Borrowing Language Research Articles

Формирование лексической компетенции будущих лингвистов в условиях многоязычия

We consider the problem of the development of the lexical competence of the future linguists who study French language after English in the higher education system. We also analyze English borrowings in French language, consider their adaptation in the receiving language and reveal the semantic features of foreign words. It is disclosed that the lexical competence of a future linguist who studies French in multilingual terms, is the ability of the learner to determine the contextual meaning of foreign words, to compare the volume of their meanings in English, French and Russian languages, to explicate the meanings of words showing sensitivity to differences in lan-guages. Future linguists have the opportunity to learn the phenomena of the French language, ac-cept them, or through dialogue and textual analysis of linguistic information correct their mistakes. It is revealed that at the semantic stage of the integration of anglicisms into French language, their semantic expansion or restriction occurs. It is proved that the knowledge component of students’ lexical competence includes ideas about interlanguage lexical correspondences, word-formation structure of the word and their semantic features. Different strategies are used to study lexical units: searching for information in paper and electronic dictionaries, language supports, interlanguage contrasting exercises, which contribute to the improvement of the lexical competence of students in multilingualism terms. The use of information and communication technologies allows to develop receptive and productive lexical skills of students, contributes to the expansion of their vocabulary, leads to the development of future specialist’s awareness.

Analysis of Lexical Features of the Russian and English Languages in the Sphere of Information Technologies

The aim of the article is the analysis of the language of information technologies, the identification and description of its main features and its formation process. Lexical units of the language of information technologies and computer terms are studied on the basis of academic, technical and popular Russian and English scientific texts. Unlike the language of mass media, business, scientific, advertising, political, pedagogical, artistic, domestic and other discourses, the language of information technologies has not been sufficiently researched. There are practically no systematic and consistent works devoted to its formation. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the focus on the study of modern language tools that reflect the development of information and communication technologies for the effective implementation of professional communication in the context of globalization. The research employs general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization, as well as the method of electronic search in multimedia dictionaries and Internet resources. The article reveals the process of the formation of the language of information technologies: the emergence of the English neologisms and the adaptation of English-language borrowings in the Russian language. It also analyses the general use of modern computer terminology and its functioning in scientific discourse. The author concludes that the language in the field of information technology is constantly contributing to the lexical and phraseological systems of Russian and other languages, borrowing and accumulating English terms through replication, transliteration, transcription and other means of translation. In the process of the formation of the IT language, the appearance of numerous slang and jargon terms is observed.

Особливості функціонування запозичених лексем у мові українських засобів масової інформації

The article analyzes the most commonly used foreign-language lexical items in the language of modern Ukrainian mass media. The objective of the article is to study the thematic direction of foreign-language lexical items, to determine their stylistic role, as well as to indicate the instability of spelling of certain borrowings. The descriptive method and method of observation are used as the main ones in the scientific research for the study of lexical items in the language of Ukrainian periodicals of the beginning of the XXI century. At different stages of the research, the method of functional analysis was used to determine the stylistic meaning of lexical items. The foreign-language words are an integral part of Ukrainian vocabulary, due to some extralin factors, such as Ukraine’s course towards European integration, the process of globalization, economy restructuring, orientation towards the countries of the West, that have caused the close cultural, political, and social and economic cooperation of the Ukrainians with other nations. As the language of modern mass media shows, the borrowings get into various scopes of society: economic, social and political, scientific, cultural, educational, communication, everyday life etc. Due to the active borrowing of foreign-language lexical items, we can have a threatening linguistic situation: functioning of doublets in the language, increasing the number of unwanted homonyms, borrowing of proper names without translation, borrowing of words that aim at imitating something different. The borrowings in the Ukrainian language have often different spelling, which proves the instability of spelling and requires further scientific researches.

