Bonny Light Crude Research Articles

Ameliorative Effects of N-Acetyl Cysteine and Zinc Sulfate on Reproductive Dysfunction Induced by Short-Term Crude Oil Exposure in Male Wistar Rats

Background: Crude oil contamination by accidental or voluntary ingestion is prevalent in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. One of the possible impacts of crude oil contamination is reproductive toxicity leading to infertility. The present study evaluated the potential protective effects of N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) and Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4) in mitigating reproductive dysfunction caused by short-term Bonny Light Crude oil (BLCO) exposure in male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Fifty (50) male Wistar (180 – 200g) were used for the study. They were divided into ten (10) groups of five (5) animals each. Groups I and II served as the control and negative control and received distilled water and BLCO (600mg/kg) respectively while groups III to X served as the experimental groups and received NAC (100 and 200mg/kg) and ZnSO4 (0.5mg/kg and 1mg/kg) orally for three (3) weeks. Animals were euthanized, and blood and semen were collected for biochemical and seminal analysis. Results: The results of this current study show that BLCO exposure caused a disruption in reproductive functions in rats by decreasing reproductive hormones and semen quality parameters in Wistar rats. NAC and ZnSO4 administration significantly improved semen quality parameters by improving sperm count, sperm motility and morphology in experimental rats. Conclusion: Evidence from the present study suggests that NAC and ZnSO4 protected the testes, preventing reproductive alterations linked to BLCO exposure.

Removal Potentials of Heavy Metals by Cassava Peels, Parts of Pawpaw Plant, Coconut Husk, Guinea Corn Chaff, and Pineapple Peels from Bonny Light Crude Oil Polluted Soil

Removal of environmental contamination such as heavy metals in soil, water and environment is of great importance for human welfare. Hence, the objective of this paper is to comparatively evaluate the removal potentials of heavy metals by cassava peels, parts of pawpaw plant, coconut husk, guinea corn chaff, and pineapple peels from bonny light crude oil polluted soil using appropriate standard methods. Results obtained indicated significantly high levels of heavy metals in the untreated crude oil contaminated soil at weeks 1, 8 and 12. There was a significant (P<0.05) decreasing trend in heavy metal levels in the contaminated soil after treatment with the various agro-residues after the 12-week period. The highest reduction of the heavy metals was observed in the test Group treated with a combination of the agro-residues under study; Ni (46.8%), Pb (61%), Cr (46.3%), Cd (34.1%) and As (49.8%) reduction. The results showed that the agro-residues under study can effectively enhance microbial removal of heavy metals in crude oil polluted soil.

Oil Price-Exchange Rate Interdependence: Relevance of Theory of Exchange Rate Overshooting in Nigeria

This article investigated the interdependence between crude oil variability and foreign exchange rate changes in Nigeria. Oil price variability is decomposed into fluctuation on Brent Oil, West Texas Intermediate, OPEC Basket Reference Crude Oils and Bonny Light Crude Oil Price Variability. All the data that used in this research come from secondary sources. Annual time series data for Nigeria are used from 1993 to 2022. The research design for the study is ex post facto research analysis of annual multivariate time series data. The study examined the historical data in order to understand the current state of foreign exchange rate in Nigeria and causal connections crude oil price variability using ARDL Bound test, Johansen approach and Error-Correction Mechanism (ECM) models. In the long run, the coefficient of oil price volatility shows a positive and significant relation with the f o r e i g n e x c h a n g e r a t e at 10 percent level of significance. This implies that a 10 percent, increase in oil price volatility induces foreign exchange rate by 0.61 percent. The positive coefficient of oil price volatility tends to reveal that Dornbusch (1976) Overshooting hypothesis of foreign exchange rate holds for Nigeria. This finding is in conformity with previous studies like (Driskill & McCafferty, 1982); Turnovsky & Bhandari, 1982; Driskill & McCafferty, 1982). Furthermore, the coefficient of BOP and OPEC show a negative and insignificant relationship with the foreign exchange rate in the long run. This implies that BOP and OPEC hav e no impact on foreign exchange rate. This is in contrast with economic theory particularly Dutch diseases proposition and in conformity with foreign exchange rate overshooting theory. The negative nexus can be blamed on the inability of government to manage the foreign exchange supply and demand effectively in the country. Diversifying away from oil to other non-oil activities that would generate foreign exchange sh

