Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology Research Articles

Optimization of derivatization procedure and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for determination of bensulfuron-methyl herbicide residues in water.

A simple and efficient technique based on liquid phase extraction with CH2Cl2 solvent followed by derivatization with (C2H5)2O·BF3 solution and confirmation analysis with GC-MS analytical method was developed for detecting the bensulfuron-methyl (BSM) residues in water. Box-Behnken response surface methodology was employed for optimization of the derivatization efficiency. According to the optimization model, the derivatization time of 45min, derivatization temperature at 55°C and 0.2mL (C2H5)2O·BF3 solvent were selected as the optimal derivatization condition for obtaining the maximum desirability of response. Method validation was performed at 6 working standard levels (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0μg/mL) and the linearity of the calibration curve was linear well over the 6 fortification levels with the squared correlation coefficient of determination r(2)=0.998 and the LOD was found to be 0.1μg/L for BSM herbicide. The mean value of BSM was detected from 0.0414 to 4.7542μg/mL at levels from 0.05 to 5μg/mL with the recoveries remained at the acceptable level (42.8-95.0%) with the RSD values from 3.5% to 6.2%, which is more accptable and desirable than the results obtained by LC methods. Moreover, the method allowed the determination of BSM residue in real paddy field water samples at concentrations between 0.0902 and 3.4605μg/L. Average recovery rates of the BSM spiked at levels 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0μg/mL into thirty water samples ranged from 74.1% and 94.1% with the relative standard derivation (RSD) values from 1.9% to 6.7%.

Process analysis of fine coal preparation using a vibrated gas-fluidized bed

Fine coal dry preparation becomes more and more significant for countries and regions which have insufficient processing water. Fine coal separation based on density segregation in a vibrated gas-fluidized bed (VGFB) does not use water and dense medium and has a good separation performance. This paper attempted to carry out a systematic process analysis of fine coal preparation in a VGFB. Particles distribution characteristics were experimentally studied and it was pointed out that a VGFB of fine coal having a periodic slugging behavior could obtain a good performance of density segregation. Furthermore, the effects of several operational factors on the stratification performance were studied using Box–Behnken response surface methodology (RSM) and the RSM analysis indicated that several factors including superficial air velocity, vibration intensity and bed height all had significant effects. Among these factors, the superficial air velocity behaved considerably more significant than others. Under the optimal operational conditions determined by the RSM analysis, the results of −6+3mm fine coal preparation in a VGFB showed that the yield and ash content are 76.68% and 25.15% as to the clean coal product, and 23.32% and 60.08% as to the gangue product, respectively. The probable error E value is 0.18, indicating a good performance of fine coal dry preparation in a VGFB.

Optimization of xanthan gum production using cheese whey and response surface methodology

Cheese whey lactose was used as a carbon source for xanthan gum production with Xanthomonas campestris and Xanthomonas pelargonii. Proteins were precipitated and removed from whey prior to fermentation. Box-Behnken response surface methodology was used for optimization of the carbon, magnesium, and phosphate source concentrations in the culture medium to maximize xanthan gum production. After 48 h of fermentation using X. campestris, the highest xanthan concentration (16.4 g/L) was achieved at 65.2 g/L of cheese whey (39.1 g/L of lactose), 14.8 g/L of phosphate (K H2PO4), and 1.1 g/L of magnesium (MgSO4·7H2O). The corresponding optimum cheese whey, phosphate, and magnesium concentrations in cultures of X. pelargonii were 80.0, 6.7, and 0.8 g/L, respectively, which resulted in a xanthan production of 12.8 g/L. The xanthan gum yield (g of xanthan/g of lactose) was 0.42 for X. campestris and 0.27 for X. pelargonii.

Study on adsorption of octenylsuccinate by sepiolite

Sepiolite was selected and studied for the adsorption of octenylsuccinate in the waste solution resulting from the production of octenylsuccinic starch. Scanning electron microscopy showed that sepiolite had a high surface area, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated the formation of bonds between sepiolite and octenylsuccinate. The effects of reaction temperature, initial octenylsuccinate concentration, pH, adsorption time, and sepiolite dosage on adsorption efficiency (%AE) were examined by single-factor experiments. Significant parameters were further optimized by Box–Behnken response surface methodology. The theoretical optimum value of 100% was obtained when the initial octenylsuccinate concentration, pH, adsorption time, and sepiolite dosage of 20 mL solution were 0.048 mol/L, 3.12, 5.40 h, and 771.32 mg, respectively. Under these optimum conditions, the real %AE was 99.07%.