Кодификация орфографических норм якутского литературного языка

The problem of the development and codification of spelling norms of the Yakut literary language is considered. The relevance of the article is determined by the attention of researchers to the deep development of spelling issues in the languages of small nationalities. The purpose of the article is to study the history of the focused activities of Yakut philologists in developing and fixing the spelling norms of the Yakut literary language. The author used the synchronous-descriptive method including observation, interpretation, comparison, generalization. A review of the codes of the Yakut spelling and spelling publications for practical purposes, approved by official institutions. Attention is paid to the features of the codification of modern Yakut spelling carried out in 2001, the “Spelling Dictionary of the Yakut Language” (2002), as well as the new version of the Rules of the Yakut Spelling and Punctuation (2016). The spelling dictionary is considered as an experimental publication on the spelling of borrowed words from the Russian language in two versions - in phoneticized form and in the Russian outline of the basics of borrowed language units. The material presented allows us to conclude that the current Yakut spelling can successfully provide a uniform and stable spelling of all Yakut words, including borrowed ones, transmitted in phoneticized letters.

Редкая и малоупотребительная лексика как прагматический инструмент современного французского политического дискурса

The article deals with the rare and uncommon vocabulary used in contemporary French political discourse. Nowadays discourse studies are becoming increasingly complex and multidimensional. Political discourse is an essential component of everyday political life. The choice of research question is determined by its contribution to cross-cultural communication, as well as by the lack of discursive explorations regarding the rare and uncommon vocabulary. Our hypothesis is that this type of lexis would have some pragmatic motivation and may serve to realize a certain number of communication tasks. Thus, our research aims to describe the collected samples and reveal their pragmatic potential. Discursive analysis coupled with frequency evaluation shapes a methodological framework for our study. The total number of lexical samples is 32 units coming from public speeches, debates and interviews of contemporary French politicians. We have checked the frequency profile of all collected observations on the Google Books French Corpus Ngram Viewer. In order to test the relevance of the corpus and optimize the interpretation of results, we have also introduced a «control group», which contain 31 lexical units expectedly present in political lexicon. Our analysis shows that the rare and uncommon vocabulary serves various pragmatic goals, such as demonstrating the speaker’s performance, capture the audience's attention, achieving a euphemistic effect and some others. Our research gives us ground to affirm that the pragmatic effects of this type of lexical phenomena are due to its ability to break the functional isomorphism of discourse space. The arising disharmony may be caused by temporary disparity (obsolete words), topical mismatch (special vocabulary) or cultural variance (book words with complex semantics, little-known words or constructions, regional and foreign language borrowings). In general, our research leads us to conclude that the rare and uncommon vocabulary possess diverse pragmatic functions, which present an undoubted interest in further research.

Anglicisms in Sports Lexicon – Semantic Extensions and Its Justification

This paper discusses the influence of English on the Serbian language in sports newspaper discourse, starting from theoretical assumptions of contact linguistics, sociolinguistics theory of stratification of language, changing of codes and linguistic borrowing, which raises the question of the existence of the Angloserbian language as a variety of the Serbian language, formed under the influence of English. As can be observed, the use of foreign words of English origin – Anglicisms will be the subject of our paper. In this regard, this paper should answer two questions: whether those Anglicisms are justified or not, what is their status in the language and the level of their semantic adaptation. Starting from the fact that Anglicisms can be classified into several groups: quite justified, through to justified and unjustified and totally unjustified, the paper looks into the justifiability of recent Anglicisms in the Serbian language and its semantic extension. The corpus will be limited to the electronic version of the news magazine, two Serbian dailies (Novosti and Blic) from 2017/18. As an auxiliary corpus in the survey we used dictionaries of new words. Adaptation of anglicisms at the semantic level comprises various changes of meaning that occur at the process of borrowing. Three types of semantic changes have been analysed in this paper, changes in semantic extension: zero extension, expansion of meaning and narrowing of meaning. A considerable number of loanwords undergo zero semantic extension; they preserve their original meaning. Expansion of meaning is a secondary change since loanwords in the borrowing language acquire new meanings unknown in the source language. The narrowing of meaning is a frequent semantic change. Today’s presence of Anglicisms in the Serbian language is, given the high levels of exposure of Serbian speakers to English, an inevitable and expected phenomenon. Some Serbian linguists fear that Anglicisms are slowly supplanting Serbian words, which might eventually lead to forgetting who we are. The cause of this is frequently seen in the lack of adequate and institutionalised care of the Serbian language, marked by a lack of a centrally controlled language policy and consistent language planning, and by an easily observable disregard for Serbian in public communication. Furthermore, they regret the lack of an active relationship with English loanwords, that is, the activation of the Serbian language’s own linguistic potential also allowing the creation of native equivalents to Anglicisms. Today’s presence of Anglicisms in Serbian is rarely seen as the wealth, or conversely, the detriment of the Serbian language. It is rather perceived to imply or indicate: that first, Serbia(n) is ensuing the globalisation of the modern world and the influence of English as a global language; and second the subsequent missing role of the media in the popularisation of Serbian equivalents to Anglicisms. To sum up, the parallel use of Anglicisms and their native equivalents creates space for the semantic and stylistic diversification of language and for a freedom of linguistic choice.