Effect of Cnidoscolus Aconitifolius on Some Biochemical Parameters in Wistar Rats Orally Exposed to Bonny Light Crude Oil

Purpose: Crude oil is used in folklore medicine to treat various forms of diseases and in most cases in combination with medicinal plants. Studies have reported that Cnidoscolus aconitifolius possess medicinal properties. The present study investigated the effect of different concentration of Bonny light crude oil and Cnidoscolus aconitifolius on some biochemical parameters of Wistar rats. The rats were orally exposed to different concentrations of Bonny light crude oil and Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaf extract individually and in combination.
 Methodology: After an exposure period of 21days, the results revealed that Bonny light crude oil and the leaf extract at concentrations of 250 and 500mgkg-1b.wt can induce damage to the liver and kidney within 21days of consecutive administration. This is shown in results of histological analysis gotten from the liver and kidney tissues.
 Findings: This study revealed that the induction of the leaf extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius and Bonny light crude oil at concentrations of 250 and 500mgkg-1b.wt for 21days may affect the liver and kidney.
 Contributions to theory, policy and practice:Therefore, it is recommended that the use of this leaf extract and Bonny light crude oil at concentrations similar to the ones used in this study should be discontinued.

Biochemical Investigation of Wistar Albino Rats Orally Exposed to Bonny Light Crude Oil and Andrographis paniculata Leaf Extract

Biochemical Investigation of Wistar Albino Rats Orally Exposed to Bonny Light Crude Oil and Andrographis paniculata Leaf Extract

Evaluation of the Total Dispersion and Distribution of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Aya Stream, Located in Niger Delta: Implications on the Quality and Health of Aya Water Stream

Globally, oil spills are known catastrophic events with harmful consequences that tend to endanger plant, animal and human life. The dispersion and distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons levels were investigated to evaluate its effect on the quality and health of Aya stream, located in the Niger Delta sub region, south east Nigeria. Water samples were collected from the stream, which is the most available source of water in Ikot Ada Udo local community, five years after an extensive oil spillage between the months of June and November 2012. These samples were analyzed to assess the level of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and physicochemical enrichment using Spectrophotometric with 1g of Bonny Light and Bonny Medium Crude Oils dissolved in 1000 ml of tetrachloromethane were used as standards as well as insitu measurements of water temperature and dissolved oxygen. TPH concentrations ranged from 0.21mg/l in dry season (September, October, November) to a maximum level of 0.33 mg/l in wet season (June, July, August) during the study. The mean concentrations found for physicochemical parameters during wet and dry seasons respectively were: temperature (27.67±0.29 & 27.83±0.290C), DO (3.47±0.65 & 3.44±0.67 mg/l), Cd (0.03±0.003 & 0.03±0.01mg/l), Pb (0.17±0.06 & 0.18±0.04 mg/l), Ni (0.08±0.01 & 0.08±0.005 mg/l), V (0.02±0.01 & 0.02±0.01 mg/l).The distribution pattern of trace heavy metals in the stream water followed the sequence: Pb>Ni> Cd>V. In all cases, Pb was the most abundant and V the least abundant metal. Elevated levels of some physicochemical parameters shown to correlate significantly (p=0.05) and associate with the oil spill infer that Aya stream has been severely polluted. Statistical analysis (t-test) of seasonal levels of TPH in water samples showed positive relationship (t=0.55, p=0.05). The implication of these results is that the concentrations of the studied parameters did not depend on seasonal influence but were connected with the incessant exposure of the site to oil seeps from the well-head. The high levels of lead above permissible limits in the studied samples poses a health threat, hence, the removal of the well-head and future situation of such structures away from the source of communal water source should be implemented to preserve the quality and health of the water source.

DESIGN ADAPTATION OF BATCH CRUDE OIL BOILER FOR CONTINUOUS DISTILLATION OPERATIONS.