Application of Box–Behnken design in optimization of biodiesel yield from Pongamia oil and its stability analysis

The present paper implements the Box–Behnken response surface methodology for maximizing the biodiesel yield from Pongamia oil by optimizing the four process variables. A biodiesel yield of 98.4% was achieved with methanol/oil molar ratio (11.06:1) using KOH as catalyst (1.43% w/w) in 81.43min at a temperature of 56.6°C. But the major problem associated with Pongamia biodiesel is its poor oxidation stability. This paper also investigates the methodology to improve the oxidation stability characteristics of Pongamia biodiesel. The result of investigation show that the use of antioxidant Pyrogallol (200ppm) significantly improve the induction period from 1.83h to 6.5h for Pongamia biodiesel while PB10 blend can maintain its stability without any antioxidant.

Predictive response surface model for heat-induced rheological changes and aggregation of whey protein concentrate.

Whey proteins are now far more than a by-product of cheese processing. In the last 2 decades, food manufacturers have developed them as ingredients, with the dairy industry remaining as a major user. For many applications, whey proteins are modified (denatured) to alter their structure and functional properties. The objective of this research was to study the influence of 85 to 100 °C, with protein concentration of 8% to 12%, and treatment times of 5 to 30 min, while measuring rheological properties (storage modulus, loss modulus, and complex viscosity) and aggregation (intermolecular beta-sheet formation) in dispersions of whey protein concentrate (WPC). A Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology modeled the heat denaturation of liquid sweet WPC at 3 variables and 3 levels. The model revealed a very significant fit for viscoelastic properties, and a lesser fit for protein aggregation, at temperatures not previously studied. An exponential increase of rheological parameters was governed by protein concentration and temperature, while a modest linear relationship of aggregation was governed by temperature. Models such as these can serve as valuable guides to the ingredient and dairy industries to develop target products, as whey is a major ingredient in many functional foods.

Application of Kansei Engineering and Box-Behnken response surface methodology for shape parameter design: A case study of wine glass

Application of Kansei Engineering and Box-Behnken response surface methodology for shape parameter design: A case study of wine glass

Evaluation of mechanical membrane cleaning with moving beads in MBR using Box–Behnken response surface methodology

AbstractIncorporation of moving beads into membrane bioreactor (MBR) has been suggested as an effective membrane fouling control because moving beads can mechanically remove bio-cakes on the membrane surface without additional equipment and energy input. As the efficiency of fouling control is dependent on factors associated with moving beads, however, the design of experiment was applied to find optimum condition for the effective mechanical cleaning with moving beads in MBR. Bead diameter (mm), bead number, and aeration rate (m3/h) were selected as independent design parameters. Based on batch test results, the correlation between the detachment efficiency of bio-cakes and three design parameters was established using Box–Behnken methodology. When all three design parameters at their optimal conditions (beadopt) were extended to the continuous lab-scale MBR, membrane filterability increased by three times, compared with that in the control MBR without bead. On the other hand, each of five experimental s...

Production of chitin and bioactive materials from Black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) shell waste by the treatment of bacterial protease cocktail.

The main objective of this study was to obtain chitin in pure form from a new crustacean waste material for industrial applications. Black tiger shrimp shell wastes are a rich source of protein and valuable bioactive carbohydrate polymers such as chitin. After removal of carotenoid, Black tiger shrimp shell wastes (BTSHWs) were treated with chemicals and protease enzyme to extract chitin. Box–Behnken response surface methodology was applied to optimize the deproteinization process to obtain chitin. At optimal pH (8.82), temperature (50.05 °C), agitation speed (100.98 rpm), enzyme substrate ratio of 1:8 (wv−1) and 72 h of incubation with Paenibacillus woosongensis TKB2 crude protease cocktail, 80 % deproteinization was found along with 77.28 % recovery of chitin. The valuable oligopeptides were determined by MALDI-TOF analysis and analysis of adequate amount of free amino acids in protein hydrolysate from BTSHW, indicating a high nutritional value used for food, feed or as a nitrogen source in growth medium for microorganisms. The chitin obtained was compared with the commercial chitin using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffraction and 13C CP/MAS-NMR. Chitin obtained from crude protease treatment showed comparable physicochemical and structural properties to those of the commercial chitin. The carotenoid obtained after treatment can be used for medicinal purpose.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13205-014-0245-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Box–Behnken study design for optimization of bicalutamide-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier: stability assessment

