Bovine Papillomavirus Type Research Articles

Molecular Characterization and Developing a Point-of-Need Molecular Test for Diagnosis of Bovine Papillomavirus (BPV) Type 1 in Cattle from Egypt.

Simple SummaryBovine papillomatosis is a disease caused by bovine papillomavirus (BPV), which is a diverse group of oncogenic viruses that challenge cattle industry, resulting in significant economic losses. The present study investigated the occurrence of bovine papillomatosis among cattle (n = 308) with cutaneous warts on the head and neck from New valley Province, Egypt through molecular detection of BPV-1, -2, -4, -5, and -10. The work also involved a phylogenetic analysis of the positive samples for detection of the genetic relatedness of the virus. Interestingly, BPV-1 DNA was detected in 84.6% of the collected samples. Furthermore, the study included the development of an isothermal nucleic acid amplification test, which is a field test combining molecular and lateral flow immunoassays for point-of-need testing appropriate for veterinary use in resource-limited settings. Collectively, our study provided interesting data related to the combined use of molecular and immunoassays methods in the detection of the virus besides better understanding the genetic relatedness of the circulating genotypes of BPV-1 in Egypt. Our study suggested further research to explore more about the other genotypes of BPV in the Egyptian environment that could be helpful for the implementation of control strategies for combating this disease.Bovine papillomatosis is a viral disease of cattle causing cutaneous warts. A diagnosis of this viral infection is very mandatory for combating the resulting economic losses. Given the limited data available about bovine papillomavirus (BPV) in Egypt, the present study involved the molecular diagnosis of bovine papillomavirus type-1 (BPV-1), -2, -4, -5, and -10 in cattle presenting cutaneous warts on the head and neck from New Valley Province, Egypt. The phylogenetic analysis of the detected types of BPV was also performed, followed by developing a point-of-need molecular assay for the rapid identification of identified BPV types. In this regard, a total of 308 cattle from private farms in Egypt were clinically examined, of which 13 animals presented cutaneous warts due to suspected BPV infection. The symptomatic animals were treated surgically, and biopsies from skin lesions were collected for BPV-1, -2, -4, -5, and -10 molecular identification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The presence of BPV-1 DNA was confirmed in 11 collected samples (84.6%), while BPV-2, -4, -5, and -10 were not detected. Sequencing of the PCR products suggested the Egyptian virus is closely related to BPV found in India. An isothermal nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) with labeled primers specific for the BPV-1 L1 gene sequence, and based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), in combination with a lateral flow strip assay for the detection of RPA products, was developed and tested. The point-of-need molecular assay demonstrated a diagnostic utility comparable to PCR-based testing. Taken together, the present study provides interesting molecular data related to the occurrence of BPV-1 in Egypt and reveals the genetic relatedness of the Egyptian BPV-1 with BPV-1 found in buffalo in India. In addition, a simple, low-cost combined test was also validated for diagnosis of the infection. The present study suggests the necessity of future investigations about the circulating strains of the virus among the cattle in Egypt to assess their genetic relatedness and better understand the epidemiological pattern of the disease.

High Genotypic Diversity, Putative New Types and Intra-Genotype Variants of Bovine Papillomavirus in Northeast Brazil.

Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) can cause damage to the epithelial and mucosal tissue and currently presents 28 known types. Not all BPV types are associated with the development of cancer in cattle. Studies have shown that variants of human papillomavirus types can present different pathogenic profiles. However, despite the similarity, it is not yet known whether variants of BPV types can also present varying degrees of pathogenicity. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability of BPV types and variants isolated in Northeastern Brazil. Samples were obtained from animals with papillomatous lesions. BPV DNA was detected by the amplification of the L1 gene and genotyping was performed by sequencing. Mutations were analyzed in a phylogenetic, structural and functional context. In total, 52 positive samples were obtained and 11 different BPV types were identified in the samples. Ten putative new BPV types were also identified. In addition, several non-synonymous mutations were identified and predicted to alter protein stability, having an impact on immune evasion. The study demonstrated a high genetic diversity of BPV in the region with a large number of mutations identified, serving as a basis for more efficient control measures to be adopted for bovine papillomatosis.

Genomic characterization of a novel bovine papillomavirus type 28.

