF preventive measures. Respondents' knowledge was also positively correlated to their understanding of DF information sourced from social media platforms. These findings highlighted: (i) the need for targeted DF educational intervention among younger and newly arrived workers with lower levels of education and (ii) maximising the usage of social media platforms to improve DF public awareness.

Physical Environment Characteristics With The Presebce Of Aedes Larvae At The Ummul Mukminin Islamic Boarding School Makassar, Indonesia

Objective: The research aimed to know characteristics of the physical environment with the presence of Aedes larvae at the Ummul Mukminin Islamic Boarding School in Makassar City. Methods: The type of research used is descriptive, the sample number is 33 containers with exhaustive sampling as a sampling technique. The research instrument used was an observation sheet with univariate analysis using SPSS and Excel program. The study was conducted in June 2022 at the Ummul Mukminin Islamic Boarding School. Results: A total of 33 containers were found at the study site, 31 (93.9%) containers were not found to have larvae (negative) and 2 (6.1%) containers were positive for Aedes larvae. Plastic container base material with 100% presentation. There are 24 (72.7%) containers were water reservoir (TPA) and 9 (27,3%) containers were non-water reservoir, 27 (81,8%) containers were located indoor and 6 (18,2%) containers were located outdoor. Conclusions: The larva-free dormitory program by the school health post (poskestren) should be continued and if possible the frequency of activities is increased, as well as toilets that are rarely used and in dark conditions are still considered because they have the potential to be Aedes larva breeding place. Research Implications: Such findings are expected to be a source of information for the community, especially the teachers and students of the Ummul Mukminin Islamic Boarding School regarding the importance of maintaining the cleanliness of the mosquito breeding environment, especially regarding the presence of Aedes larvae and efforts to prevent dengue incidents. And can be an information material for the Makassar City Health Office, especially in overcoming dengue problems and can be a source of reference and comparison for further research. Originality / value: This study discusses some characteristics of water reservoirs (containers) that have the potential to become breeding sites for Aedes larvae, as one of the references in efforts to eradicate Aedes mosquito nests as vectors for dengue fever transmission.

Seroprevalence and clinical manifestations of Chikungunya infection in Makassar city, Indonesia

Background: Chikungunya is a vector-borne disease with a high morbidity rate, spread in dengue hemorrhagic fever endemic areas because the vector carrying the virus is transmitted by the same mosquitoes, namely Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus. The number of mosquito breeding sites is often associated with an increased incidence of chikungunya disease. The proximity of mosquito breeding sites to human habitation is a significant risk factor for chikungunya. Data related to chikungunya is still lacking in Makassar. This study aims to understand the prevalence of CHIKV infection through serodiagnosis by measuring CHIKV IgG antibodies and looking at the history of clinical symptoms associated with CHIKV infection in Makassar to reduce widespread transmission.

Dengue Fever Perception and Knowledge for Endemicity Control among University Students of Karachi

Objective: To determine the knowledge and the risk perception regarding dengue fever among the educated population along with their behaviors towards prevention in the backdrop of rising cases of dengue at the national level.Study Design: Cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Departments of Electrical, Software Engineering, Computer Sciences and Geophysics of Bahria University, Karachi Campus, Pakistan, from October 2021 to March 2022.Methods: With an observational analytical study design, 333 students were recruited through convenient sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The socio-demographic traits and general information about dengue fever spread and prevention were presented in frequencies and percentages while dengue fever knowledge, risk perception, and behavior of respondents were compared using a chi-square test with the significance level set at 0.05. Results: It was found that 79.8% of the students recognized that transmission of dengue is through mosquitoes, whereas only 17.4% identified the correct species of dengue infection. Twenty-two percent knew that dengue is a viral illness. Sixty-eight percent marked contaminated water as a mosquito breeding site, while 52.8% believed it to be trash/garbage. Eighty-nine, sixty-nine and fifty-two percent reported the use of window screens, bed nets/mesh, and insect repellents as protective measures, respectively. Fifty-seven percent of participants considered dengue a fatal illness. Eighty-eight and seventy-five percent recognized dengue as a preventable and curable disease, respectively. Conclusion: Educated participants in this study were misapprehensive that they had satisfactory knowledge, risk perception, and behavior toward dengue fever. Very few had the correct knowledge regarding transmission mode and spread and protective and preventive strategies. Information regarding transmission mode and spread, as well as protective and preventive strategies, were insufficient.
 How to cite this: Qureshi FM, Bari SF, Wazir SM, Wazir M, Zehra S, Khalid A. Dengue Fever Perception and Knowledge for Endemicity Control among University Students of Karachi Life and Science. 2024; 5(1): 75-82. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.373

