Borrowed Elements Research Articles

A New Example of Early Medieval Multiculturalism: The Tomb of Qu Qing and His Wife in Anyang

The materials of a new burial complex in Anyang (Henan Province, China) combining features of the tombs of Northern Qi and Sui, and of the “Sogdian” tombs of the 6th century AD are presented. From the text of the epitaph placed in the burial chamber it is known that aristocrat Qu Qing and his wife Lady Han were buried there. Qu Qing was the grandson of Qu Jia, the founder of one of the ruling dynasties of the Gaochang Kingdom. His wife came from a noble family, possibly with Wuhuan roots. The set of stone items, including door leaves, an engraved panel above them, an engraved screen, and a burial bed decorated with engravings, reliefs and paintings, serves as a valuable source of information about the heterogeneous culture of Early Medieval China. The images on the door and the panel above it are similar in content and style to the murals of the Northern Qi tombs. The plots of the compositions on both sides of the stone screen came from early collections of xiaoshuo prose, that can be classified as zhiguai xiaoshuo (“tales of the miraculous”). The stone bed is similar in design and partly in decorative motifs to the objects from the “Sogdian” burials of the Northern dynasties and Sui. The tomb demonstrates an example of adaptation and transformation of borrowed elements of funeral rites under the influence of Han culture. The combination of Confucian, Taoist, Buddhist and Zoroastrian images and motifs reflects the situation of religious syncretism typical of the early Middle Ages.

Korean neologisms of 2017–2021

This paper investigates the Korean neologisms of the years 2017 to 2021, collected by the Center for Korean Language Information Studies at Kyungpook National University, and examines in particular the 1,081 neologisms that contains at least one borrowed element, which constitute 58.2% of the neologisms collected during that timeframe. The analysis of the source languages of the loans (i.e., the borrowed elements) confirms the preponderance of English in neologism creation due to its status and prestige globally, with 1,024 neologisms containing at least one English morpheme. The examination of semantic categories of the loan-based neologisms shows the dominant interest of Korean speakers in the Economy, Society, and Life & Lifestyle domains, which is also reflected in those that were included in the dictionary Urimalsaem or suggested for inclusion by the dictionary users. Those neologisms in particular were further analysed and proved to be testament to cultural changes in Korean society, which has been shifting from a traditionally Confucian, male-dominant, work-oriented, and holistic society to a society that gives more space to women (ppaminisuthu “dad feminist”) as well as the individual (nanalayntu “me-me-land”) and their well-being (welapayl “work-life balance”, chonkhangsu “countryside vacances”).

Word-Formation Adaptation of Borrowings in the Modern Russian Language.

The article analyzes the word-formation adaptation of borrowings in modern Russian speech. Language reflects the dynamics of modern life and is often updated by borrowings. Besides phonological, lexical, grammatical and semantic adaptations, word-formation adaptation is also one of the most important processes in the sphere of borrowings. Nowadays, new derivative words based on borrowings are often used in modern speech, and the multiple meanings of borrowed elements are observed. In the process of this adaptation, the composition of new affixoids and word-formation nests is also expanding, which reflects the active participation of neologism elements in the word-formation structure of Russian words and the wide spread of their use. Regular replenishment of the word-formation fund with foreign-language elements shows the productivity of borrowings in the modern Russian language

МУЗИКАЛІЗАЦІЯ “НОКТЮРНУ B-MOLL” Ю. КОСАЧА ТА “СПРАГИ МУЗИКИ” В. ПЕТРОВА (ДОМОНТОВИЧА)