Infection of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) has been associated with mucosal and/or cutaneous tumor development in bovids. To date, up to 27 genotypes of BPVs have been identified and classified based on the nucleotide sequence identity of L1 open reading frame. In the present study, the complete sequence of a novel BPV concurrently identified with BPV1 and BPV2 in the facial cutaneous papilloma lesion of a domestic cattle was characterized. The whole genome of the unclassified BPV was 7263 base pairs in full length with GC ratio of 42.9%. In comparison with published BPV sequences, L1 nucleotide sequence of the novel BPV shared 75% identity with BPV15, and was suggested to be classified in the genus, Xipapillomavirus. According to the criteria established by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses, the novel BPV was designated as BPV type 28.

Bovine Papillomavirus 1 Gets Out of the Flock: Detection in an Ovine Wart in Sicily.

A proliferative cauliflower lesion was excised from the udder of a sheep. Histological investigation confirmed the macroscopic classification of the lesion as a papilloma, without any fibroblastic proliferation. PCR revealed the presence of bovine papillomavirus (BPV), which was further confirmed by the identification of a Deltapapillomavirus 4 by Next Generation Sequencing analysis. This was subsequently classified as bovine papillomavirus type 1. Negative staining electron microscopy (EM) analyses produced negative test results for papillomavirus particles. RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) confirmed the presence of BPV-1. The results further confirm the ability of BPVs belonging to the Deltapapillomavirus genus to infect distantly related species and to cause lesions that are different from sarcoids.

Epitheliotropic Infections in Wildlife Ruminants From the Central Alps and Stelvio National Park.

The mountain chain of the Alps, represents the habitat of alpine fauna where the red deer (Cervus elaphus) population is the outmost numerous, followed by the chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and the alpine ibex (Capra ibex) at higher altitudes. Previous reports showed the circulation of epitheliotropic viruses, belonging to the families Papillomaviridae and Poxviridae, causing skin and mucosal lesions in wild ruminants of the Stelvio National Park, situated in the area. To deepen our knowledge on the natural dynamics of the infections, a passive surveillance on all the cases of proliferative skin and mucosal lesions in wild ruminants was performed. Twenty-seven samples (11 chamois, 10 red deer and 6 ibex) collected from 2008 to 2018 were analyzed by negative staining electron microscopy, histology, and PCR followed by genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Results confirmed the spread of Parapoxvirus of Red Deer in New Zealand (PVNZ) in Italy, and its ability to cause severe lesions i.e., erosions and ulcers in the mouth. We showed for the first time a PVNZ/CePV1v (C. elaphus papillomavirus 1 variant) co-infection identified in one red deer. This result supports previous evidence on the ability of papillomavirus and parapoxvirus to mutually infect the same host tissue. Interestingly two ibex and one chamois showing orf virus (OV) skin lesions were shown to be co-infected with bovine papillomavirus type 1 and 2. The presence of bovine papillomavirus, in orf virus induced lesions of chamois and ibex raises the question of its pathogenetic role in these animal species. For the first time, OV/CePV1v co-infection was demonstrated in another chamois. CePV1v is sporadically reported in red deer throughout Europe and is considered species specific, its identification in a chamois suggests its ability of cross-infecting different animal species. Poxviruses and papillomavirus have been simultaneously detected also in the skin lesions of cattle, bird and human suggesting a possible advantageous interaction between these viruses. Taken together, our findings add further information on the epidemiology and pathogenetic role of epitheliotropic viruses in wild ruminants living in the central Alps and in Stelvio National Park.

Bovine Papillomavirus Type 2 Infection Associated with Papillomatosis of the Amniotic Membrane in Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