Bicalutamide (BCM) is an anti-androgen drug used to treat prostate cancer. In this study, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were chosen as a carrier for delivery of BCM using Box–Behnken (BB) design for optimizing various quality attributes such as particle size and entrapment efficiency which is very critical for efficient drug delivery and high therapeutic efficacy. Stability of formulated NLCs was assessed with respect to storage stability, pH stability, hemolysis, protein stability, serum protein stability and accelerated stability. Hot high-pressure homogenizer was utilized for formulation of BCM-loaded NLCs. In BB response surface methodology, total lipid, % liquid lipid and % soya lecithin was selected as independent variable and particle size and %EE as dependent variables. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was done for morphological study of NLCs. Differential scanning calorimeter and X-ray diffraction study were used to study crystalline and amorphous behavior. Analysis of design space showed that process was robust with the particle size less than 200 nm and EE up to 78%. Results of stability studies showed stability of carrier in various storage conditions and in different pH condition. From all the above study, it can be concluded that NLCs may be suitable carrier for the delivery of BCM with respect to stability and quality attributes.

Effects of Hydraulic Conditions on Effluent Quality, Flux Behavior, and Energy Consumption in a Shear-Enhanced Membrane Filtration Using Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology

A systematic study has been carried out to get insight into the effect of hydraulic conditions (feed flow rate (Q), transmembrane pressure (TMP), and rotating speed (N)) on the treatment of dairy wastewater with shear-enhanced membrane flirtation using Box-Behnken response surface methodology (BBRSM). Performances of three types of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane (UH005P, UH030P, and PES050) were compared to choose the optimal membrane. A 1.5 h test was conducted on the analysis of kinetics of permeate flux decline under various hydraulic conditions. With the help of the BBRSM method, the influence and interactions of three hydraulic factors were investigated and regression models were built, while data on effluent quality, flux behavior, and energy consumption as the response values were collected. The results showed that TMP, rotating speed, and their interaction effects could improve significantly effluent quality and flux behavior, reduce several irreversible and total filtration resistancess and greatly decrease energy consumption. The optimal hydraulic conditions obtained by BBRSM were as follows: Q = 75.81 L/h, TMP = 7 bar, and N = 2250 rpm. Under these conditions, the best effluent quality, optimal flux behavior, and minimal energy consumption have been observed.

Physical properties and fatty acid composition of pomegranate seed oil microcapsules prepared by using starch derivatives/whey protein blends

Effect of different product formulation on the properties of resulting pomegranate seeds oil (PSO) microcapsules during spray drying encapsulation was studied. PSO microencapsulation was optimized using Box–Behnken's response surface methodology. Emulsion droplet size (3.01–9.21 µm) and viscosity (16–34 cP), product yield (50–76%), microencapsulation efficiency (76–88%), moisture (2.3–3.5 g/100 g dry matter), water activity (0.17–0.22), bulk density (262–522 kg/m3), hygroscopicity (14–23%), solubility (>97%), particle size (11.30–36.27 µm), and microstructure were analyzed. Three saturated and six unsaturated fatty acids were identified in the PSO; punicic acid was predominant in both unprocessed and microencapsulated ones. The ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids was stable during processing, however, distribution of fatty acids – especially C18:3 isomers – changed by microencapsulation. Optimum product formula which simultaneously maximized the product yield and microencapsulation efficiency was predicted as 75.5 g/100 g emulsion dry matter (EDM) of maltodextrin/modified starch N‐LOK (70/30), 24.5 g/100 g EDM of whey protein concentrate, and 15 g oil/100 g EDM. Peroxide and p‐anisidine values of the encapsulated PSO were within acceptable range after spray drying. However, the oxidative stability decreased at high temperature (60°C) after 5 days of storage.The fatty acids composition of the unprocessed and microencapsulated PSO was same. The encapsulated PSO produced with the optimum product formula had a POV < 15 meq/kg oil, which indicates acceptable oil quality. Oxidation products reached to an unacceptable level (Totox value >30) after 5th day of storage at 60°C.

Statistical approach to optimize production of biosurfactant by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2297.

