Breeding Bird Species Research Articles

Breeding land birds across the Greek islands: a biogeographic study with emphasis on faunal similarity, species–area relationships and nestedness

We investigated the biogeography of 102 breeding land bird species reported on 77 islands in the Aegean archipelago. For the first time, we prepared a complete as possible dataset concerning the land birds of the Aegean islands. The overall insular avifauna has been treated as a unit to find out certain ecological patterns. We examined the faunal similarity using recent distribution data, studied the species–area relationships (SARs) and tested land bird biotas for nested patterns. A significant SAR was identified for land bird species richness of the Aegean islands and for most of the island subdivisions. The surface area of the available Aegean islands explained 79% of the variance in species richness and the overall z value was 0.305, in general suggesting a high degree of island isolation. The z values of the log–log species–area regression varied significantly among island groups and ranged between 0.100 and 0.329. We found that the overall slope of the species–area curve was steeper than those of terrestrial invertebrates (i.e., centipedes, darkling beetles). The land bird fauna on the Aegean islands was nested, whereas Crete and its satellite islands was the least-nested island group. Insectivores and seedeaters contributed differently to land bird assemblages with the former showing a more reliable nested arrangement than the latter. In most cases, the rank of breeding bird species, as determined by the nestedness metric, was negatively correlated with island area and/or maximum altitude.

A review of selected ecosystem services provided by coastal wetlands of the Laurentian Great Lakes

Significant ecosystem services derive from the coastal wetlands of the Laurentian Great Lakes even though two-thirds of the original coastal wetlands have been lost since European settlement, and the remaining 126,000 ha of U.S. coastal wetlands and ≥70,000 ha of Canadian wetlands are affected by anthropogenic stressors. Published information indicates that wildlife habitat, fisheries support, and water quality improvement are significant ecosystem services provided by Great Lakes coastal wetlands that should be strongly considered during management decision making. 30 species of waterfowl, 155 breeding bird species, and 55 species of reptiles and amphibians are supported by coastal wetland habitats across the Basin. Nearly all sport and commercial Great Lakes fish species use coastal wetlands for life-cycle functions, and Great Lakes food webs are supported by wetland export of young sport and forage fish. Biological responses indicate declines in the wildlife and fishery services with increasing levels of anthropogenic disturbance. Extrapolation from a single well-studied system suggests that, Basin-wide, coastal wetlands may retain nearly 4000 tonnes P and 53,000 tonnes N per year, but additional studies are needed to support these estimates and determine stressor effects. Coastal wetlands appear to retain sediments over long time scales, but may either retain or release sediments during storm events. Extrapolation of carbon sequestration from other wetland types suggests that less than 90 g C yr−1 might be retained across the Basin. Wild rice production provides a culturally important ecosystem service, and coastal protection may be locally significant where fringing wetland remain. To support management decisions, quantitative relationships between specific stressors or land use practices and the delivery of ecosystem services are needed, as are ecosystem service indicators to measure those responses.

КОМПЛЕКСНА ОЦІНКА ДИНАМІКИ ЧИСЕЛЬНОСТІ УГРУПОВАНЬ КОЛОНІАЛЬНИХ НАВКОЛОВОДНИХ ПТАХІВ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ ДЕЯКИХ ОСТРОВІВ СИВАШУ)

<p>The problem of the mathematical analysis of the number dynamics of the nesting waterbirds for the islands of the south of Ukraine is examined. The algorithm of the evaluation of changes in the number of island birds is proposed. Data of the long-term monitoring of the number of birds were analyzed according to this algorithm. The necessity of the implementation of the statistical indices together with the graphic representation of island birds’ turnover is proved. The trends of population dynamics are determined for the key species. The discussed procedure of the complex evaluation is proposed for the management planning of the island bird species and their habitats.</p> <p>The performed analysis of the number dynamics of the key-stone breeding island birds showed that, with the exception of little tern, the population status and the prognosis of number are sufficiently favorable. From the data of long-term monitoring we came up with the conclusion about the existence of island habitats with carrying capacity to maintain the additional number of breeding birds. In the case of unfavorable conditions like strengthening of anthropogenic press, concurrent interrelations, deficiency of feed resources or drastic reduction of breeding biotopes, the birds due to turnover are capable to successfully react even without reducing their number and breeding success. The extinction rate of the breeding bird species from the island sites directly correlates with the number of breeding species. For the species with equal abundance, the extinction probability is higher for birds, whose numbers are unstable and characterized by significant fluctuations. This testifies the urgency of the constant monitoring and analysis of the number dynamics of breeding bird species in region.</p> <p>The suggested procedure of analysis is recommended for drawing up of management plans and performing of prognoses of number of breeding island bird species. More detail analysis with use of quantitative data on breeding birds will be the next step of the study of the island birds’ turnover. The results of the analysis of population dynamics assist to count the minimal population size for the colonization of new islands and stable existence of bird communities. Detailed analysis will allow to estimate the effect of competition on population and to determine the competitive variability inside and between the species breeding on islands.</p> <p><em>Key words: Ukraine, colonial waterbirds, islands, dynamics of number, analysis</em></p> <p> </p>