Multiple papillomatous nodules were observed scattered over the amniotic membrane in six water buffaloes that had recently aborted. Grossly, some of the nodules had multiple villous projections while others appeared as single prominent conical or cylindrical horns. Histology revealed folded hyperplastic and hyperkeratotic epithelium supported by a narrow fibro-vascular stalk. Using PCR, sequences of the bovine Deltapapillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) E5 gene were amplified from the amniotic papillomas. Furthermore, expression of the E5 gene was detected using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Western blotting revealed BPV-2 E5 oncoprotein as well as L1 protein, suggesting both abortive and productive infection. Additionally, a functional complex composed of BPV-2 E5 oncoprotein and the phosphorylated PDGFβR was detected, which is consistent with the activation of PDGFβR by the interaction with BPV-2 E5 oncoprotein. These results demonstrate that BPV-2 can infect the amnion of water buffaloes and suggest that this infection may cause proliferation of the epithelial cells of the amnion. While the precise pathogenesis in uncertain, it is possible that BPV-2 infection of stratified squamous epithelial cells within squamous metaplasia foci and/or amniotic plaques could lead to papilloma formation. Papillomavirus-associated amniotic papillomas have not previously been reported in any species, including humans.

Production of immunogenic recombinant L1 protein of bovine papillomavirus type 9 causing teat papillomatosis.

Bovine papillomavirus type 9 (BPV9) is a causative agent of severe teat papillomatosis. Considering the lack of efficient BPV culture methods, recombinant proteins such as virus-like particles developed through genetic engineering may serve as a useful tool for developing effective vaccines against BPV infection. In this study, we successfully produced immunogenic particles composed of recombinant L1 protein of BPV9 (rBPV9-L1), using a baculovirus expression system. rBPV9-L1-immunized mice produced BPV9-specific IgG, which did not cross-react with BPV type 6, which is another causative agent of teat papillomatosis. Hence, immunogenic rBPV9-L1 is potentially applicable as a vaccine candidate for teat papillomatosis.

Morphometric and Vascular Analyses and MMP-2 Expression in Bladders of Animals with Bovine Enzootic Haematuria

Background: Bovine enzootic haematuria is a chronic, non-infectious disease caused by the ingestion of bracken Pteridium aquilinum that contain ptaquiloside, substance responsible for the development of neoplasms in combination with bovine papillomavirus infection. Studies examining metalloproteinases have shown that these enzymes may be useful as prognostic markers and many studies have correlated the intratumoural microvessel density and incidence of metastasis in a variety of cancers, including bladder cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the urothelial morphology and vasculature and quantify the expression of the enzyme metalloproteinase-2 in the bladder lesions of bovine with enzootic haematuria.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty bladders with macroscopic lesions were subjected to routine histological processing. The material was stained using the Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin staining methods. The morphometric analysis included the measurement of the total thickness of the urothelium. Microscopically, the lesions were differentiated as neoplastic or non-neoplastic, and the vascular changes were characterised as vascular proliferation, ectasia, dilation and thickening and the material stained using the Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin method was used to evaluate sclerosis and the vascular fibroelastosis. The metalloproteinase expression was evaluated using an anti-metalloproteinase-2 antibody. The main non-neoplastic lesions found in the urothelium included clear cell metaplasia, dysplasia, hyperplasia, haemorrhage, cystitis cystica and Brunn's nests and the neoplastic lesions were haemangioma, myxoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, in situ carcinoma and haemangiosarcoma. The urothelium measurements revealed differences between the epithelial thicknesses of bladders with and without neoplasms. The bladder vasculature evaluation revealed the frequent occurrence of different pathological aspects, such as vascular proliferation, dilation, expansion, ectasia and thickening; more severe vascular proliferation, thickening and fibroelastosis were observed in bladders with neoplasms. Metalloproteinase-2 expression was observed in the epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells present in the tumour tissue and was a significant increase in the expression of MMP-2 in the neoplasms of mesenchymal origin compared to the neoplasms of epithelial origin.Discussion: The presence of a large variety of non-neoplastic lesions indicates the possibility that there are other factors concomitant to BEH involved. Epithelial hyperplasia and metaplasia, for example, could be the result of damage caused by bovine papillomavirus type 2 or even an altered urine pH. Furthermore, it is believed that the bladder has the capacity to generate various types of neoplasms due to the different histological components of the bladder, thus enabling it to generate both mesenchymal and epithelial lesions. The thickness of the urothelium was greater in all the quadrants with neoplasms compared to the quadrants without neoplasms. These data revealed that it is possible to use less invasive diagnostic imaging methods to characterise bovine enzootic haematuria and to measure tumour progression based on the severity of vascular changes. The vascular proliferation and thickening were significant in bladders with neoplasms, which may be explained by the fact that tumours require an extensive vascular supply. In addition, many tumours release vascular growth factors and promote neovascularisation. The intensity of the immunostaining of metalloproteinase-2 differed among the different types of neoplasms. However, due to the diversity of the tumours, it was not possible to establish a relationship between metalloproteinase-2 expression and tumour progression.