Purpose: Boilers are some of the most critical equipment in many production process especially in refinery operations, as it is used in generating steam for different applications. Different types of boilers are available commercially and have comparative advantages over one another. The pot or kettle boiler is the foremost of these equipment and consists of an empty vessel with a secure lid and a burner that is the source of heating. Though overtaken in industrial applications by more modern designs, these simple boilers which are often batch process equipment are still useful for small production processes at low pressures. The work here developed design adaptation of these batch boilers for continuous vaporization of crude oil for artesian refining of the oil.
 Methodology: Physical and assay data of Bonnylight Crude Oil (BLCO) was used for the work from the library of ASPEN Technologies. Simple mathematical models were developed from interpretation of implicit phenomena of the boiler transformation process. The models were validated using ASPEN HYSYS process simulation software Version 10.
 Findings: Computational results of the models and simulation results gave good convergence except for the heat transfer parameter of the model which had almost 100% of the simulation value. Nevertheless, the models have good predictive capabilities
 Recommendation: The design adaption models herein developed can be deployed with reasonable accuracy for the heating of crude oil especially for small artesian operations. However, the study space of the subject matter can be expanded for better accuracy and reliability.

Prenatal exposure of bonny light crude oil induces embryotoxicity, impaired cognitive functions and cortico-hippocampal neurodegeneration on fetal outcomes of pregnant sprague-dawley rats

The low Sulfur level, heavy metals and easy production rate of Bonny Light Crude Oil (BLCO) makes it one of Nigeria’s most explored oil. This study investigated the memory impairments, embryotoxicity and cortico-hippocampal neurodegeneration induced by prenatal exposure to BLCO of pregnant Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats. Twenty pregnant rats were divided into 4 groups (A-D) of 5 rats each. Group A received normal saline as placebo. Group B-D received oral doses of BLCO at 0.73 ml/kg, 2 ml/kg and 3.8 ml/kg on pregnancy day 8–12.5 respectively. The pregnant rats were allowed to litter and nurse their pups. At 6 weeks postnatal life, twelve (12) selected young rats (n = 12) were accessed for behavioral study (Y-maze) and then sacrificed for biochemical and histological analysis. The results showed spontaneous abortion, still births and significantly reduced number of live births in the high dose group of BLCO compared to control. Length of gestation was significantly increased in the high dose group when compared to the control. CAT levels reduced significantly with concomitant increase in 8-OHdG among BLCO treated groups compared to control. Spontaneous alteration and number of arm entries decreased in the BLCO groups in comparison to control. Histological observation showed reduced cellular size, chromatolysis and presence of extracellular senile plaques in the prefrontal cortex and mild histological changes in the hippocampus architecture in the BLCO treated groups compared to the control. BLCO is capable of inducing embryotoxicity, impair cognition and cortico-hippocampal neurodegeneration.

Modeling the Nigerian Bonny Light Crude Oil Price: The Power of Fuzzy Time Series

Several authors have used different classical statistical models to fit the Nigerian Bonny Light crude oil price but the application of machine learning models and Fuzzy Time Series model on the crude oil price has been grossly understudied. Therefore, in this study, a classical statistical model—Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), two machine learning models—Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Random Forest (RF) and Fuzzy Time Series (FTS) Model were compared in modeling the Nigerian Bonny Light crude oil price data for the periods from January, 2006 to December, 2020. The monthly secondary data were collected from the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and Reuters website and divided into train (70%) and test (30%) sets. The train set was used in building the models and the models were validated using the test set. The performance measures used for the comparison include: The modified Diebold-Mariano test, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values. Based on the performance measures, ANN (4, 1, 1) and RF performed better than ARIMA (1, 1, 0) model but FTS model using Chen’s algorithm outperformed every other model. The results recommend the use of FTS model for forecasting future values of the Nigerian Bonny Light Crude oil. However, a hybrid model of ARIMA-ANN or ARIMA-RF should be built and compared with Chen’s algorithm FTS model for the same data set to further verify the power of FTS model using Chen’s algorithm.