Changes in potential habitat of 147 North American breeding bird species in response to redistribution of trees and climate following predicted climate change

Mounting evidence shows that organisms have already begun to respond to global climate change. Advances in our knowledge of how climate shapes species distributional patterns has helped us better understand the response of birds to climate change. However, the distribution of birds across the landscape is also driven by biotic and abiotic components, including habitat characteristics. We therefore developed statistical models of 147 bird species distributions in the eastern United States, using climate, elevation, and the distributions of 39 tree species to predict contemporary bird distributions. We used randomForest, a robust regression‐based decision tree ensemble method to predict contemporary bird distributions. These models were then projected onto three models of climate change under high and low emission scenarios for both climate and the projected change in suitable habitat for the 39 tree species. The resulting bird species models indicated that breeding habitat will decrease by at least 10% for 61–79 species (depending on model and emissions scenario) and increase by at least 10% for 38–52 species in the eastern United States. Alternatively, running the species models using only climate/elevation (omitting tree species), we found that the predictive power of these models was significantly reduced (p<0.001). When these climate/elevation‐only models were projected onto the climate change scenarios, the change in suitable habitat was more extreme in 60% of the species. In the end, the strong associations with vegetation tempers a climate/elevation‐only response to climate change and indicates that refugia of suitable habitat may persist for these bird species in the eastern US, even after the redistribution of tree species. These results suggest the importance of interacting biotic processes and that further fine‐scale research exploring how climate change may disrupt species specific requirements is needed.

Fire severity has mixed benefits to breeding bird species in the southern Appalachians

Fire is frequently applied as a management tool on both public and private lands. However, in some ecosystems there is little information about bird species’ responses to these fire programs. In 2004 we measured habitat characteristics and conducted point counts in 12 burned sites and four unburned sites in the Chattahoochee National Forest of northern Georgia. Burns were categorized by severity (low, medium, or high) and time since fire (1–2 or 3–6 years). The basal area of snags, shrub stem density and percent canopy cover were similar among all treatments except high severity. Otherwise, fire severity had limited impacts on measured habitat characteristics. Following fires the densities of early-succession species such as eastern towhee ( Pipilo erythropthalmus) and indigo bunting ( Passerina cyanea) were greatest in areas of higher fire severity. A ground-nesting species (ovenbird [ Seiurus aurocapilla]) was less abundant in burned sites and the density of a shrub nesting species, the hooded warbler ( Setophaga citrine) was greatest in areas that received low severity fires. Scarlet tanager ( Piranga olivacea), tufted titmouse ( Baeolophus bicolor), red-eyed vireo ( Vireo olivaceus), black-throated green warbler ( Setophaga virens), and black-and-white warbler ( Mniotilta varia) had similar densities among all burn severities and showed no relationships with time since fire. Low and medium severity fires provided few benefits for most bird species. When conditions allow for their application, severe fires may be considered as a useful and historically appropriate management tool for some high-priority bird species in the southern Appalachian Mountains.