Complete genome and phylogenetic analysis of bovine papillomavirus type 15 in Southern Xinjiang dairy cow.

BackgroundBovine papilloma is a neoplastic disease caused by bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs), which were recently divided into 5 genera and at least 24 genotypes.ObjectivesThe complete genome sequence of BPV type 15 (BPV Aks-02), a novel putative BPV type from skin samples from infected cows in Southern Xinjiang China, was determined by collecting warty lesions, followed by DNA extraction and amplicon sequencing.MethodsDNA was analyzed initially by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the degenerate primers FAP59 and FAP64. The complete genome sequences of the BPV Aks-02 were amplified by PCR using the amplification primers and sequencing primers. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis were performed using bio-informatic software.ResultsThe nucleotide sequence of the L1 open reading frame (ORF) of BPV Aks-02 was 75% identity to the L1 ORF of BPV-9 reference strain from GenBank. The complete genome consisted of 7,189 base pairs (G + C content of 42.50%) that encoded 5 early (E8, E7, E1, E2, and E4) and 2 late (L1 and L2) genes. The E7 protein contained a consensus CX2CX29CX2C zinc-binding domain and a LxCxE motif. Among the different members of this group, the percentages of the complete genome and ORFs (including 5 early and 2 late ORFs) sequence identity of BPV Aks-02 were closer to the genus Xipapillomavirus 1 of the Xipapillomavirus genus. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence similarities based on the L1 ORF of BPV Aks-02 revealed the same cluster.ConclusionsThe results suggest that BPV type (BPV Aks-02) clustered with members of the Xipapillomavirus genus as BPV 15 and were closely related to Xipapillomavirus 1.

Molecular and pathological characterization of teat papillomatosis in dairy cows in southern Brazil.

Teat papillomatosis is caused by different bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types and is especially important for dairy cows, because it results in severe damage to the health and structure of the mammary gland. This work describes the molecular and pathological aspects of teat papillomatosis in dairy cows in southern Brazil. Samples of teat papillomas were collect from 73 slaughtered dairy cows. Fragments of the lesions were collected in individual pools per animal and subjected to PCR using the FAP primer pair and sequencing of the amplification products. Teats with the remaining lesions were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, routinely processed for histopathology, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Papillomatous lesions were characterized by three macroscopic patterns, namely exophytic (5 [6.9%]), flat (29 [39.7%]), and mixed (39 [53.4%]). Histologically, all samples were identified as squamous papillomas. Partial sequencing of the L1 gene resulted in the detection of 8 classical BPV types (BPVs 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12) in 27 samples, 6 previously reported putative BPV types in 17 samples, and 10 putative new BPV types in 15 samples. Four sequences could not be classified, and 10 were negative in the PCR. There was no correlation between the gross pattern and the BPV type identified, and all the samples were characterized by squamous papillomas under histological examination. However, 24 different BPV types were identified, demonstrating high genetic diversity among BPVs associated with teat papillomatosis in dairy cows in southern Brazil.

Genetic characterization of a putative new type of bovine papillomavirus in the Xipapillomavirus 1 species in a Brazilian dairy herd.

Currently, bovine papillomavirus types are divided into five genera, namely, Deltapapillomavirus, Epsilonpapillomavirus, Xipapillomavirus, Dyoxipapillomavirus, and Dyokappapapillomavirus. In the recent decades, the characterization of numerous putative and novel bovine papillomavirus types from cattle in several geographic regions, has revealed the occurrence of a high viral diversity. In this study, we describe the identification and characterization of a putative new bovine papillomavirus type within species Xipapillomavirus 1 of Xipapillomavirus genus. The detection of the viral types identified in the skin warts was obtained by polymerase chain reaction assays targeting the L1 gene, followed by direct sequencing of the generated amplicons. The partial L1 sequences revealed that bovine papillomavirus types 6, 10, and 11, the putative new bovine papillomavirus type designated BPV/CHI-SW2, and an unreported putative new bovine papillomavirus type (named BPV/BR-UEL08) were associated with cutaneous papillomatosis in the cows from the dairy herd investigated. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the L1 gene revealed that the BPV/BR-UEL08 isolate clustered with other bovine papillomaviruses classified in the Xipapillomavirus genus, being closely related to representatives of the species Xipapillomavirus 1. Investigations focusing on the molecular epidemiology of bovine papillomaviruses related to clinical outcomes in cattle are of fundamental importance to determine the actual genetic diversity and prevalent viral types to be included in vaccines for cattle.

