Bonny Light Crude Research Articles

Co-Administration of Crude Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Ageratum conyzoides ameliorates Nigerian Bonnylight Crude Oil-Induced Erythrocyte Haemolysis in Female Wistar Rats

Co-Administration of Crude Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Ageratum conyzoides ameliorates Nigerian Bonnylight Crude Oil-Induced Erythrocyte Haemolysis in Female Wistar Rats

Bonny Light Crude Oil Degradative Potental of Species of Cirobacter

Bonny Light Crude Oil Degradative Potental of Species of Cirobacter

Excretion Pattern of Nickel and Vanadium in Guinea-Pigs Treated With Bonny Light Crude Oil

Excretion Pattern of Nickel and Vanadium in Guinea-Pigs Treated With Bonny Light Crude Oil

Computer Aided Design of a Multi-Component Distillation Column for Processing of Nigerian Bonny Light Crude Oil

The design of the multi-component distillation column for processing of Bonny light crude is presented using advanced process simulation software (Aspen Hysys). The steady state design models were developed from Mesh equations and were used to obtain the design parameters based on the principle of conservation of mass and energy. The design parameters were column diameter, column cross sectional area, height of the column, downcomer area, hole area, weir length, wet area and tray spacing. The equations developed are capable of predicting compositions, partial pressures and temperature of the components of interest from the mixtures of crude oil. The accuracy of the design parameters were ascertained by comparing predicted results with literature data of a distillation unit. The simulation of the design models were performed using Aspen Hysys to obtain optimum values of the most significant variables/parameters (column diameters 1.558m, column height 17.048m, cross section area 1.907m2, downcomer area 0.229m2, tray spacing 0.5m, weir length 1.200m, hole area 0.191m2 and wet area 1.678m2). The result obtained from the steady state simulation shows that the feed flow rate, temperature and pressure influence the efficiency of the distillation column.

Molecular Diversity of Microbes with Probable Degradative Genes in Agricultural Soil Contaminated with Bonny Light Crude Oil

This study looked at the diversity of microorganisms persistent in agricultural soil sample polluted with 100 ml of 100% Nigerian Bonny light crude oil left for four years. DNA from crude oil polluted agricultural soil sample was extraction using ZYMO soil DNA extraction Kit. DNA sequencing was performed by Next Generation Sequencing Technique [NGST] using automated PCR cycle- Genome Sequencer™ FLX System from 454 Life Sciences™ and Roche Applied. Sequence analysis and alignment was performed using Vecton NTI suite 9 (InforMax, Inc.). The resulting nucleotide sequences were compared to sequences obtained from GenBank by BLASTx analysis using CLO Bio software as well as BLASTn using NCBI. Molecular Identities of microbial community was obtained by creating different dendrograms. Gene sequencing carried out read 513 different nucleotide sequences. Seven phyla with 47 corresponding culture-dependent species and 169 culture-independent bacteria clone were obtained. The resultant tree showed cladogram of proteobacteria ( b and g - proteobacteria), bacteria/enterobacteria, firmicutes, plantomycetes, acidobacteria group/ fibrobacteres, Bacteriodetes/chlorobi Actinobacteria/high G + C and chloriflexi phyla. Furher taxonomical classification was carried out with reads of sufficient Q scores (> q30) and lengths and a total of 420 read count of top kingdom classification of 100% bacteria kingdom was obtained. Proteobacteria phyla of class betaproteobacteria, order Burkholderiales and family Comamonadaceae had the highest read count with percentage diversity of 57.14%, 53.81%, 53.81 and 53.57% respectively. The nucleotide sequences with no hit (208) was sent to Genbank for asigning of ascension number. The detection of these diverse organisms from crude oil polluted agricultural soil left for four years, depict that the organism probably, have degradative genes which aided their survival.