Use of Fecundity Measured Directly Throughout the Breeding Season to Test a Source-Sink Demographic Model

Populations of landbirds (bird species that occupy terrestrial habitats for most of their life cycle) are declining throughout North America (north of Mexico) and Europe, yet little is known about how demography is driving this trend. A recent model of 5 geographically separated populations of Cerulean Warblers (Dendroica cerulea) that was based on within-season sampling of nest survival and fledgling success shows that all populations are sinks (annual reproduction is consistently less than annual adult mortality). I tested this indirect model by directly measuring fecundity (number of female fledglings/female) during the breeding season for 2 years in a Cerulean Warbler population occupying a mature forest in southwestern Michigan (U.S.A.) I determined territories of male birds on the basis of male plumage characters and phases of the nesting cycle (2007) and on uniquely color-banded males (2008). I transferred locations of identified males to topographic maps. I counted all fledglings in territories from May to July each year. The model I tested may apply only to single-brooded species; therefore, I searched the literature to estimate the percentage of single-brooded species in North America. The breeding season of Cerulean Warblers was short- nearly all nests were initiated from mid-May to late June. Nest predation and brood parasitism were primary and rare causes of nest failure, respectively. Significantly fewer Cerulean Warblers fledged from parasitized than from nonparasitized nests. Fledgling survival required to maintain the population size was well above previously published values for Neotropical migrants. Single-brooded species comprise 62% of North American breeding bird species for which the number of broods per year is known; I believe my results may apply to these species. The consistency between identification of populations as sources or sinks on the basis of either model estimates or direct measurements suggests that a demographic model relying on within-season sampling of fecundity is adequate to determine population status of single-brooded avian populations. In addition, on the basis of results of previous studies, annual adult survival rate of the Cerulean Warbler is typical of parulid warblers that are not declining. Thus, low fecundity, here determined with different quantitative methods, can drive status of landbird species with high-observed survival.

Hierarchical models for smoothed population indices: The importance of considering variations in trends of count data among sites

Population indices quantify changes in relative population sizes, which underpin much of basic ecology and conservation science. However, temporal changes in population counts may vary among survey sites for both ecological and artificial reasons, confounding existing population indices estimated without accounting for such variations. We created a smoothed hierarchical model, and compared its performance against the conventional approaches (generalized linear models and generalized additive models) and a non-smoothed hierarchical model using simulation data with a known nonlinear trend. The smoothed hierarchical model always estimated population indices with the best accuracy and precision; the performance of other models deteriorated substantially with increasing variation in trends of population counts among sites, causing inaccurate estimation of population growth rates. The estimated variations in trends of population counts among sites for 233 out of 518 North American breeding bird species were larger than the value used in the simulation where there was a considerable difference in the performance between hierarchical models and the conventional approaches. These estimated variations in trends of population counts among sites were particularly large in gregarious waterbirds. These results suggest that the smoothed hierarchical model developed in this study should play an important role in accurately assessing population indices, particularly for gregarious waterbirds, using count data from large-scale, long-term surveys in the field.

Awifauna wodno-błotna środkowej Wisły w okresie lęgowym: wpływ działalności człowieka na rozmieszczenie, liczebność i bogactwo gatunkowe

The inventory of birds was conducted in the years 2005-2010 on the Vistula River section between Dęblin (388 km of the river) and Podwierzbie (435 km of the river). The study area includes a southern section of the European Ecological Natura 2000 Site in Poland PLB140004 „Middle Vistula River Valley” (IBA, PL083). In most areas the Vistula flows here within unregulated or relatively little modified riverbed, having features of natural, lowland, braided river. Sandy islands and braid bars within the main channel, steep banks, and old riparian afforestation create the unique breeding habitats of the Vistula River Valley. Especially the river channel habitats provide suitable breeding sites for many rare bird species, constituting some of them the key-breeding sites. There are, however, fragments of several kilometers, where people transformed the Vistula River in a more visible way (Table 1). These are, among others: an urban section within Dęblin boundaries (km 388-393 of the river), a fragment adjacent to Kozienice Power Plant (km 421-426), and the area, where since 2007 gravel for the industry has been mining from the river bottom (km 426-431). The aim of this inventory was the comparison of richness and abundance of breeding bird species associated directly with the river channel on fragments mentioned above. It will allow us to estimate soberly how very the intensity of human utilization of the river affects the distribution of avifauna of the Vistula, determining the richness and abundance of valuable and/or endangered species breeding in a given area.