Evaluating salt and sea water concentrations as inhibitory agents against mosquito breeding in stagnant water: A controlled study

Evaluating salt and sea water concentrations as inhibitory agents against mosquito breeding in stagnant water: A controlled study

Outbreaks of dengue in India since 2012

Dengue is an arthropod - borne virus which belongs to Flaviviridae family cause a range of different illness from mild symptoms to severe deadly Dengue Hemorrhagic fever/Dengue shock syndrome. Dengue is a self-limiting disease. The sharp raise in population, inadequate steps to eradicate mosquito breeds and Climatic changes – Delayed monsoon and heavy rainfall are the most important factors that leads to the drastic increase of Dengue cases in India. Approximately 94198 cases and 91 deaths were reported in India. According to World Health Organization Dengue is considered as a major global public health challenge for tropical and subtropical nations. This article summarizes the State wise dengue burden, Prevalence and Incidence. This article also includes some Global strategies for dengue prevention and control.

Analysis Resistance of Malathion and Cypermethrin Insecticide on Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) from Kaliwungu Kudus and Kotagede Yogyakarta Using CDC Bottle Bioassay

Aedes aegypti is a primary vector of Dengue infection and is frequently found near to human dwellings. Indonesia is a tropical country with environmentally suitable for mosquito breeding. Insecticides are commonly used to control mosquito population, however long and continuous use it will create resistance. This study aimed to determine the resistance of Aedes aegypti populations from Kaliwungu District, Kudus Regency and Kotagede District, Yogyakarta City to malathion and cypermethrin using CDC Bottle Bioassay. Ovitraps were placed in 50 houses of each location, and the eggs were brought to the laboratory for rearing until adulthood. Fifteen of female mosquitoes were used as test for each concentration of malathion and cypermethrin. Results showed that Ae. aegypti mosquitoes from Kaliwungu and Kotagede were resistant to malathion at the diagnostic dose of 1x. However, at the 2x diagnostic test, mosquito from Kaliwungu showed tolerant, while mosquito from Kotagede was susceptible to malathion. The cypermethrin test showed that both mosquito samples were resistant and susceptible at the diagnostic dose of 2x and 5x respectively.

Ecological and physicochemical characteristics of tree holes as mosquito breeding habitats: A systematic review

Ecological and physicochemical characteristics of tree holes as mosquito breeding habitats: A systematic review

The impact of the environment and community habits on malaria knowlesi post-elimination of malaria in UPTD Puskesmas Jaboi's work area in Sabang City

Purpose: Malaria has spread to over 100 countries with tropical and subtropical climates globally. Around 35% of the population in Indonesia lives in areas at risk of malaria infection, and 38 thousand people die each year from severe malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria outbreaks occur almost annually in Indonesia's various endemic areas. The purpose of this study was to ascertain Malaria Knowledge following Malaria Elimination in the Jaboi Health Center's UPTD Work Area in Sabang City. 
 Methods: This research is descriptive by design Case-Control. The number of samples in this study was 7 people and 23 people as controls with chi-square test analysis. 
 Results: According to the study's findings, there was a relationship between four broods and malaria (P = 0.014), no relationship between the habit of going out at night (P = 0.190), and a relationship between the use of repellents (0.009) and malaria following malaria elimination in the work area of UPTD Puskesmas. Jaboi, post-elimination cases of malaria knowlesi continue to occur due to an environment that is still conducive to mosquito breeding sites and as a result of the population's geographical location in an area with a high concentration of wild animals. 
 Conclusion: There is a correlation between breeding sites and repellent use and malaria in the work area of the Jaboi Health Center UPTD Sabang City, but there is no correlation between the habit of going out at night and malaria in the work area of the Jaboi Health Center UPTD Sabang City.