IMPORTANCE OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES (AN EXAMPLE OF ROMANCE VARIETIES)

Language contacts can be studied in three directions: language acquisition; b) language borrowing; c) translation. In this project all the three directions are investigated. The process of language borrowing is analysed on four levels: phonological, morphological, semantic, and syntactic. The adaptation of a model (a foreign word) shows two kinds of changes, primary and secondary changes, which take place on all four levels. The adaptation on the quoted levels is carried out according to the three types of transphonemization (zero, compromise and free) and according to the degree of the change of meaning on the semantic level.

Translation of Proper Names in Hong Kong: Media and Official Usage at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

This paper aims to describe some changes to the translation of foreign proper names in Hong Kong at the turn of the twentieth century, that is, the 10-year span a few years after the 1997 handover to China. Due to an array of historical reasons and transliteration differences, there has been great variation in the Chinese translation of proper names across the Mainland, Hong Kong and Taiwan. To determine the possible influence of the change of sovereignty on how proper names are translated and used in this post-colonial, Cantonese-speaking city, where both Chinese and English are official languages, a number of transliterated place and personal names are taken from government documents and media texts for examination. The source language of most of these names is English. Several examples are also cited to show that the Mainland media has also adopted translated proper names customarily used in Hong Kong, indicating language borrowing is taking place. An attempt is made to theoretically explain the underlying causes of this translational change using Lefevere’s “rewriting” perspectives of patronage, ideology and poetics, and general theories on language change.

Languages in Contact : A Study of Arabic Loanwords in Malay/Indonesian Language

This paper discusses the contact language between Malay and Arabic language. Objectives of the study are to look into the similarities etymology of the two countries national language. This paper will implement qualitative analysis which is based on discussions and comparison. The results of this study show that cultural contact especially the reach of Islam in Southeast Asia results in linguistic contact. Linguistic borrowing in most cases exhibits as a response to language borrowing. A number of motivations stand behind the phenomenon of borrowing. As a result of cultural and linguistic contact between Malay language as a lingua franca of the region in the early days and Arabic languages so many Arabic words absorbs into Malay languages.

THE OTHER SIDE OF THE COIN

When languages come into contact, there is some degree of cultural contact, however limited. As a result, there is bound to be some negative as well as positive language change. Borrowing, bilingualism, code switching, code mixing, pidgins, creoles, language shift and language death are some of the products of language contact. The focus of this paper is linguistic borrowing as a result of contact between two languages: Lubukusu, an African language spoken by the Babukusu, a sub-tribe of the Luhya ethnic group of Bungoma County, Kenya and English, a foreign language in Kenya, first introduced through European explorers, Christian missionaries, traders and the British colonialist and its resultant effect on the borrowing language.

LOANWORDS FOUND IN BALI AND BEYOND MAGAZINES

The aim of this study is to know the types and the reason of using loanword found in Bali and Beyond Magazine. Another specific reason is to find out how many the loanword is used in these magazines. The data were collected by using observation method then they were analyzed by identifying the loanwords found in the magazines, then categorizing whether it is loanwords based on the level, loanwords based on the language involved and loanwords based on the frequency. Based on the analysis above, there are three types of loanwords: (1) loanwords based on the level that can be divided into two, they are: necessary loanword and unnecessary loanword, (2) loanword based on the language involved that can be divided into two, they are: loanword as culture and loanword as intimate and (3) loanword based on the frequency that can be divided into two, they are: loanword as speech borrowing and loanword as language borrowing.

В. А. БОГОРОДИЦКИЙ О РОЛИ ЯЗЫКОВЫХ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЙ

The article considers the Kazan scientist-linguist V. A. Bogoroditskii’s views on borrowings in the Russian language and their functions. At the same time, the Russian researcher assesses their frequency in speech. In his opinion, borrowings are one of the most important sources of the development of any language. V. A. Bogoroditskii’s linguistic conception and his theory of borrowings, as it is stated in this article, significantly influenced not only the ideas of many scientists of his time, but also modern Russian and foreign linguists.