The article is devoted to the musicalization of the novel “Nocturne b-moll” by Y. Kosach and “Thirst for Music” by V. Petrov (Domontovych). It was noted that both the studied authors became the founders of the Artistic Ukrainian Movement (MUR). This is an organization of Ukrainian émigré writers, founded in Germany in 1945. Small prose, which prevailed in the mentioned period, was distinguished by a variety of themes and writer techniques. Common and distinctive modern trends are defined using the comparative aspect. For example, fragmentation, the splitting the world into visual sensations, including color, graphic and olfactory, fixation by the characters of individual details of the interior, clothing, and appearance of other characters, film coating method. Among the linguistic features, we find direct speech and improper direct speech in Kosach novel, and indirect speech in Domontovych novel. Attention is paid to determining the sources of musicality of the works of the specified authors. Ways of displaying music in works are highlighted. The considered novels of Kosach and Domontovych have an organic combination of musical and theoretical positions with the views of the writers on literature. The tendency towards musicalization is reflected in the title, borrowed elements of “musicality” are used in fragments interpreting listening or performing music (in Domontovych) and a certain subtext. For Kosach, music shapes reality, replaces words and actions, expresses emotions. It was concluded that the constant discussion of music is the same in both authors. The authors treat it as something sacred, completely incomprehensible to people.

The native-borrowed paradigm in the linguistic terminology of Yury Shevelyov

The article is devoted to analysing the terminology of the linguistic works of the famous Ukrainian linguist Yury Shevelyov (Sherekh). The author clarifies the ratio of native and borrowed elements in linguistic terms representing different language levels. The article takes into account the authorʼs manner of introducing terms and their borrowed equivalents into scientific texts. The frequency of use of Ukrainian terms and their borrowed counterparts has been determined. The article characterizes and classifies specifically Ukrainian and borrowed terms, considering their belonging to different language levels. The author outlines a number of linguistic terms that differ from their modern equivalents established in linguistics. Within the terms atypical for a contemporary, the author highlights terms to denote concepts of phonetics and characteristics of sounds, graphic and punctuation marks, concepts of syntax and types of sentences, in particular, word structure, groups of words, grammatical categories, ways of word formation, etc. According to the results of the research carried out on the material of Yury Shevelevʼs linguistic papers within terms with borrowed components, the author singles out terms with a component expressed by a noun (дублет, формант, еквівалент, etc.) and an adjective (атрибутивний, дублетний, релевантний / ірелевантний, контамінований, експіраторний, номінативний, пейоративний, препозитивний постпозитивний, релятивний, секундарний, фіктивний, etc.). In general, the terminology of Yury Shevelevʼs linguistic papers testifies to the famous linguistʼs desire to give preference to specifically Ukrainian terminological word forms. The terms of Ukrainian origin in his scientific idiostyle dominate in the designation of phonetic phenomena and sounds, word components, ways of word formation, parts of speech, their groups, cases and meanings, and types of simple and complex sentences. Instead, borrowed models of word formation represent nominations of groups of words according to various features and terms to denote language processes. Yuriy Shevelyov prefers the borrowed terms, denoting artistic tropes, stylistic figures and techniques. The author concludes that the largest number of terms atypical for modern linguistics are terms used to denote the concepts of phonetics, grammar, graphic and punctuation marks. Keywords: linguistic term, scientific idiostyle, specific / borrowed word, synonymous term, foreign equivalent of the term.

CHURCH BANNERS: PRESERVING NATIONAL ART AND RELIGIOUS HERITAGE

This article delves into the historical evolution and symbolic importance of church banners within Ukrainian religious and artistic contexts. It explores how these banners, integral to the modern temple interior, have evolved while remaining rooted in ancient patterns and canons. The article elucidates the iconographic significance of church banners, emphasizing their portrayal of saints, feasts, and biblical events that connect them to the identity and affiliations of communities. It examines the historical customs surrounding the use of church banners during various festive occasions, demonstrating their historical continuity with military rituals. Through an in-depth analysis of Ukrainian church banners from the 18th to the 19th centuries, the article explores their materials, techniques, and iconographic themes. Furthermore, the article explores the diverse functions and influences of different types of banners, including those used in military and urban contexts. It discusses the emergence of heraldic traditions and their impact on the character of Ukrainian banners, highlighting the fusion of local and borrowed elements. In the contemporary context, the article examines efforts to preserve and innovate in the field of sacred art, particularly through educational initiatives aimed at restoring and creating church banners. It showcases collaborations between academic institutions and religious organizations, illustrating the ongoing relevance and sacred value of church banners in the modern world. In conclusion, the article reflects on the enduring significance of church banners in Ukrainian religious and cultural contexts. It anticipates continued exploration and implementation of new projects that will enrich this venerable tradition, driven by the dedication of students, educators, and religious practitioners alike.