Species richness and composition of bird communities in various field margins of Poland

A study was conducted to determine the occurrence of bird species in relation to 70 field margins of an agricultural landscape in SW Poland. Three types of margins were divided according to the volume of tall vegetation, i.e. herbaceous, shrubby, and tree lined. Fifty breeding bird species were recorded, with a mean density of 33.2 pairs/km. The dominant species were non-threatened and were characteristic of forests or of the field-forest mosaic. Tree lined margins showed the highest abundance and bird species richness. Shrubby margins supported the second highest, while open habitats ranked last. Abundances in ecological guilds were affected by the margin type, the presence of field roads, and especially the presence of ditches in the margin structure. Redundancy Analysis showed clear differences in bird communities between the discernable types of field margins. Species richness increased in the combinations of various margin types. In heterogeneous farmland environmental policy should aim at maintaining various types of field margins at high density in the agricultural landscape.

Changes in potential habitat of 147 North American breeding bird species in response to redistribution of trees and climate following predicted climate change

Changes in potential habitat of 147 North American breeding bird species in response to redistribution of trees and climate following predicted climate change

Avifauna of the Gaoligong Shan Mountains of Western China: A Hotspot of Avian Species Diversity

The Gaoligong Shan Mountains (GLGS) of southwestern Yunnan, China, which form the southeastern extent of the Himalaya Mountains, are a narrow range running north–south, rising over 4,000 m in the north and receding into the lowlands in the south. The range is defined by the Irrawaddy lowlands to the west and by the Nujiang (also known as the Salween River) to the east. We summarize results of five recent ornithological expeditions that surveyed altitudinal transects in the southern and northern GLGS. The GLGS are a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site and are considered a by multiple conservation organizations. We used bird distributions to examine the hotspot status of the GLGS, and we discuss the value of the local species diversity for conservation. We found that the GLGS have tremendous avian diversity for a temperate region, with at least 486 documented avian taxa in the region. However, there is relatively little endemism in the GLGS per se, and ~50% of GLGS breeding bird species are near...

Vegetation and Avian Response to Prescribed Fire on Glade Habitats in the Missouri Ozarks

Abstract Due to fire suppression and land use changes, Missouri glade habitats have undergone long-term declines in area and function leading to consequent declines in many bird species that rely on these habitats. We examined breeding bird species composition and vegetation community composition on three glade sites undergoing restoration with prescribed fire and compared them to three unburned glade sites and three unburned forest sites. Although we documented subtle changes in vegetation characteristics in response to prescribed fire, important structural characteristics, such as canopy cover (>55% at all study sites) and grass cover (<10% at all study sites) remain outside ranges used to characterize glades. Despite this, bird community structure shifted towards grass-shrubland (glade) birds (e.g., prairie warbler (Dendroica discolor), blue-winged warbler (Vermivora pinus), yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens)) in glades that had been managed with prescribed fire. Using canonical correspondence analy...

Contributions by researchers of "Ciencia de Frontera" of the Chilean Academy of Sciences

neuronal cells, providing a detailed analysis of its structure, composition, dendritic distribution and dynamics. A functional link is provided with the analysis of the possible roles for the endoplasmic reticulum in synaptic transmission. In the immunological system, dendritic cells (DC) are responsible for maintaining adaptive immunity because they can modulate T-cell activities. Kalergisteam present a review of the interactions between dendritic and T-cells. Consequences of altered DC-T cells are analyzed in the context of autoimmune diseases. Pathological conditions are also presented in the paper by Marzolo and Farfan. This article deals with the role of megalin, a receptor for apolipoprotein E that is implicated in several diseases such as Lowe Syndrome, Dent Disease, Alzheimer's disease and gallstone disease. The authors review the current known functions and propose mechanisms that control megalin expression. Vegetal biology is also represented by the work of Moreno and Orellana, which describes the plant unfolded protein response (UPR). This is an up-to-date review showing the emergence of plant homologues for UPR proteins, and proposes some mechanistic linkage to physiological responses in plants. Nature biologists are also represented in this special issue by three articles. Nespolos team, analyze how morphological changes occurring during ontogeny may alter the metabolism of invertebrates. Metabolism in vertebrates is analyzed by Ramirez-Otarola and Sabat. They present an article showing how dietary habits may infl uence the physiology of digestion in eight bird species. Changes in the enzymatic activities amongst species led the authors to propose a genetic base for such differences. As well, by analyzing the distribution of breeding bird species, Abades and Marquet, characterize ecological phenomena. Based on statistical analyses of bird distribution, they propose that differences may be related to macroecological behavior. Finally, in a novel discipline, Gonzalez-Nilo et al. present a review of a new sub-discipline termed nanobioinformatics. The article shows some examples of nanobiotechnology in life sciences, and discusses new challenges for bioinformatics and computational chemistry. We hope this number of the Biological Research will be of interest for a broad number of biologists. We appreciate the energy and enthusiasm of the authors and other scientist that helped during the review process.

