Brazilian Social Security Research Articles

Em busca de incentivos para atrair o trabalhador autônomo para a Previdência Social

Este artigo objetiva demonstrar que incentivos são capazes de influenciar a decisão do trabalhador autônomo de participar ou não do sistema público de Previdência (INSS) utilizando um arcabouço de Teoria de Contratos (modelo de Principal e Agente). A flexibilização das regras referentes à cessão de benefícios previdenciários para os mais pobres presentes na Constituição Federal de 1988 funciona como um laboratório sobre a reação da contribuição previdenciária a incentivos. A análise empírica, entretanto, contradiz as previsões do modelo teórico. Há um movimento generalizado de saída do sistema público de Previdência, mas esse movimento é mais acentuado exatamente no grupo dos autônomos mais ricos. Em termos teóricos, isso é explicado como uma violação das restrições de compatibilidade de incentivos. Em termos práticos, pode-se pensar esse movimento a partir da maior oferta de fundos de pensão privados existente no mercado, concorrendo com o INSS.

Tábuas de mortalidade dos aposentados por invalidez pelo Regime Geral da Previdência Social - 1999-2002

In this study, mortality tables by sex are constructed for persons retired due to permanent disability by the Brazilian Social Security System, using data on benefits that were active at some moment during the period between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2002.

Uma estimativa dos aspectos distributivos da previdência social no Brasil

This paper studies the distributive aspects of the Brazilian social security system. Contributions made and received benefits for each individual were considered, in the period 1976-1999. The expected contributions and benefits flows of representative groups of individuals were then estimated. For each group, the internal rates of return inherent to the social security system were assessed. Groups with lower education levels achieve the highest rates of return. The rates are also different according to the country's regions. The rates of return have grown over the years. These results evidence the existence of distributive characteristics in the Brazilian social security system.

A reforma da previdência em dois tempos

This article analyzes Brazilian social security reform during the Fernando Henrique and Lula Administrations. After comparing the contexts in which the different Constitutional Amendment proposals (PECs) were submitted and the behavior by Members of Congress during the two periods, we argue that a contextual change (namely a switch in places between government and opposition) affected the distribution of preferences and resources between the players and impacted the government in the various arenas in which the game was being played, and that as a result the reformist agenda has made more progress under the current Workers' Party administration.

Work ability among nursing workers at the emergency service of a university hospital

In a couple of years, the demographic and epidemiologic transition observed in Brazil will put this country in a worldwide position of prominence in relation to the aged population. Furthermore, the need for economic adaptation and consequent changes in Brazilian social security will result in workers staying in the labor market for a larger period of time, thus influencing their functional ability. This study aimed to evaluate work ability among nursing workers at the Emergency Service of a University Hospital. Study participants were fifty-four workers (40 women and 14 men), whose ages ranged from 23 to 53 years (average age 37.3 years). We used the Work Ability Index (WAI), an instrument developed in Finland, which presented an average value of 42.0. The most mentioned diseases with medical diagnosis were musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory and neurological. We consider that health promotion at work is one of the fundamental aspects for maintaining work ability.

Social Security and Gender: Brazilian and World Practices

Social security is concerned on easing the impact of contingencies that lead to capacity loss for generating income. There are, however, conceptual differences between genders with respect to social security contributions and benefits. This text is concerned with equality and specificity in the treatment given to the different genders. Equality and specificity between sexes can be attributed to, basically, two different reasons: Biological and socio-cultural factors. Biological differences lead to issues around reproductive functions (birth and nursing). Socio-cultural differences lead to constructs defined in the specific society (cultural and religious values, family ties and hierarchy, labor market sexual bias, patterns of schooling, etc.). They show up in the labor market, in family structure and in levels of schooling. This text places social security in a historical perspective of the in[equality] between genders at a international as well as a national level. International unified concerns with equality and specificity between genders in the realm of social security are relatively recent. Only in 1919 the ILO - International Labour Organization formulated its first convention dealing with issues related to maternity protection. ILO conventions dealing with women protection with respect to social security benefits as well as the main issues defended by women organizations in world conferences sponsored by United Nations are presented and analyzed in this paper. For the Brazilian context, it is presented a list of the main differences between men and women with respect to social security benefits. Brazilian social security benefits are characterized by a major male profile. That is seen as a consequence of their predominance in the formal labor market in terms of quantity and of quality of position and relative earnings. Consequently, women benefit values are lower than men's. This situation is not due to social security rules and regulations unfairness of treatment but only reflects the actual situation in the labor market. In order to best understand the Brazilian situation and to place in the international context, legislation in 60 countries are compared. The comparison includes information disaggregated by gender on: minimum age for retirement, eligibility conditions for survivor's pension, maternity benefits and family responsibilities.