The specificity of dialectal word formation - some methodological and other remarks

Dialect is the speech of the oral environment based on oral intergenerational transmission. The orality of dialects and their ?history? reduced to the level of three generations (ME: PARENTS: GRANDPARENTS) has a clear impact on dialectal word formation, the description of which must take into account mechanisms other than those developed for analogous phenomena in the literary language. In the article, these issues have been indicated in pertinent maps and in excerpts from lexical corpora compiled on the basis of contemporary recordings (2001-2020) of several hours of conversations with numerous inhabitants of selected villages (about 50 people). In turn, the material obtained in the years 1985-1995 from the dialects of the Lublin region provided the grounds for examining the vitality of word formation in the dialectal environment, as well as the existence of borrowed elements in the linguistic borderland.

Архаизмы и инновации в традиции сербско-болгарского пограничья: Неготинский край

The paper analyzes archaic and borrowed elements of the tradition among the Serbs in the south of the region of Negotin, where they live in the neighboring villages with Vlach ones. Over the past two centuries, contacts between the Serbs and Vlachs (Romanians by origin) have been so intensive that this has affected even the most conservative part of ritual and magical practice: the funeral and memorial rites. Among the archaic elements of culture the paper focuses on spells and ritual-magical amulets the analysis of which showed that in the verbal part of the spells the common South Slavic basis is preserved, and associates with the pronouncing of the dialogue-ritual by two persons — performers of the rite (which N. I. Tolstoy studied in detail). Borrowed vocabulary from the Romanian folk tradition appears in the funeral rituals and folk medicine. Such terminological vocabulary includes the designation of a participant in a ritual dialogue who witnesses the sending of food and water to the dead martula, marturija; names like padura that refers to the Romanian folk beliefs of the forest spirits, etc. The materials analyzed in the study were collected by the author during the field survey in March 2023 of the southern part of the Negotinsky region (the villages of Brachevatc, Roglevo, Smedovatc, Rayatc) in the Timok River valley: both from oral conversations with informants and from local history publications, which in one way or another highlight the language, folk culture, folklore and history of the region.

Русские говоры Симбирского Заволжья в контексте этноязыкового взаимодействия

The study examines Russian dialects spoken of the Volga River’s left bank in the Ulyanovsk region in the context of inter-ethnic contacts. The interest in this topic stems from the region’s polyethnical and multilingual environment, which is driven by the presence of multiple peoples (Slavic, Turkic, Finno-Ugric) in the same area. After collecting and transcribing records, the researchers attempted to demonstrate that the Slavic, Turkic, and Finno-Ugric peoples residing in this region share some housekeeping traditions, which are reflected in their languages. The presence of borrowed elements in the Russian dialects of those peoples residing in non-native territories is explained by their secondary character. Ethnic and cultural contacts mainly influence dictionary in the Russian dialects of the Transvolga Simbirsk area, as the lexical sphere contains a large number of borrowings, primarily in cattle farming, such as names of animal groups, various names of enclosures and sheds (karda, baza). Ethnic and language contacts affect other lexical groups as well, including food, landscape, plants, animals. Borrowings among functional words deserve special attention (aida, aba). The grammar of the Russian dialects of the Transvolga Simbirsk area also features elements of the Mordovic (Erzya and Moksha) and Turkic (Chuvash and Tatar) languages.