Borrowings from Romance Languages in the Northern Ukrainian Monuments of the XVI– XVII Centuries

Borrowing is one of the most productive ways of expanding the vocabulary of any language. These questions are devoted to individual monographs, dissertations, articles and works indirectly touching the problem. However, today there is a need for a dictionary of borrowed vocabulary, the development of a unified methodology for the study of borrowed tokens, the detection and establishment of a real percentage of the borrowings in the Ukrainian language at different periods.
 Different ways of the descriptive method have been used, by means of observations tokens of foreign origin have been discovered, with the help of methods of generalization and classification. In the article selected borrowings are distributed according to thematic groups and the interpretation of observation results is also used. We also used applying techniques of comparable and comparative-historical method.
 The material that was analyzed by us has shown that borrowings from the Romance languages in the old Ukrainian monuments of business style, written in Polissya, in comparison with the Polonisms, Latins, Germanisms are not so many. The content of the thematic groups is limited, first of all, it is a household vocabulary (the names of fabrics and articles of them, ornaments, singly shoes), military vocabulary (the names of weapons), sporadically the names of food and drinks (wine). Borrowings from these languages are represented by a specific vocabulary, which testifies to the fact that they penetrated together with the reality that was designated. On the basis of lexicographic sources, it was established that these terms appeared mainly through the intermediation of other languages.
 Having fallen into the old Ukrainian language, adapted romanisms were subjected to the same processes as the specific vocabulary, in particular the active words used to be expanded, the narrowing of semantics; after the disappearance of reality, went to the periphery (archaic), part with certain semantic changes is now preserved in the north-Ukrainian dialect.

LEXICAL CHANGE CAUSES OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE IN DELI SERDANG REGENCY.

This qualitative research addresses the lexical change in Javanese language, which is aimed at explaining the lexical change reasons of Javanese language in Deli Serdang Regency. The transmigration process as the main aspects of creating Javanese language changes into variety accent and invite more action for the revitalization of language. The empirical materials were thoroughly and well-gathered from the document and interview. The highly critical and systematic analysis with ‘Miles and Huberman Model’ reveals that Javanese language in Deli Serdang Regency changes. This research has drawn the following reasons of lexical changes of Javanese language in Deli Serdang Regency were linguistic causes, historical, environmental causes and psychological causes. The internal reasons are homonym (words which have the same phonemic structure but different meanings), phonetic attrition (the variations of meanings due to the sound change), and shortening. On the other hand, external factors are historical or social. Nevertheless, the social factor of lexical change pointed out is about cultural factor due to the wide definition of social factor itself, which might be cultural, historical, economic,ect. In addition, the reasons of language changes for language split and language borrowing are recognizable on this phenomenon since the Javanese language of Deli Serdang Regency has diversity in classifying of dialect.

The genetic assimilation in language borrowing inferred from Jing People

The Jing people are a recognized ethnic group in Guangxi, southwest China, who are the immigrants from Vietnam during the 16th century. They speak Vietnamese but with lots of language borrowings from Cantonese, Zhuang, and Mandarin. However, it's unclear if there is large-scale gene flow from surrounding populations into Jing people during their language change due to the very limited genetic information of this population. We collected blood samples from 37 Jing and 3 Han Chinese individuals from Wanwei, Shanxin, and Wutou islands in Guangxi and genotyped about 600,000 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We used Principal Component Analysis (PCA), ADMIXTURE analysis, f statistics, qpWave and qpAdm to infer the population genetic structure and admixture. Our data revealed that the Jing people are genetically similar to the populations in southwest China and mainland Southeast Asia. But compared with Vietnamese, they show significant evidence of gene flow from surrounding East Asians. The admixture proportion is estimated to be around 35-42% in different Jing groups using southern Han Chinese as a proxy. The majority of the paternal lineages of Jing people are most likely from surrounding East Asians. We conclude that the formation and language change of present-day Jing people have involved genetic assimilation of surrounding East Asian populations. The language borrowing, in this case, is not only a cultural phenomenon but has involved demic diffusion.