The main objective of this paper is to optimize biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2297 with statistical approaches. Biosurfactant production from P. aeruginosa 2297 was carried out with different carbon sources, and maximum yield was achieved with sawdust followed by groundnut husk and glycerol. The produced biosurfactant has showed active emulsification and surface-active properties. From the kinetic growth modeling, the specific growth rate was calculated on sawdust and it was 1.12 day−1. The maximum estimated value of product yield on biomass growth (Y p/x) was 1.02 g/g. The important medium components identified by the Plackett–Burman method were sawdust and glycerol along with culture parameter pH. Box–Behnken response surface methodology was applied to optimize biosurfactant production. The obtained experimental result concludes that Box–Behnken designs are very effective statistical tools to improve biosurfactant production. These results may be useful to develop a high efficient production process of biosurfactant. In addition, this type of kinetic modeling approach may constitute a useful tool to design and scaling-up of bioreactors for the production of biosurfactant.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13205-014-0203-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Optimization of medium components for production of chitin deacetylase by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Z7, using response surface methodology

Plackett–Burman design and Box–Behnken response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the medium components for the chitin deacetylase (CDA) activity from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Z7. Plackett–Burman design was applied to determine the specific medium components affecting CDA activity and found that starch, chitin and MgSO4 were critical in augmenting CDA activity. These significant parameters were further optimized using Box–Behnken RSM and the optimum concentrations of starch, chitin and MgSO4 were found to be 24.4, 8.8 and 0.19 g/L, respectively. The optimum medium composition was chitin 8.8 g/L, starch 24.4 g/L, yeast extract 10g/L, MgSO4 0.19 g/L, K2HPO4 0.3 g/L and NaCl 5 g/L. Under these optimal conditions, the CDA activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Z7 increased distinctly from 18.75 to 27.48 U/mL (46.6% increase in total yield).

Optimization of process conditions for production of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from vital wheat gluten using response surface methodology

The degree of hydrolysis (DH) and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity of vital wheat gluten (VWG) hydrolyzed using Alcalase were investigated using Box-Behnken response surface methodology (RSM). The mean responses were fitted to a second order polynomial to obtain regression equations. The enzyme-substrate ratio and the hydrolysis time increased the DH significantly (p<0.05). The substrate concentration was the only significant linear term leading to an increase in ACE-inhibitory activity. The optimized conditions of a substrate concentration of 5.04%, an enzyme-substrate ratio 5.94%, and a hydrolysis time 30.79 min gave a point prediction of a 12.74% DH and 82.28% ACE-inhibitory activity. Analytical results from confirmatory experiment were a 12.22%±0.5 DH and a 78.93%±1.07 ACE-inhibitory activity. The optimized conditions of the study provide useful information to the functional food and beverage industries to enhance the anti-hypertensive activities of peptides from VWG.

Adsorption property of direct red brown onto acid-thermal-modified sepiolite and optimization of adsorption conditions using Box-Behnken response surface methodology

AbstractThe chemical properties of the acid-thermal-modified sepiolite were investigated. At the same time, the adsorption behaviors of direct red brown onto modified sepiolite were studied. The pHZPC of the raw sepiolite and the acid-thermal-modified sepiolite was 7.32 ± 0.1 and 6.44 ± 0.1, respectively. The results indicated that the acid-thermal modification increased the surface acidity of the sepiolite and the available surface sites for adsorption. According to the X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectra, the results showed that the modification improved the purity of the sepiolite. The amount of the direct red brown adsorbed increased from 15.34 to 62.42 mg/g onto the modified sepiolite, as initial dye concentration increased from 50 to 200 mg/L. The amount of direct red brown adsorbed decreased from 18.96 to 13.76 mg/g, as the initial pH of the dye solution increased from 2 to 8. The direct red brown onto modified sepiolite was best described by the pseudo-second-order kine...

Degradation of Alizarin Yellow R using UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation process

The homogeneous advanced oxidation process of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was utilized to degrade Alizarin Yellow R, one of the most commonly used azo dyes in the textile industry. In this study, the effects of initial H2O2 concentration, initial dye concentration, initial pH, and temperature were examined to determine the optimum conditions for maximum degradation. Complete degradation was achieved within 1 h, for all the experimental conditions studied in the present work. The Box–Behnken response surface methodology (RSM) was used for optimizing the variables of the degradation process. Based on the estimated optimum conditions, 92.7% of degradation was achieved. The degradation process was found to follow first order kinetics. The estimated rate constants, along with the optimized conditions will be of useful for the design and scale up of the combined UV/H2O2 process for the said purpose. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 482–489, 2014