A review of knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding mosquitoes and mosquito-borne infectious diseases in nonendemic regions.

Mosquito-borne infectious diseases (MBIDs) present significant public health risks within tropical and subtropical regions. However, the rapid spread of MBIDs from these areas to temperate regions increase the risk of their emergence in nonendemic regions, i.e., regions where diseases are still sporadic and not sustained in the population. Raising awareness about preventive measures and protective behaviors is of primary importance to face the risks of vector-borne diseases. In this context, the number of studies on knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) about mosquitoes and MBIDs has grown rapidly in response to the need to identify knowledge and practices in nonendemic countries to fight mosquito proliferation. Building upon the recent developments in this field, we conducted the first-ever literature review to examine KAP studies conducted in nonendemic regions. Our aim was to identify the community's knowledge and attitudes that shape practices concerning the prevention of MBIDs. We used specific keywords regarding the scope of this review and then selected studies that were performed in nonendemic regions for MBIDs, including regions located in European countries, the USA or Asia. We identified 32 KAP studies, the oldest from 2003. The findings in the reviewed studies show that survey participants generally possessed a rather good understanding of mosquito breeding sites. However, there were notable variations in knowledge and perception of MBIDs, primarily linked to the geographic location of the survey and the prevalence of infectious outbreaks related to mosquito transmission. These findings highlight the significant influence of knowledge and awareness in fostering effective mosquito control practices. Moreover, socioeconomic status, particularly educational attainment, and respondents' gender emerged as key determinants in explaining the variability of appropriate practices. The survey results thus show the crucial role of knowledge, emphasizing the need for widespread awareness and information campaigns, encompassing both appropriate practices and efficient mosquito control methods. Understanding the interaction between these factors could provide good guidelines for implementing awareness plans and ultimately motivate the population to actively fight against mosquito proliferation and MBIDs development.

First report of Anopheles stephensi from southern Ethiopia

BackgroundAnopheles stephensi is an emerging exotic invasive urban malaria vector in East Africa. The World Health Organization recently announced an initiative to take concerted actions to limit this vector’s expansion by strengthening surveillance and control in invaded and potentially receptive territories in Africa. This study sought to determine the invasion of An. stephensi in southern Ethiopia.MethodsA targeted entomological survey, both larvae and adult, was conducted in Hawassa City, southern Ethiopia between November 2022 and February 2023. Anopheles larvae were reared to adults for species identification. CDC light traps and BG Pro traps were used indoors and outdoors overnight at selected houses to collect adult mosquitoes in the study area. Prokopack aspirator was employed to sample indoor resting mosquitoes in the morning. Adults of An. stephensi was identified using morphological keys and then confirmed by PCR.ResultsLarvae of An. stephensi were found in 28 (16.6%) of the 169 potential mosquito breeding sites surveyed. Out of 548 adult female Anopheles mosquitoes reared from larvae, 234 (42.7%) were identified as An. stephensi morphologically. A total of 449 female anophelines were caught, of which 53 (12.0%) were An. stephensi. Other anopheline species collected in the study area included Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.), Anopheles pharoensis, Anopheles coustani, and Anopheles demeilloni.ConclusionThis study confirmed the presence of An. stephensi in southern Ethiopia. The presence of both larval and adult stages of this mosquito attests that this species established sympatric colonization with native vector species such as An. gambiae (s.l.) in southern Ethiopia. The findings warrant further investigation on the ecology, behaviour, population genetics, and role of An. stephensi in malaria transmission in Ethiopia.

Public knowledge, belief, and preventive practices regarding dengue: Findings from a community-based survey in rural Bangladesh.