Evaluation of Some Inflammatory Biomarkers in Male Albino Wistar Rats Following Ingestion of Crude Oil and the Role of Bee Honey, Vitamins C and E

Evaluation of some biomarkers of inflammation in male Albino Wistar rats following ingestion of Nigerian Bonny Light Crude Oil (NBLCO) and the effect of antioxidant supplementation was the focus of this study. Forty-eight adult male Albino Wistar rats weighing 150 - 180 g were randomly divided 8 per group into: group I (control) oral gavaged 3 ml/kg of normal saline; group II received 3 ml/kg of NBLCO; groups III, IV and V received in addition to 3 ml/kg of NBLCO 1 ml/kg vitamin C, vitamin E and 3 ml/kg of honey bee respectively; group VI received 3 ml/kg of honey. After 28 days of treatment, all animals were anaesthetized with chloroform and blood collected by cardiac puncture for analysis. Results showed that NBLCO administration significantly increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein while supplementation with antioxidant significantly reversed such effects (p < 0.05). NBLCO significantly reduced platelets and fibrinogen levels compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the vitamin supplementation significantly reduced platelets and fibrinogen levels compared to group II (NBLCO) (p < 0.05). Honey supplementation on the other hand significantly reduced platelets and fibrinogen compared to group II (NBLCO) (p < 0.05). From the results obtained it is concluded that ingestion of NBLCO has the potential to induce development and progression of inflammation but could substantially be mitigated by supplementation with antioxidant vitamins C, E and honey.

The Relationship between Nigerian Bonnylight Crude Oil-Induced Hypoglycaemia and Endogenous Serum Insulin Concentration in Male Wistar Rats: The Role of Antioxidant Vitamins C and E

The relationship between Nigerian Bonny Light crude oil (NBLCO) induced hypoglycaemia and endogenous serum insulin concentration; the role of antioxidant vitamin C or E supplementation was the focus of this study. Forty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into group I, which served as the control, group II, which was oral gavaged 6 ml/kg of NBLCO, groups III and IV, which were in addition to 6 ml/kg of NBLCO supplemented with 9 ml/kg and 1 mg/kg of vitamin E or C, respectively for 28 days. Results showed that NBLCO significantly (p p p p been demonstrated in this study that direct oral ingestion of crude oil (NBLCO) could reduce food intake, body weight and cause hypoglycemia; the hypoglycemia may not be a function of serum insulin concentration. Interestingly, the hazardous effects of NBLCO could be ameliorated with antioxidant vitamin C or E supplementation.

Kinetic Modelling and Half-Life Study on Enhanced Soil Bioremediation of Bonny Light Crude Oil Amended with Crop and Animal-Derived Organic Wastes

In this study, the potential effects of crop and animal-derived organic wastes as nutrient supplements to biostimulate autochthonous microflora for hydrocarbon biodegradation were investigated. Microcosms containing soil were spiked with weathered Bonny light crude oil (WBLCO) (10 % w/w) and amended with various amounts of groundnut shell, beans shell, melon shell, cassava peels, cow dung and pig dung alone or in combinations. The rates of biodegradation of the crude oil were studied for a remediation period of 42 days under laboratory conditions. The results showed that there was a positive relationship between the rate of petroleum hydrocarbons biodegradation and presence of the crop and animal-derived organic wastes alone or in combination in soil microcosms contaminated with crude oil. The WBLCO biodegradation data fitted well to the first-order kinetic model. The model revealed that WBLCO contaminated-soil microcosms amended with crop and animal-derived organic wastes had higher biodegradation rate constants (k) as well as lower half-life times (t1/2) than soil microcosms amended with NPK fertilizer and unamended soil (natural attenuation) remediation system. The biodegradation rate constant and estimated biostimulation efficiency values showed that among the crop and animal-derived organic wastes used alone and in combinations, pig dung suggest to offer the best biostimulation performance, which was closely followed by the combination of pig dung and cassava peels. The system proposed here is inexpensive, efficient, and environmentally friendly and may thus offer a viable choice for petroleum hydrocarbons-contaminated soil remediation.

Acute Toxicity Effect of Bonny Light Crude Oil on Sarotherodon melanotheron (Black Chin Tilapia)

Acute Toxicity Effect of Bonny Light Crude Oil on Sarotherodon melanotheron (Black Chin Tilapia)

Vitamin C or E Supplementation Ameliorates Nigerian Bonny Light Crude Oil-Induced Erythrocyte Haemolysis in Male Wistar Rats