Valorization of Chicken Feather Waste for Concomitant Production of Keratinase, Oligopeptides and Essential Amino Acids Under Submerged Fermentation by Paenibacillus woosongensis TKB2

Response surface methodology was employed to optimize and improve submerged fermentation for the production of keratinase by Paenibacillus woosongensis TKB2. Among different physico-chemical parameters, 0.8 % chicken feather (w/v), 2.36 % bacterial inoculum (v/v), 5.08 % NaCl (w/v) and 0.052 % K2HPO4 (w/v) were significantly influencing on keratinase production, feather degradation ability and oligopeptides production, analysed through Plackett–Bruman factorial design followed by Box–Behnken response surface methodology. Under these conditions keratinase activity (78.62 U ml−1), feather degradation efficiency (86.99 %) and oligopeptides production (3.77 mg ml−1) respectively, were obtained in submerged condition. Furior tranansform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy reveled the sulphitolysis and keratinolysis of feathers. After fermentation culture filtrate containing significant amount of oligopeptides were analysed through reduced gel electrophoresis and Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF), reveled that the molecular masses of the solubilized products, oligopeptides, were less than 8,000 Da. Amino acids were detected and analysed through thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography signifies that a rich number of essential amino acids (valine, lycine, alanine, isoleucine, cysteine, tryptophan, lysine, glutamic acid, arginine, histidine, glycine, aspartic acid, thionine, hydroxyproline and serine) were produced in the fermented medium. This results influence the bioactivities of oligopeptides and amino acids derived from the bacterial-degradation of chicken feathers may be used for livestock feedstuffs formulation and used as nitrogen supplementation for micriobial growth medium.

Enhanced tannase production by Bacillus subtilis PAB2 with concomitant antioxidant production

Abstract The present study was aimed at finding the optimal conditions for tannin biodegradation by Bacillus subtilis PAB2, a newly isolated soil bacterium, and to study its fermentative byproducts. Tannase production by B. subtilis PAB2 in optimum level was studied by one variable at a time (OVAT) approach followed by Box–Behnken response surface methodology (RSM) using six important variables. The maximum tannase production (10.69 U/ml) was achieved in the presence of 0.47% (w/v) tannic acid, 0.23% (w/v) ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl), 0.1% (w/v) potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH 2 PO 4 ) and 0.046% (w/v) magnesium sulphate (MgSO 4 ) with the initial medium pH of 5.9 and incubation at 34.1 °C for 36 h under shaking condition (120 rpm). An overall 2.06 fold increase in tannase production was achieved after RSM global formulation. One of the major end product of tannin degradation i.e. gallic acid, was accumulated in the highest level (6.45 mg/ml) in 36 h of fermentation. Liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy results indicated the presence of both gallic acid and pyrogallol in the fermentative end product. Purification of gallic acid and pyrogallol was achieved through high pressure liquid chromatography followed by crystallization and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Associated production of tannase as well as gallic acid and pyrogallol by B. subtilis PAB2 makes it obvious in different biotechnological interest.

Orally disintegrating tablet of novel salt of antiepileptic drug: Formulation strategy and evaluation

The aim of present research was to design and evaluate orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) of novel lamotrigine-cyclamate salt. Box–Behnken response surface methodology was selected to design the optimized formulation. The independent factors selected were tablet hardness (X1), disintegrant (X2) and lubricant (X3) levels, and responses chosen were disintegration time (DT, Y1), friability (Y2), T50 (Y3), and T90 (Y4). The tablets were also characterized for drug uniformity by near infrared chemical imaging (NIR-CI) and taste masking evaluation by electronic tongue. All the selected independent variables were statistically (p<0.05) effect the Y1 while Y2, Y3, and Y4 affected only by X2. The optimized ODT was found to meet the regulatory requirement of DT and friability specification. The NIR-CI images indicated uniform distribution of active and inactive ingredients within the tablets. The electronic tongue results were analyzed by principle component analysis (PCA). It indicated that novel salt of lamotrigine and its ODT formulation have a taste similar to cyclamic acid which is indicated by close proximity on PCA score plot, lower Euclidean distance, and high discrimination index values. Furthermore, these parameters were very close to ODT placebo formulation. On the other hand, lamotrigine, its ODT, and placebo formulation were far from each other. In summary, lamotrigine salt provides another avenue for pediatric friendly formulation for children and will enhance patience compliance.