Detectie van runderpapillomavirus in een paardencellijn als contaminant

Boviene papillomavirussen (BPV) behoren tot de familie van Papillomaviridae. Papillomavirussen zijn meestal soortspecifiek en epitheliotroop. Delta-BPVs vormen een uitzondering op deze regel omdat ze ook fibroblasten en niet-boviene hoefdieren kunnen infecteren. Celcultuur is essentieel voor het uitvoeren van in-vitrostudies, analyse van virusbiologie, vaccinproductie, weefselmanipulatie en toxiciteitstesten. In deze context vormt cellulaire contaminatie een aanzienlijk probleem. In de voorliggende studie werden verscheidene cellijnen (n = 27) beoordeeld op mogelijke BPV-besmetting. Voor dit doel werd DNA geëxtraheerd uit een celcultuur en vervolgens gescreend op de aanwezigheid van papillomavirus L1-capsidegen DNA met behulp van een consensus-polymerasekettingreactie (PCR)- systeem. Immunofluorescentiekleuring (IF) werd gebruikt voor de detectie van virale eiwitten. Opmerkelijk was dat één cellijn afgeleid van paardendermis positief testte met PCR en met de daaropvolgende IF-kleuring voor L1. Amplicon-sequenering gevolgd door L1-DNA-sequentievergelijking leidde tot de identificatie van een vermoedelijk nieuw BPV-type dat de grootste gelijkenissen met Delta-BPV-typen 1 (76%) en 2 (73%) vertoonde. Volgens de auteurs is dit het eerste rapport over de aanwezigheid van een vermeende BPV als een virale contaminant in celculturen die mogelijk een tot nu toe onbekende Delta-BPV vertegenwoordigt.

Phylogenetic tree analysis study of bovine papillomaviruses type 1 based on L1 gene in Al-Qadisiyah governorate, Iraq

Bovine fibropapilloma and papilloma occur in different parts of the skin of animals. Bovine Papillomavirus (BPV) is an oncogenic virus making benign tumor lesion of together mucosal and cutaneous tissue in cattle. In order to confirm the clinical diagnosis; the study planned to make the molecular detection of BPV (DNA) using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from skin lesions and the phylogenetic analysis. Thirty-eight samples of skin lesions were collected from cattle clinically suspected to be infected with bovine papilloma virus from herds in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate in 2016, the primary clinical diagnosis depended on the morphological appearance and features of the lesion. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) was extracted from skin lesions; the DNA was examined by PCR technique using specific primer to BPV-1 /L gene-1. Twenty-two samples out of 38 (57,9%), which were collected from different regions in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate, were positive. The sequences of four positive samples of DNA product amplification of (BPV) type-1, L1 gene confirmed the PCR results. These samples had the DNA presented in four accession numbers KY662042-1, KY662043-1, KY662040-1 and KY662041-1. This study proofed that cutaneous bovine papillomatosis related with BPV-1 infection in the cattle herds has affinity to solid skin rather than other epithelial and mucosal tissue.

Molecular Detection of Bovine Papillomavirus DNA in the Placenta and Blood of Healthy Mares and Respective Foals.

Despite the characteristic species specificity of Papillomaviruses (PVs), the bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types 1, 2, and—more rarely—13, can cross-infect equids, where they are involved in the pathogenesis of sarcoid neoplasms. Sarcoids are locally invasive fibroblastic skin tumors that represent the most common skin neoplasms in horses worldwide. The transmission mechanism of BPV is still controversial in horses. Thus far, direct and indirect routes have been implicated, while vertical transmission has been suggested after the detection of viral DNA in the semen of healthy stallions. Testing of the blood and placenta of non-sarcoid baring mares and their respective foals revealed that the equine placenta can harbor BPV DNA, leading us to speculate a possible prenatal vertical DNA transmission in equids.