Finite size scaling in the local abundances of geographic populations

We analyzed the statistical distribution of intra-specific local abundances for a set North American breeding bird species. We constructed frequency plots for every species and found that they showed long-tail power-law behavior, truncated at an upper abundance cut-off value. Based on finite size scaling arguments, we investigated whether frequency curves may be considered scaled copies of each other. Data collapse was possible after taking powers of the total abundance of each species, in order to correct deviations from the underlying universal finite size scaling function (UFSS). The UFSS power law exponent oscillated in time within the regime of unbounded variance, which is consistent with the wild fluctuations that characterize ecological phenomena. We speculate that our results may eventually be linked to other law-like macroecological phenomena, such as energetic constraints reported in allometric scaling.

Bird fauna long-term monitoring in the Romanian lower Prut river basin

Bird fauna long-term monitoring in the Romanian lower Prut river basin In the present paper, we give data on the bird' fauna's dynamic during the last 18 years in the Romanian Lower Prut River basin. This valley shelters a good level of the biodiversity being very well protected through the border status, but due the low level of the industrial development, too, despite an increasing of the human pressure in the last years. We recorded in this area some very rare breeding bird species for Romania - Platalea leucorodia, Plegadis falcinellus, Limosa limosa, Recurvirostra avosetta, Himantopus himantopus, Luscinia svecica, etc. but also some globally threatened species like Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Aythya nyroca or Crex crex. In this sector of the Prut River basin three Important Birds Areas (IBA) were delimited, all included in the "Romanian Nature 2000 Network".

Composition Dynamics of an Avian Assemblage

Abstract I summarize the 10-year composition dynamics of a riparian avifauna on the Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado, USA. Only 15 of the 89 breeding bird species (19,393 individuals) were present each of the 10 years whereas 25 species were only recorded in a single year. Number of species in any given year ranged from 30 to 57 (34 to 64% of the 10-year cumulative species total). The number of species detected >1 and <10 years represented over half of all species with no pattern of either increasing or decreasing across years of study. Short-term definitions of species richness preclude the ability to define the major dynamic within an avian assemblage—species that use the site an intermediate number of years. Understanding the ecological prerequisites for these species should provide greater insight into current physical habitat and climate changes occurring on-site.

Role of Brazilian zoos in ex situ bird conservation: from 1981 to 2005

Zoos may play an important role in conservation when they maintain and breed large numbers of animals that are threatened with extinction. Bird conservation is in a privileged situation owing to the extensive biological information available about this class. Annual inventories produced by the "Sociedade de Zoológicos do Brasil" in the years 1981, 1990, 2000, and 2005 were analyzed. Variables, such as the number of zoos per geographic region; number of birds held; number of bird species in each IUCN threat category; number of exotic and native bird species; number of potentially breeding bird species; number of bird species in each order; and number of threatened bird species breeding, were analyzed. Brazilian zoos kept more than 350 bird species. The number of bird species and specimens held by the Brazilian Zoos increased from 1981 to 2000, but decreased in 2005. The same pattern was observed for the number of species in each IUCN threat category. Results showed that the potential of the Brazilian zoos in bird conservation needs to be enhanced because they maintain threatened species but do not implement systematic genetic, reproductive, or behavioral management protocols for most species.