Поговорим о деньгах (нерусские названия денежных единиц в “Курантах” XVII века)

The paper analyses monetary unit names, incorporated into Russian language in the first seven decades of the 17th century. The research aims at evaluating the level of assimilation of the foreign units in the borrowing language. The research material was extracted from Vesti-Kuranty, written from 1600 to 1670.

Влияние интернета на современный китайский язык

Усиливающееся влияние информационных технологий и англоязычной лексики на современный китайский язык и письменность проявляется не только в многочисленных заимствованиях англицизмов и акронимов, но и в лингвоспецифичных явлениях, которые обнаруживаются практически на всех уровнях языковой системы, но ярче всего в массовом обновлении лексики. Свойственная китайскому языку омонимия активно использовалась на протяжении всей истории его развития в силу такой особенности менталитета китайцев, как стремление к симметрии и парности, любовь к ассоциациям и аналогиям. На современном этапе, учитывая большую вероятность ввода неправильного иероглифа, языковая игра на основе омонимии получила новый виток в развитии, и креативные интернет-пользователи продолжают древнюю традицию словотворчества, одновременно расширяя арсенал способов передачи информационных сообщений в онлайн-коммуникации за счет различных фонетических и графических уловок для обхода контент-фильтрации. Иероглифическая письменность, подвергшаяся в ХХ в. серьезному реформированию и упрощению, в связи с популярностью в интернет-общении языковой игры обогащается новыми графическими знаками, созданными путем комбинирования уже существующих иероглифов. Массовый характер онлайн-коммуникации в КНР, характеризующийся сниженными требованиями к нормативности языка, приводит к постепенному проникновению элементов интернет-языка и принципов онлайн-коммуникации в другие сферы социальной жизни Китая.

Орфография заимствованных общественно-политических слов в кабардино-черкесском языке

The article deals with some issues of spelling in the Kabardino-Cherkess language of socially-political words borrowed from the Russian language or through the Russian language. It is noted that over the past decades the vocabulary of the Kabardino-Cherkess language have a lot, a large number of borrowed words, especially of socio-political meaning, appeared. It is shown that the main source of development and enrichment of socio-political vocabulary of the Kabardino-Cherkess language is the Russian language. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that with such a large number of borrowings in the modern Kabardino-Cherkess language there is no uniformity in the writing of socio-political lexemes. The author analyzes the main disadvantages of the current rules of spelling. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the author suggests specific ways to overcome spelling instability in spelling of borrowed socio-political words. It is concluded that the current “Rules of spelling and punctuation of the Kabardino-Cherkess language” need to be reformed, it is necessary to develop scientific principles of spelling of borrowings in the Kabardino-Cherkess language. To solve this problem, it is proposed to establish a linguistic and terminological Commission in the Republic at the government level.

Китаизмы в языке русского зарубежья первой половины ⅩⅩ века

Китаизмы в языке русского зарубежья первой половины ⅩⅩ века

Принципы описания терминологии языка саха в лингвистике 1920—1940-х годов

The features of term studies formation in the works of researchers of the Sakha language in the 1920-1940-ies are considered. It is reported that at this time, a lot of work was done to develop the theoretical foundations and principles of creating the terms of the Sakha language, as well as a large number of terms in various fields of knowledge, especially in the socio-political sphere. It is emphasized that terminology complexes have been developed in all subjects in the volume of high school. It is shown that these goals were achieved relatively quickly because of the Yakut intelligentsia leaders of terms construction, who recognized the great importance of this work, enthusiastically took up the work and led others. Among leaders there were now well-known figures of language and - wider - cultural construction: A. E. Kulakovskiy, S. A. Novgorodov, A. A. Ivanov (Күндэ), G. V. Baishev (known by literary pseudonym Altan Saryn) and P. A. Oyunskiy. The article notes that each of these scientists went his own way, had his own priorities. Based on the results of the review, it is proved that the activity on the Yakut terminology system development was initially focused on two main ways of terminology fund formation: the use of internal language resources and borrowing of terms from other languages, in particular Russian. The article attempts to analyse dictionaries compiled by figures of linguistic construction of 1920-1940 from the point of view of the theory of modern thermography in order to optimize typical and composite parameters of terminological dictionaries.