No evidence of bovine papillomavirus type 1 or 2 infection in healthy equids.

There is a large body of evidence supporting bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 (BPV1; BPV2) as aetiological agents of equine sarcoids. However, there is conflicting data regarding BPV1/2 infection in sarcoid-free equids. Data obtained between 2007 and 2017 by BPV1/2 screening of sarcoids and nonsarcoid tumours vs. samples from healthy equids are presented to help clarify this issue. Cross-sectional study. Tumour material obtained from horses, donkeys and mules with confirmed sarcoids (n=130), suspected sarcoids (n=120), or nonsarcoid lesions (n=70), skin biopsies from 102 tumour-free horses and dandruff/hair roots from 35 tumour-free donkeys and mules were screened for BPV1/2 infection. Sample DNA was extracted and validated by equine β-actin PCR. BPV1/2 screening was performed by BPV1/2 E5-specific PCR allowing for the detection of less than 10 viral DNA molecules. Twenty-six amplicons were bidirectionally sequenced and compared to known E5 variants using BLAST program. BPV1/2 E5 PCR scored positive for 130/130 diagnosed sarcoids, 63/120 suspected sarcoids and 13/70 nonsarcoid lesions, whereas 137/137 DNA aliquots derived from tumour-free equids tested negative. On predicted E5 protein level, six different BPV1 E5 variants were identified. The diagnosis of equine sarcoid was not confirmed in 120 lesions. Lack of BPV1/2 E5 DNA in tumour-free equids and the prevalence of sarcoid disease in young adult individuals suggest that the time span between initial infection and sarcoid development is short. This contrasts with the long phase of virus latency characterising infection of humans by carcinogenic papillomaviruses. Presence of BPV1/2 DNA in several cases of poor wound healing/hypergranulation and dermatitis points to these skin disorders being possibly co-induced by BPV1/2. PCR screening of tumour tissue/scrapings for BPV1/2 DNA represents a reliable tool for the rapid validation of a clinical diagnosis of equine sarcoid.

Identification of bovine papillomavirus type 1 and 2 from bovine anogenital fibropapillomas.

Papillomavirus (PV) is a well-known pathogen associated with epithelial and mucosal neoplastic diseases. In contrast to human PVs, characterization of animal PVs from the aspect of anogenital neoplasm is still on a learning curve. In the present study, two vulval and one anal warts, histologically diagnosed as fibropapillomas, excised from dairy cattle were analyzed. PCR and sequencing revealed that bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) and BPV-2 were detected from anal and vulval fibropapillomas, respectively. Immunohistochemistry detected PV antigen in a few differentiated keratinocytes of one vulval case. Reverse-transcriptase PCR detected the early region, but not the late region of BPV mRNA in all three cases. The present study will provide new insight into the relationship between BPV and anogenital papilloma in cattle.

Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1 in Brains of Cattle with a Neurological Syndrome: Pathological and Molecular Study

Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) infection is endemic in Brazilian herds. Papillomaviruses are oncogenic, with a trophic response in squamous epithelial and mucosal tissues, and are associated with asymptomatic infections, proliferative benign skin lesions (papillomas), and malignant epithelial lesions (carcinomas). The presence and expression of BPV in the blood of healthy and papillomatosis-affected cattle has been demonstrated. Experimental inoculation of Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) into calf meninges can result in meningiomas and papillomatosis, but it´s not known if its natural infection causes neoplasia and neurological syndrome in cattle. We assessed the frequency of BPV in 300 Central Nervous System (CNS) samples from cattle with neurological syndrome from several Brazilian regions obtained from surveillance of neurological syndrome. Samples were negative for rabies, Neospora caninum, BoHV-1 and BoHV-5, bovine leukemia virus, and catarrhal malignant fever (PCR). Samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and submitted to macroscopic examination. For histological analysis, slides were submitted to a staining protocol using hematoxylin and eosin. PCR for BPV detection was applied in CNS frozen samples using generic primers FAP59 and FAP64 (L1 gene). Thirteen (4.3%) samples were positive for BPV by PCR, with 11 of these showing no pathological changes in microscopy, and two exhibiting nonspecific non-purulent meningoencephalitis. No CNS samples showed neoplasia. Nine of the 13 BPV positive samples (69.2%) came from females and four (30.8%) from males. The 13 positive animals were age 5 to 168 months with seven over 36 months (53.8%). Five were dairy cattle, four crossbred, and three beef cattle. Only one of the 13 positive samples provided sufficient BPV DNA for sequencing, which emonstrated 99% identity to samples of BPV-1 obtained from cutaneous papillomas in cattle in Brazil. The small quantity of BPV DNA in the CNS and the low number of PCR-positive samples may be associated with low neurotropism, unspecific inflammation, or BPV-infected lymphocytes in CNS tissues or bloodstream. Natural BPV-1 infection was not associated with cerebral neoplasia or neurological syndrome.