Dengue fever, the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral infection, is a recurrent public health threat in Bangladesh. Despite the government's efforts, dengue outbreaks are on the upswing, and people's knowledge, belief, and preventive practices regarding the disease at the rural community level are unclear. The objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge, belief and preventive practices regarding dengue and associated factors among community people from rural Bangladesh. A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 401 people using a convenient sampling technique from three unions of Savar from August to September 2021. Participants' responses were collected through face-to-face interviews using a pre-tested structured questionnaire that included information related to socio-demographics, dengue-related knowledge, preventive practices, and the health belief model (HBM) constructs. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with the knowledge and preventive practices of dengue. Overall, participants (mean age = 33.47 ± 12.96 years; age range = 18-75 years) correctly answered 66.15% of the knowledge questions regarding dengue. Higher education, travel to dengue-risk regions, and self-efficacy under the HBM construct were all shown to be strongly associated with dengue knowledge. Regarding HBM constructs, about 80% of the participants perceived dengue as dangerous, but less than half (41.4%) believed themselves susceptible to dengue. Considering perceived barriers, 73.07% of the participants believed their residential area was not suitable for Aedes mosquito breeding. Nearly all (93.52%) believed they always kept their surrounding area clean as part of self-efficacy. Moreover, on average participants engaged in 53.69% of all dengue preventive practices. Being older, female, having a higher education, being a service holder, having a good quality of house structure, and perceived susceptibility as well as self-efficacy under the HBM construct were all factors in participants' dengue prevention activities. Participants' dengue preventative practices were shown to be significantly influenced by their knowledge. The findings of this study found a moderate level of knowledge regarding dengue among the participants. Regarding dengue prevention, although participants scored highly in several indicators, the overall preventive practices were not satisfactory. This suggests that there is a pressing need for expanded education outreach aimed at increasing public awareness of dengue and encourage preventive practices within rural communities in Bangladesh.

Interaction of Human Behavioral Factors Shapes the Transmission of Arboviruses by Aedes and Culex Mosquitoes.

Arboviruses, i.e., viruses transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods, trigger significant global epidemics. Over the past 20 years, the frequency of the (re-)emergence of these pathogens, particularly those transmitted by Aedes and Culex mosquitoes, has dramatically increased. Therefore, understanding how human behavior is modulating population exposure to these viruses is of particular importance. This synthesis explores human behavioral factors driving human exposure to arboviruses, focusing on household surroundings, socio-economic status, human activities, and demographic factors. Household surroundings, such as the lack of water access, greatly influence the risk of arbovirus exposure by promoting mosquito breeding in stagnant water bodies. Socio-economic status, such as low income or low education, is correlated to an increased incidence of arboviral infections and exposure. Human activities, particularly those practiced outdoors, as well as geographical proximity to livestock rearing or crop cultivation, inadvertently provide favorable breeding environments for mosquito species, escalating the risk of virus exposure. However, the effects of demographic factors like age and gender can vary widely through space and time. While climate and environmental factors crucially impact vector development and viral replication, household surroundings, socio-economic status, human activities, and demographic factors are key drivers of arbovirus exposure. This article highlights that human behavior creates a complex interplay of factors influencing the risk of mosquito-borne virus exposure, operating at different temporal and spatial scales. To increase awareness among human populations, we must improve our understanding of these complex factors.

Metode Pemicuan dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Budaya Pemberantasan Sarang Nyamuk (PSN) pada Masyarakat

This study aims to produce a triggering method to improve the culture of eradicating mosquito nests (PSN) in the community. The method used is quantitative research with research and development (R&D) design. The research results show that the PSN Mobile Triggering education model, namely the field triggering model followed by Android-based triggering, was declared feasible after the validation stage with 100% health promotion experts, 94.55% IT experts, 92% educational technology experts, and 80 practitioners. % and 93.85% one-on-one trials, 95% small group trials, and 96% large group trials. The PSN Mobile Trigger product effectively increases household mosquitoes' knowledge, attitudes, and behavior by up to 100% in eradicating mosquito nests. In conclusion, the educational model is feasible and effective to use to increase the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of Jumantik Rumah in destroying mosquito nests.
 Keywords: Android Based Application; Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever; Trigger Education; Eradication of Mosquito Nests, Mosquito Breeding Sites

Prior water availability modifies the effect of heavy rainfall on dengue transmission: a time series analysis of passive surveillance data from southern China.