Histopathological Effect of the Different Concentration of Crude Oil and Its Products on the Gill Apparatus of Catfish (<i>Heterobranchus bidorsalis</i>)

This project is aimed at assessing the Histopathological effect of the different concentration of crude oil and its products on the gill apparatus of catfish (<i>Heterobranchus bidorsalis</i>). Three concentrations (1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 M/L) of the petroleum products Premium Motor Spirit (PMS), Dual Purpose Kerosene (DPK) and Bonny-Light Crude oil (BLCO) were made. To each concentration, three adults of <i>H. bidorsalis</i> were incubated for 1, 24 and 96 hours. Triplicate values of samples were recorded in each of the different concentration of petroleum products. Three plastic containers containing three fishes each were not contaminated with petroleum product and was left as control (0.0 M/L) for the experimental work. Histology of the gill was used to determine the pathology of petroleum products on the gills. Histopathological examination following exposure to petroleum products showed elongation of gill lamellae, hyperplasia of lamellae, fusion of lamellae tips, separation of respiratory epithelium with underlying supporting tissue and altered gill rakers. Microscopical observation showed a significant difference (P<0.05) in hyperplasia and elongated gill lamellae. There were no significant difference (P>0.05) in heartbeats, weight and underlying supporting tissue in the different concentration of petroleum products. The various biological responses and changes observed with such histological alterations can be used as a tool to detect toxic effects of pollutants in the organs of living organism making it a good environmental stressor indicator for bioassay.

Mitigating Toxic Effects of Nigerian Bonnylight Crude Oil on Sperm Motility and Morphology of Wistar Rats with Ethanol Leaves Extract of Ageratum ConyzoidesSupplementation

Crude petroleum and aromatic hydrocarbons are among environmental pollutants with estrogenic tendency reported to have directly and indirectly impacted negatively on reproductive health with a decline in fertility of human and wildlife...

Degradative Ability of Silver Particles Synthesized by Gram-negative Bacteria of Some Crops Rhizosphere on Crude Oil Polluted Soil

Aim: To degrade the crude oil polluted soil with silver particles synthesized by some Gram negative rhizosphere bacteria of cocoa, orange and timber obtained from Idanre, Ondo State, Nigeria.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Soil samples were obtained from Idanre, Ondo State while crude oil polluted soil samples were obtained from Zion town in Ese- Odo at Ilaje, Ondo State, between June and September 2018. Also, Bonnylight Crude oil was collected from Warri in Nigeria. This research work was carried out at the Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of Technology, Akure.&#x0D; Methodology: Soil samples (rhizosphere) were collected in sterile polythene bags and tightly packed and transported for analysis. The types and loads of bacteria present in the soil samples were determined. Identification and characterization of various bacterial isolates were based on Gram staining techniques and different biochemical tests. The physicochemical properties of the crude oil polluted soil were determined. The microbial biomass and the synthesis of silver particles were carried out while the bioremediation of the crude oil polluted soil with the silver particles which were performed in triplicate. Also, bioremediation of crude oil with the bacterial isolates were performed in triplicate. Five millilitres (5 ml) of silver particles produced was inoculated into 50 g of sterilized crude oil polluted soil in a plastic container with 5ml of basal medium and 3 ml of the harvested cells of the isolates was inoculated into 10 ml of the basal medium with 30ml of crude oil in a conical flask. The unsterilized soil without inoculum and silver particles were served as control, also crude oil without inoculum and silver nanoparticles were served as a control.&#x0D; Results: Citrobacter freundii, Yersinia pestis, Edwardsiella tarda, were isolated from rhizosphere of cocoa. Serratia marcescens, Providencia stuatii were isolated from rhizosphere of orange while Enterobacter agglutinate, Moellerella wisconsis were isolated from rhizosphere of timber. The silver particles bioremediation on polluted soil ranges were recorded within 5 days interval for 30 days. It was deduced that Enterobacter sp appeared to be the fastest on polluted soil followed by Citrobacter sp, Providencia sp, Serratia sp and Yersinia sp.&#x0D; Conclusion: Findings from this study revealed the effects of rhizosphere Gram negative bacteria in cleaning up crude oil polluted soil environment and the usefulness of silver particles in remediating hydrocarbon polluted soil.