Semantics of Phraseological Units with a Borrowed Component in the Speech of Russian Germans

This article reflects the results of a study on identifying the semantic features of phraseological units containing borrowings from the Russian language in the dialects of Russian Germans. The scientific novelty of the study includes the description of the specifics of the meaning of phraseological units of insular Russian-German dialects containing borrowed elements in their composition, tracing phraseological units created by German dialect means to convey the semantics of Russian set expressions, as well as semi-calques containing direct borrowings from the Russian language. The phraseological fund, presented in the text corpus of the Russian-German dialects existing in the Altai Territory, is characterized by significant originality, as it contains many phraseological units that differ from the standard and the original dialect variants. These features are reflected in the analysis of the studied fragment of the phraseological system of Russian-German dialects, phraseological units with components borrowed from the Russian language. As a result of the study, it was proved that borrowed words, penetrating into German phraseological units from the main lexical fund, acquire an expressive coloring, giving the phraseological unit additional evaluative meanings. Traced phraseological units of the Russian language serve to expand the phraseological fund of insular German dialects.

Фирменные наименования, образованные с использованием английских заимствованных компонентов, в торговле и бизнесе (коммерсонимы) г. Тюмени

The aim of the research under consideration is to identify the regional peculiarities of formation and functioning of Tyumen City proprietary names of businesses (commersonyms) with borrowed elements. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the analysis of the identified commersonyms, their formal and functional characteristics, the degree of decoding of the embedded information; determining the centres of geographical attraction of such units and the reasons for their localization. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the pragmatic value of a commersonym with borrowed components is determined by the ability of recipients to decode the information encoded in the proprietary name semantics at the stage of name creation.

Креативные неологизмы как результат гибридного словообразования в немецкой и русской разговорной речи

The aim of the study is to identify creative neologisms of the German and Russian colloquial speech formed through hybrid word formation, which is a combination of autochthonous and borrowed elements. The article discusses the main ways of forming neologisms using hybrid components. The scientific novelty of the research lies in studying the linguo-creative interaction of autochthonous and borrowed vocabulary in the process of colloquial neologisms formation. As a result of the study, it has been found that the main mechanisms of linguo-creative activity through hybrid word formation are universal. However, it results in language-specific colloquial units.

AUSBAU DES DEUTSCHEN WORTSCHATZES DURCH ENTLEHNUNG

The article is devoted to the analysis of lexical changes in the German language vocabulary, caused by loanwords. The research material is based on the last decade neologisms, which have come into the German language under the influence of foreign languages. They have been selected from the online dictionary of neologisms on the IDS OWID Internet portal using the continuous sampling method and classified according to the type of formation and morphological characteristics. It has been defined that more than half of loanwords are loanwords taken directly from foreign languages; others are reproduced by the German language according to foreign language models or are formed according to German structures using borrowed elements of word-formation. Semantic changes in lexical units under the influence of foreign languages are less frequent. According to the forms of loanwords, the following types are singled out: new loanwords, new linguistic calques, new linguistic half-calques, new meanings (first of all, borrowed ones) and derivational constructions based on borrowed derivational elements. Most loanwords come from the English language or are based on English examples. The lexical units borrowed from the English language are integrated into the German system of language and may be morphologically segmented relatively easily, which allows including them into the German system of word-formation. Linguistic calques, linguistic half-calques and derivational constructions based on borrowed derivational elements are considered to be the areas of the processes of borrowing and word-formation overlapping in the process on vocabulary enrichment. The borrowed lexical units are widely used in the German word-formation in the context of composition, less frequently – in derivation and contamination. Vocabulary enrichment occurs in different spheres of social life and is closely connected with changes in these spheres.