Frequency of occurrence of a set of water-related bird species in an archipelago of remnant marshlands of Central Italy

In an archipelago of marshland fragments in Central Tyrrhenian Italy, we calculated the frequency of occurrence (i.e., the probability that an individual of a sensitive species occurs in a fragment of determined size area) of a set of water-related breeding bird species. Only one species (Cettia cetti) occurred in marshland fragments within the 0–1 size area class while all species were present in larger size classes. Acrocephalus scirpaceus is the only species that showed a significant increase in frequency of occurrence moving from 0–1 to 1–10 ha size area classes. However, our study supports the hypothesis that the frequency of occurrence of several other area-sensitive species (e.g., Tachybaptus ruficollis, Ixobrychus minutus, Gallinula chloropus, Fulica atra) increases toward larger size area classes, although these trends here are not significant. Therefore, the frequency of occurrence of these species should be a focus of further research in a wider range of marshland fragments. These results will be useful in terms of wetland management implications (e.g., selection of suitable fragments for sensitive species).

Brood Parasitism and Nest Survival of Brown-Headed Cowbird Hosts at High-Elevation Riparian Sites in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, California

Deciduous riparian ecosystems in the western United States provide habitat for a higher density of breeding birds than reported for any other avian habitat type and provide habitat for more breeding bird species than adjacent uplands. On the east slope of the Sierra Nevada, riparian ecosystems make up <1% of United States Forest Service lands yet experience a disproportionate amount of recreational use and development. Two of these developments, pack-station corrals and campgrounds, provide foraging opportunities for the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater)—an obligate brood parasite that forages on bare ground and feedlots but typically commutes to distinct shrubland or woodland habitats for breeding. We examined nest survival, brood parasitism, breeding phenology, and causes of nest failure for birds at North Lake and Rock Creek: 2 high-elevation (>2500 m) riparian breeding habitats adjacent to recreational development and within cowbird commuting distance to additional potential foraging sites. Nest survival tended to be higher for host species at Rock Creek than for those at North Lake, but parasitism rates were not significantly different between plots. Of 21 open-cup nesting species, 12 were parasitized. We found the highest rate of parasitism (92%) for Warbling Vireos (Vireo gilvus) at North Lake, and parasitism contributed to lower total nest survival there (14%). For nearly all species, parasitized nests were less successful and produced fewer young than nonparasitized nests. However, predation was the leading cause of complete nest failure across all species and contributed to the lowest total nest survival estimates for Western Wood-Pewees (Contopus sordidulus, 11%) and Dusky Flycatchers (Empidonax oberholseri, 15%) at North Lake and for Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis, 15%) at Rock Creek. Nest survival was relatively high for Western Wood-Pewees (41%) at Rock Creek and for Yellow Warblers (Dendroica petechia, 47%) at North Lake. We noted whether the arrival of pack animals at pack-station corrals contributed to variation in cowbird numbers at corrals or in parasitism rates at the 2 sites. Cowbirds occupied corrals before and after pack-stock arrival, and most host clutches were completed prior to pack-stock arrival at nearby corrals, suggesting that the presence of pack animals did not directly affect cowbird host species.

Ecological strategies successfully predict the effects of river floodplain rehabilitation on breeding birds

ABSTRACTTo improve the ecological functioning of riverine ecosystems, large‐scale floodplain rehabilitation has been carried out in the Rhine–Meuse Delta since the 1990s. This paper evaluates changes in abundance of 93 breeding bird species over a period of 10 years in response to rehabilitation, by comparing population changes in 75 rehabilitated sites with 124 non‐rehabilitated reference sites. Such quantitative, multi‐species, large‐scale and long‐term evaluations of floodplain rehabilitation on biodiversity are still scarce, particularly studies that focus on the terrestrial component. We try to understand the effects by relating population trends to ecological and life‐history traits and strategies of breeding birds. More specifically, we try to answer the question whether rehabilitation of vegetation succession or hydro‐geomorphological river processes is the key driver behind recent population changes in rehabilitated sites. Populations of 35 species have significantly performed better in rehabilitated sites compared to non‐rehabilitated floodplains, whereas only 8 have responded negatively to rehabilitation. Differences in effects between species are best explained by the trait selection of nest location. Reproductive investment and migratory behaviour were less strong predictors. Based on these three traits we defined eight life‐history strategies that successfully captured a substantial amount of variation in rehabilitation effects. We conclude that spontaneous vegetation succession and initial excavations are currently more important drivers of population changes than rehabilitation of hydrodynamics. The latter are strongly constrained by river regulation. If rehabilitation of hydro‐geomorphological processes remains incomplete in future, artificial cyclic floodplain rejuvenation will be necessary for sustainable conservation of characteristic river birds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.