Niche-proxies of Hydrocarbon-impacted Rhizosphere Soil of Weeds of Bodo in Gokana, Rivers State, Nigeria

Niche-ecology and isolation studies of microbes from the environment have been described as the bedrock and driving-force for bioprocess industry. This investigation was designed to determine the microbiological quality of weeds growing on aged-crude oil polluted soil. Ten (10) weeds Cyperus esculentus, Scleria pauciflora. Asystasia gangetica Harungana madagascariensis, Ancistoclaudus tectorius, Kyllinga erecta, Cinna arundinacea, Brassica chinensis, Cyperus difformis, Kyllinga bulbosa and Brachiaria mutica and their rhizospheric soil were obtained from Bodo, Gokana LGA, Sludge farm and Botanical garden of the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The soil was enriched in Mineral Salt Media and Bonny Light Crude Oil, prior to the spread-plating on solidified media. Result of the analysis showed pH of soil samples ranged from 5.26-7.2; Electrical conductivity was 53.4-80.31µS/cm, and phosphate 0.74-5.35 mg/kg. Levels of Vanadium in pre-impacted rhizosoil obtained from Kyllinga erecta and Cinna arundinaceae were 0.61 and 0.70 mg/kg respectively. Moisture content of soil obtained from polluted and pristine environments were 11.75% and 17.82% respectively. Permeability indices were 9.0 describing the pristine soil to have low plasticity. Total heterotrophic bacterial count was within 3.5-8.0 Log10 Cfu/g distributed among the weed rhizospheres. Cyperus esculentus rhizosphere soil was more dominated with others like Achromobacter sp, B. lichenformis, B. anthracis, B. subtilis, B. fumari, Arthrobacter sp, Pseudomonas sp, P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens. Fungal isolates were Aspergillus terreus, Trichoderma sp, and Fusarium sp. These findings further support the rhizosphere of plants as a rich bioresource for biomining of high throughput strains for biotechnological application.

Hematotoxic Effect of Water Soluble Fraction of Bonny Light Crude Oil in Wistar Albino Rats

This study evaluated the Hematotoxic effect of water soluble fraction (WSF) of Bonny Light Crude Oil (BLCO) in Wistar Albino rats. After preparation of the WSF and a range finding test, the Wistar albino rats were administered three concentrations (25%, 50% and 100%) of WSF of BLCO for 30 and 60days. Data from the study showed that there was a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in PCV values (30.2% in the control group to 17.2% in the 100% group), Hb levels decreased significantly from 9.25 g/dl in the control group to 5.27 g/dl in the 100% group. WBC count decreased significantly from 2932 mm3 in the control group to 136 mm3 in the 100% group and finally RBC count decreased significantly from 241.8E4 mm3 to 567 mm3 with increasing concentrations in the treatment groups after 60days administration. These results suggest that the oral consumption of the WSF of BLCO led to an onset of anaemia which indicates the presence of less than normal concentrations of PCV, Hb and RBC.

Nephrotoxicological Effect of Water Soluble Fraction of Bonny Light Crude Oil in Wistar Albino Rats

This study evaluated the Nephrotoxic effect of water soluble fraction (WSF) of Bonny Light Crude Oil (BLCO). After preparation of the WSF and a range finding test, the Wistar albino rats were administered three concentrations (25%, 50% and 100%) of WSF of BLCO for 30 and 60days. Data from the study showed that Urea concentration increased significantly (p≤0.05) with increasing dose of BLCO ranging from 14.71 mg/dl in the control to 35.28 mg/dl in the 100% group after 30days and 14.28 mg/dl in the control to 41.08mg/dl in the 100% group after 60days, Creatinine concentration increased significantly (p≤0.05) from 0.22 mg/dl in the control to 0.82mg/dl in the 100% group after 60 days administration while electrolyte (Na, K, Cl) concentration increased significantly (p≤0.05) with increasing dose of BLCO after 60days administration. Histopathological examination of the kidney was characterized by partial partitioning of the glomerular tufts, obliteration of the Bowman’s capsule and distortion of the renal tubules. The findings in this research suggest that WSF of BLCO induced nephrotoxicity.