Visual Trends of the 21st Century in Graphic Design: Interpretation of Virtual Space Attributes

The article presents an attempt to characterize the graphic design transformation under the impact of virtual space with its unified elements. It has been established that the change of the graphic designer’s role in the system of modern information technologies development has caused the professional responsibility expansion at the intersection of real and virtual environments. The article aims to investigate the use of virtual space attributes (Internet page and mobile device interface elements) in uncharacteristic printed forms (for example, poster and packaging design) as a modern approach to graphic design that expands the designer’s visual language. The virtual environment elements, reproduced by graphic designers, are described, and their applications in print and “native” environments are compared. The groups selected for borrowing are as follows: system navigation elements, alert dialogs, menu bars, search bars, tags, and particular process progress indicator. The article highlights the imitation of raster in graphic design objects as digital images loading errors. It has been found that, first, the elements retain their recognizability and original meanings even beyond the context. Secondly, although virtual systems are structured, eliminating the number of unnecessary actions of the user, and possible errors, the incorrect program operation, in the form of alert windows, is the most attractive for copying. Third, borrowed elements are self-sufficient and their value approaches to the sign. The data of the article are of practical importance for graphic designers at the stage of project concept development.

Semantic Shift of Hebrew Words Borrowed into Palestinian Arabic in Hebron City

This research paper is an attempt to explore some of the changes in the Palestinian Arabic lexical items due to the contact between Arabic and Hebrew. Both Arabic and Hebrew belong to the Semitic language family (Blau & Blau, 1981). The nature of the contact and its effect on both languages has gained the interest of the scholars in the field of sociolinguistics and language contact. The objective of this paper is to shed light on the Hebrew lexical elements borrowed to the Palestinian Arabic, and identify these words with respect to the replacement of the original Arabic words by borrowed Hebrew words. The data have been collected from the native speakers of Arabic, and the data are classified and analyzed to find out whether the lexical borrowed elements affect the semantic properties of the original Palestinian Arabic words in the Hebron area. The discussion concludes that the high impact of Hebrew lexical elements is using the nouns more than other elements.

The meeting of a Russian with Europe in the travel writings of Peter the Great’s era (A.A.Matveev)

The paper revises the traditional view at the travel writings of the era of Peter the Great. They are usually considered as naive works, and content of these works as identical to the biographies of it’s authors. The method of historical and linguistic research of V.M.Zhivov on the language of Russian writing is applied to the material of travelogues. The main purpose is to account for the pragmatics of the utterance in travel literature as in a phenomenon synthesizing heterogeneous features in principle and in the transitional Peter’s Era in particular. The paper is focused on the notes of the diplomat A.A.Matveev, compiled by him for himself as a result of his journey from the Hague to Paris (1705–1706). The narrative technique in Matveev’s text is examined (descriptions of the monuments of the French capital and the inscriptions to them in Latin), and it is shown that we should not reduce the function of Matveev’s work to purely diplomatic tasks of his actual journey. The descriptions recorded in Matveev’s text were politically charged: the author not only collected samples of inscriptions, but also demonstrated a new way for Russia to glorify the reigning monarch. This peculiar collection of Matveev is also considered in the context of cultural phenomena that were relevant at the beginning of the 18th century: private and court collections of rarities, embossing of commemorative medals, etc. The conclusion is made that borrowed elements change their function in the travelogue. In the historical and literary perspective, we must bring such works as Matveev’s notes out of the zone of marginal literary phenomena. In general, this allows us to see the key trends of the transitional period of the history of Russian literature. It is more appropriate to consider these processes not to state the Western European origin of individual elements of culture, but to analyze their pragmatics associated with the demarcation from the old Russian culture.

The Great Steppe Frontier of Ukraine as A Contributing Factor to the Formation of the Cossack Raids in the 16th and 17th Centuries

The article considers the influence of the Great Steppe Frontier of Ukraine substantiating that the influence of the Great Steppe Frontier of Ukraine was not a line of demarcation between West and East, nor between other aspects of human life. The result was the emergence of a frontier way of life that included local traditions and borrowed elements of other cultures. In early modern European history, the Ukrainian Frontier witnessed the political rise of the Ukrainian Cossacks. One of the manifestations of the Cossacks’ frontier life of was the tradition of prey - traditional Cossack activities aimed at collecting booty, mainly in border struggles and skirmishes with the Turks, Tatars, Nogai. The article also contains a brief analysis of historiography on the issue. It studies the formative period of Cossack raids in search of spoils. The article offers an analysis of the components of Cossack raiding activity in the studied period and hints at the influence of these activities on the Steppe Frontier of Ukraine It also emphasizes the geographical and chronological boundaries of the Great Ukrainian Steppe Frontier and their impact on the border life of Ukrainian Cossacks.