Given the rapid geographic spread of dengue and the growing frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall events, it is imperative to understand the relationship between these phenomena in order to propose effective interventions. However, studies exploring the association between heavy rainfall and dengue infection risk have reached conflicting conclusions, potentially due to the neglect of prior water availability in mosquito breeding sites as an effect modifier. In this study, we addressed this research gap by considering the impact of prior water availability for the first time. We measured prior water availability as the cumulative precipitation over the preceding 8 weeks and utilized a distributed lag non-linear model stratified by the level of prior water availability to examine the association between dengue infection risk and heavy rainfall in Guangzhou, a dengue transmission hotspot in southern China. Our findings suggest that the effects of heavy rainfall are likely to be modified by prior water availability. A 24-55 day lagged impact of heavy rainfall was associated with an increase in dengue risk when prior water availability was low, with the greatest incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 1.37 [95% credible interval (CI): 1.02-1.83] occurring at a lag of 27 days. In contrast, a heavy rainfall lag of 7-121 days decreased dengue risk when prior water availability was high, with the lowest IRR of 0.59 (95% CI: 0.43-0.79), occurring at a lag of 45 days. These findings may help to reconcile the inconsistent conclusions reached by previous studies and improve our understanding of the complex relationship between heavy rainfall and dengue infection risk.

Spatio‐temporal incidence of malaria patients in Incheon Metropolitan City

AbstractMalaria, a globally significant mosquito‐borne infectious disease, re‐emerged in the Republic of Korea, and manifested annually in regions close to the demilitarized zone. Notably, Incheon Metropolitan City has witnessed an alarming upswing in malaria infections in recent years, drawing attention to this public health issue. This research was conducted to catch spatio‐temporal and ecological landscape encompassing malaria patients and mosquito vectors in Incheon over the past decade. The top two incidences of malaria cases were found in Ganghwa‐gun and Seo‐gu, an occurrence potentially attributed to their geographic proximity to North Korea. Furthermore, the incidence of malaria infections displayed a seasonal pattern commencing in March, reaching its peak between June and August, and decreasing to a minimum in November. A correlation was noted between prevalence of malaria cases and number of mosquito breeding sites, such as ponds and rice fields within the region. Collectively, these research outcomes underlined the importance of systematically and holistically advocating mosquito elimination measures to enhance the efficacy of malaria eradication policies. These measures encompass the establishment of a robust mosquito outbreak surveillance system, targeted control of vector mosquitoes, residual pesticide spray, management of mosquito breeding sites, and adoption of repellents during outdoor activities.

The Somatechnic and Spatio-legal Regulation of Stagnant Water in Singapore

Using a critical legal geography approach that incorporates theories of law, space, and power, this paper explores how the public health surveillance of dengue fever is utilised by the state in an ongoing ‘war against the mosquito’ in Singapore. Here, the state deploys biopower as a form of spatio-legal ‘lawscaping’ – consisting of and implicating a host of actors, institutions, and objects – in order to seek and eradicate sources of stagnant water (and the mosquitoes that breed in them) in spaces across the city. The paper demonstrates how, in combating dengue fever this way, the public health surveillance and regulation of dengue fever in Singapore informs four distinct yet interconnected forms of spatio-legal materiality and normativity: a) the inspection of space; b) the invisibilisation of death; c) the implementation of self-regulatory objects; and d) the illegality of uncleanliness. Therefore, in tracing the public health surveillance of dengue fever as it relates to the biopolitical regulation of stagnant water, this paper is also able to evince how the state uses spatio-legal means to govern a range of sites as well as a host of human and non-human bodies, and in doing so reveal how state biopower can be exerted across different species. At the same time, these acts of biopolitical lawscaping serve to flatten different typologies of urban space – be they public, private, or even transient (or under construction). In its desire to eradicate mosquito breeding grounds, the state reduces urban space to that which is clean and unclean – even if unwittingly.