Adverse Effect on the Liver Biochemical Indices Following Dermal Exposure to Nigerian Bonny Light Crude Oil

Adverse Effect on the Liver Biochemical Indices Following Dermal Exposure to Nigerian Bonny Light Crude Oil

Toxicity comparison of water-accommodated fraction and chemically enhanced fraction of bonny light crude oil and dispersit SPC 1000 to mudskipper (&lt;i&gt;Periophthalmus papilio&lt;/i&gt;) fish

This study assessed the physicochemical characteristics and toxicity of water-accommodated fraction (WAF) and chemically enhanced WAF (CEWAF) of Bonny Light Crude oil and Dispersit SPC 1000 (dispersant) to Mudskipper fish (Periophthalmus Papilio). There were variations in the levels of the physicochemical parameters. The coefficient of variation (CV) indicated that the temperature show the least variation of 2.24% and salinity the highest 98.12%.Hypothesis test for significant differences at p &lt; 0.05 significance level however, showed that there were no significant differences in the levels of the measured parameters over the 96 hours. All the mudskippers fish samples exposed to the water accumulated water fraction of 10% bonny oil survived beyond 96 hours. An increase in toxicity of the oil was observed after 72-96 hour exposures of the mudskipper to the oil and dispersant CEWAF. For dispersant concentrations of 540 ml/L and 630 ml/L the survival of mudskippers was 80%. These mortalities might be due to the toxic effect of the dispersant, Dispersit SPC 1000.The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) and the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) in the test media were respectively 7.66-63.18 ppm and 0.82-5.26 ppm.10% Bonny light crude oil WAF had no effects on mudskipper survival. Exposures to 540 ml/L and 630 ml/L Dispersit SPC 1000 dispersed oil WAF (CEWAF) resulted in 20 % mortality. The lethal dose concentration was 885.5 ml/L (88.55%). The lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) was found to be 540 ml/L.Keywords: Water-accommodated fraction, chemically enhanced fraction, Dispersant, Mudskipper fish

Protective Effect of Ascorbic Acid Against Bonny Light Crude Oil Induced Atherosclerosis in Rats

Protective Effect of Ascorbic Acid Against Bonny Light Crude Oil Induced Atherosclerosis in Rats

Studies on the Plasma Albumin and Globulin Contents of the African Catfish (Heterobranchus bidorsalis) Adult Injected with Graded Concentrations of Bonny-Light Crude Oil

Studies on the Plasma Albumin and Globulin Contents of the African Catfish (Heterobranchus bidorsalis) Adult Injected with Graded Concentrations of Bonny-Light Crude Oil

Serum proteins and enzymes levels in rats following co-administration of ethanolic leaf extracts of Ageratum conyzoides and Nigerian Bonnylight Crude Oil

The role of administration of leaf extract of Ageratum conyzoides following the administration of Nigerian Bonnylight crude oil (NBLCO) on serum proteins and enzymes was investigated. Twenty female Wistar rats (120 to 150 g body weight) were divided into four groups of five rats each. The rats in group I served as the control group and were oral gavaged 3 ml/kg of normal saline; group II gavaged 748.33 mg/kg body weight of the extract of A. conyzoides, which was 20% of the LD50 (3741.66 mg/kg). Group III was gavaged 3 ml/kg body weight of NBLCO. This dose was calculated as 20% of the lethal dose of 14.14 ml/kg. Group IV animals were gavaged 748.33 mg/kg body weight of the extract of A. conyzoides, and 3 ml/kg body weight of NBLCO. In all cases, doses were applied daily for 31 days according to animal&rsquo;s most recent body weight. The results showed that NBLCO significantly increase serum albumin, globulin, fibrinogen Alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) compared with groups I and II (P&lt;0.05). Co-administration of leaf extracts of A. conyzoides with NBLCO caused significant reduction in the aforementioned parameters when compared with crude oil group (p&lt;0.05). It is concluded that co-administration of the ethanolic leaf extracts of Ageratum conyzoides with the NBLCO can be hepatoprotective to the extent of ameliorating its hazardous effects on the liver cells.