Teat papillomatosis in dairy herds: First detection of bovine papillomavirus type 10 in China.

Teat papillomatosis is one important infectious disease affecting cattle health and results in significant economic losses especially in the dairy industry. Although there is a large number of commercial cattle herds in China, limited information is available for molecular epidemiological investigation of bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs). In October 2017, an outbreak of teat papillomatosis occurred in the Shandong Province of China. Samples were collected and diagnosed with PCR, and 3 full-length viral genomes were amplified from tissue samples collected from 3 outbreak farms. Analysis results revealed that the outbreak was associated with BPV type 10. This is the first report of BPV-10 infection in China and will contribute to the molecular epidemiological study of the disease.

Sarcoide equino: revisión y actualización

El sarcoide equino es la neoplasia más común de los équidos y representa más de la mitad de las neoplasias de la piel de los caballos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue realizar una compilación del conocimiento actual sobre etiología, fisiopatología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta patología.El agente etiológico del sarcoide equino es el virus del papiloma bovino tipo 1 y 2 que afecta a équidos de todas las razas, sexos y edades. El traumacutáneo, la presencia de vectores como insectos y algunos haplotiposgenéticos son potenciales factores de riego. Se diagnostica a partir de la apariencia clínica, clasificándose en 6 tipos diferentes. La confirmación del diagnóstico se realiza mediante histopatología y las alternativas terapéuticas disponibles son muy variadas incluyendo cirugía, quimioterapia,radioterapia, inmunoterapia y otras. En conclusión, ésta es una patología de curso impredecible, no existiendo tratamiento efectivo por sí solo, ya que existe una alta probabilidad de recurrencia y solo el empleo de nuevas modalidades terapéuticas combinadas permite obtener mejores resultados. La prevención probablemente se verá facilitada en el futuro por el desarrollo de vacunas contra el virus del papiloma bovino.

Genetic evaluation of bovine papillomavirus types detected in equine sarcoids in Poland.

Equine sarcoids are the most common neoplasms in horses. Bovine papilloma- virus type 1 (BPV-1) is the main viral type identified in equine sarcoids in Europe. The aim of the present study was to genetically evaluate BPV types based on DNA analyses of the CDS of the L1 gene. The presence of BPV DNA was confirmed by Degenerate Oligonucleotide-Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (DOP PCR) with FAP59/FAP64 consensus primers. The DNA was detected in 21/40 (52.5%) of clinically diagnosed sarcoids. More than half of 14 isolates (66.7%) shared 100% homology with BPV-1 Deltapapillomavirus 4 isolate 09 asi UK (Acc. No. MF384289) and 99% nucleotide identity with BPV-1 isolate EqSarc1 (Acc. No. JX678969). A comparison with BPV-1 isolate EqSarc1 revealed one silent mutation in C5827T which did not change the aminoacid codon. The remaining 6 isolates (28.6%) shared 100% nucleotide identity with the BPV-1 (Acc. No. X02346) "wild type" isolate, and 1 isolate (4.8%) demonstrated 99% nucleotide identity with BPV-2 (Acc. No. M20219). Variants of BPV-1 isolate EqSarc1 (Acc. No. JX678969) constitute the most prevalent type of BPV-1 in Polish horses.