Companheiros servidores: o avanço do sindicalismo do setor público na CUT

Desde sua fundacao, em 1983, a Central Unica dos Trabalhadores (CUT) tem apresentado uma crescente participacao de trabalhadores do setor publico em suas instâncias deliberativas e organismos dirigentes. O artigo investiga como e por quais meios os servidores publicos influenciam as decisoes politicas da Central. O trabalho esta dividido em duas partes. Na primeira, o peso relativo dos trabalhadores do setor publico na CUT e apresentado por meio da analise da participacao desses trabalhadores nos congressos nacionais da Central e na composicao das direcoes estaduais e nacional da entidade, e da sua participacao no sindicalismo cutista em termos de numero de sindicalizados e socios quites. Na segunda parte, analisando o episodio da negociacao da reforma da Previdencia, procura-se demonstrar que, nao obstante seu peso quantitativo, os sindicatos do setor publico nao dominam o processo de tomada de decisao politica na Central.

Entrada e saída precoce da força de trabalho: incentivos do regime de previdência brasileiro

Este artigo explora os efeitos de uma regra do sistema previdenciário brasileiro, a da aposentadoria por tempo de trabalho, sobre as escolhas individuais de entrada e de retirada da força de trabalho Os resultados são comparados com os que seriam obtidos em um regime de aposentadoria por idade e em um regime de capitalização em que o indivíduo faz sua própria poupança. Nosso principal resultado é que o regime brasileiro, quando comparado aos demais, incentiva tanto a entrada quanto a saída precoce da força de trabalho, um grande desperdício de recursos para a sociedade.

Brazil:The Brazilian Social Security System

Brazil:The Brazilian Social Security System

Brazilian Social Security Reform: A Proposal to Assure Social Protection and Equity

Constitutional Amendment No. 20, recently approved by the Brazilian National Congress, does not lead the social security system accounts to solvency (even in the long-run), and does not promote social justice either. The main issue faced by today's pay-as-you-go system are benefit entitlement at an early age besides the demographic transition and the adverse conditions of the economy as well as of the labor market. Thus, this proposal for social security considers a mixed system public/private both for the general regime [Regime Geral de Previdencia Social (RGPS)] and for the civil servants at the federal level. In summary, our proposal is that each individual will be able to choose to take a part of his/her social insurance and invest through a as long as the individual insures at least three minimum wages through the The public insurer operates with defined benefits under a flexible notional account system. Therefore the person can choose the date as well as other conditions of his/her retirement. That person would pay a contribution tax actuarily calculated in order to equal the expected present value of benefits and contributions. Thus, an individual who postpones his/her retirement date pays a lower contribution than a person who does not. The private insurer would operate under a defined contribution system, with a fixed rate of 15,5%. Individuals already working at the time of reform, can still choose to join a private insurer. In this case he/she will receive a recognition bonus equivalent to past contributions paid (from all his/her contributions as well as up to 10 minimum wages from the employer) that exceeds the value insured in the public insurer, capitalized at a fixed rate of 3% a year.

The determinants of men's retirement behaviour in Brazil

This article describes the Brazilian social security system, assesses its retirement incentives, and uses 1980 census data to study the effects of the system and of other variables on men's retirement. Simulations show that the system can potentially have strong effects on retirement, and census data indicate that it significantly influenced male retirement in the expected directions. Self‐employed workers and employers have much lower retirement propensities than employees. Higher levels of earnings and schooling are associated with lower retirement propensities, and agricultural work does not have a significant effect, suggesting that these factors cannot underlie the long‐term trend toward earlier male retirement.

The Brazilian social security system: Coverage and constraints

The Brazilian social security system: Coverage and constraints

Follow-up of paraplegic patients after comprehensive rehabilitation.

One hundred patients from a total of 239 paraplegic patients were surveyed after at least 6 months in community life in order to assess the value of the rehabilitation programme. The patients' average age was 24 years, and the highest neurological level being T1. All patients had received intensive care, the average time being 4.7 months. The results were similar to those described in the literature, but the lower socio-economic levels and the absence of comprehensive initial care in general hospitals soon after trauma were negative factors. It is concluded that (1) Brazil requires medical and paramedical staff with specific training for the acute phase in more Rehabilitation Centres; (2) that paraplegics are greatly benefited by a rehabilitation programme; (3) the Brazilian Social Security should sponsor the rehabilitation programme.