Заимствование как источник коллоквиализации современного немецкого языка

The research objective is as follows: to identify borrowings role in colloqualization of the German language of the end of the XX - the beginning of the XXI century. The article examines causes of colloquialisms borrowing; the borrowed colloquialisms are analyzed taking into account diaphasic, diastratic and thematic aspects. Scientific originality of the paper involves the comprehensive approach to studying newly appeared borrowings taking into account language variability and thematic affiliation of linguistic units. The findings allow concluding that the borrowed vocabulary is scarcely represented in the German colloquial speech and basically includes the English jargonisms and hybrids containing autochthonic and borrowed elements.

Culture-Specific Information Encoded in Lacunae: The Author’s and Translators’ Strategies of Representation

The present study examines the representation of Ukrainian culture-specific information in Marina Lewycka’s novel A Short History of Tractors in Ukrainian. Such information is encoded in lacunae and the author’s or translator’s task is to decode it using relevant translation strategies. The latter ones have been identified: 1) the strategy of domestication (equivalent or near equivalent translation); 2) the combination of domestication and foreignization (transliteration together with a near equivalent and descriptive translation, calque translation accompanied by descriptive translation); and 3) the strategy of foreignization (borrowing, transliteration alone or combined with calque translation). Graphic means such as inverted commas and italics are used to mark information as culture-specific for the reader. Ukrainian and Russian translations of the novel demonstrate that lacunae are rendered mostly with the help of the corresponding Ukrainian and Russian lexemes. It has been revealed that archaic forms can be substituted by modern ones, and both native and borrowed elements are employed. This paper also demonstrates that the procedures and means used in rendering Ukrainian culture-specific information in the source English and target Ukrainian and Russian texts aim at finding balance between the strategies of domestication and foreignization used in the presentation of culture-specific information.

EFFICIENCY OF NATIVE LANGUAGE EDUCATION IN THE TRANSCARPATHIA BASED ON A REPEATED QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY (2008–2018)

During our research, we wish to find out whether the native language education reform of 2005 brought any positive changes in teaching the common language norm in the Hungarian schools in Transcarpathia. The research conducted last year (20 schools, 280 students) proved that additional native language education has a spectacular result: young people have a far more positive, objective attitude towards non-common language versions. By all means it is also worth to know whether any such changes can be discovered concerning the use of language phenomena observed with the help of the three task types. Based on an earlier survey it was proven that changes can actually be observed concerning the opinion about lan- guage dialects since the Hungarian language curriculum of 2005 became effective. This change is clearly positive. Students showed benevolence concerning language dialects, dialect speakers in far larger proportion than earlier. And it is not only present in the field of numbers. Their explained opinion also shows a more objective, rational view. Whether we look at the approach to, perspectives of the concept of language dialects, or the reasoning of their answers based on emotional attitude (e.g. Would you feel sorry if dialects died out?). It is clearly an efficient change compared to the earlier data that while in the course of the previous survey the situation of the minorities, borrowed elements were not mentioned concerning the local language variants (or if they were, then in a negative context). These changes are clearly due to the additive attitude and the secondary school textbooks prepared in this view.Such clear changes cannot be observed concerning tasks about common language norm awareness. Small differences can be seen concerning a few phenomena in the percentage of standard answers: in the case of using -nák, the future tense of the predicate kell. Studying the adverb of place suffix -nál/-nél used instead of -hoz/-hez/-höz and -tól/-től in a comparative function only shows an increase in percentage in the case of sentence correction tasks. This indicates that in the past 10 years representatives of the studies age group became somewhat more aware.The changed attitude that can be found in the Hungarian language curriculum in Transcarpathia and in the Hungarian language textbooks is by no means favorable for this positive change.