Exposure to Nigerian Bonny Light crude oil contamination may lead to disruption and interference with the physiology of biological membranes leading to disease conditions. The paucity of information on the influence of oral ingestion of Nigerian Bonny Light Crude Oil (NBLCO) and antioxidant vitamin supplementation on the erythrocyte membrane necessitated this study. Forty male Wistar rats (150 - 165g body weight) were divided into four groups of 10 rats each. Group I served as control and was gavaged 6ml/kg normal saline, group II was gavaged 6ml/kg NBLCO. Groups III and IV were in addition to 6ml/kg of NBLCO supplemented with 1mg/kg and 9mg/kg of vitamin C or E respectively. The results show that the median corpuscular fragility (MCF) was significantly higher (p<0.001) in NBLCO group. The MCF of vitamin supplemented groups were significantly higher (p<0.001) than control but significantly lower (p<0.05) than NBLCO group, the instability index for NBLCO group was significantly higher than control (p<0.001). Vitamin supplementation significantly (p<0.05) lowered the instability index when compared to NBLCO group, but were significantly higher (p<0.001) than control. The NBLCO significantly reduced (p<0.001) erythrocyte parameters which were significantly (p<0.01) reversed by vitamin supplementation. It is concluded that NBLCO is harmful to erythrocyte membrane, causing haemolysis accounting for its anaemic potentials. Interestingly, these effects can be ameliorated by antioxidant vitamin supplementation.

Factorial Designs Application to Study Enhanced Bioremediation of Soil Artificially Contaminated with Weathered Bonny Light Crude Oil through Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation Strategy

The objective of this study was designed to evaluate the effects of biostimulation and bioaugmentation amendment agents (NPK fertilizer, Tween 80 and mixed culture) on the bioremediation of tropical soil samples artificially contaminated with Weathered Bonny Light Crude Oil (WBLCO). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Box Behnken Design (BBD) was used with three levels and three factors of NPK fertilizer (2 - 6 g), Tween 80 (5 - 15 mg/l) and mixed culture (0.5 - 1.5 g/l) as independent variables and WBLCO removal as dependent variable (response) in a six weeks remediation period. The results showed that the rate of WBLCO removal generally increased with increase in the amount of NPK fertilizer, Tween 80 and mixed culture (biomass), respectively. A statistically significant (P < 0.0001) second-order quadratic regression model for WBLCO removal (using design-expert statistical program (v. 6.0.8)) with a coefficient of determination, R (=0.9996) was obtained. Numerical optimization technique based on desirability function was carried out to optimize the bioremediation process. The optimum values for biostimulation and bioaugmentation amendment agents to achieve a predicted maximum WBLCO removal of 84.88 percent were found to be: NPK fertilizer, 4.25 g; Tween 80, 10.22 mg/l and mixed culture, 0.46 g/l. At this optimum point, the observed WBLCO removal was found to be 83.79 percent. The statistical analyses and the closeness of the experimental results and model predictions show the reliability of the regression model and thus, biostimulation and bioaugmentation of indigenous microbial density and activity can reduce remediation period of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated environment and subsequently the cost of remediation.

TISSUE ANALYSIS OF Clarias gariepinus JUVENILES INJECTED WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF CRUDE OIL

Aspects of tissue analysis of Clarias gariepinus juveniles (90.60 ± 0.24g) were studied following injection of different concentrations of Bonny light crude oil (BLCO). Experimental fish were injected at concentrations: 0.00, 25.00, 50.00 and 75.00 μlg -1 to test fish responses during 4 days toxicity and 42 days recovery periods. A control experiment was left with fish not injected with BLCO. A 38% crude protein diet was fed to the fish at 3% body weight per day (p.w.d -1 ) during the toxicity and 5% during the recovery period. The protein value (PV) increased as the BLCO concentration increased up to 75 μlg -1 at recovery phase and vis-versa at toxicity phase. This could be due to immune response mechanism which eventually dropped at recovery phase. The starch value (SV) and unsaponification values (USPV) were not affected, the saponification value (SPV) only increased between 25.00 and 0.0 μlg -1 and declined at 75 μlg -1 . The decrease in values of SPV in treated fish tissues has implication on energy metabolism. Of the four tissues values (PV, SV, SPV and USPV) of fish tested, only the USPV was not significantly different ( P > 0.05) among the fish injected with the different concentrations of BLCO. The 0 and 25 μlg-1 has the same effect on mortality rate. Similar mortality values of the fish recorded with the 25 μlg-1 BLCO and the control suggests that this oil dosage was probably inadequate to alter the mortality rates of C. gariepinus juveniles. The survival rates increased with decreasing concentration. Keywords: Tissue Analysis, Bonny Light Crude Oil, Mortality, Survival Animal Research International (2012) 9(2): 1567 – 1571

Hydrocarbon Biodegrading Potentials of a &lt;i&gt;Proteus vulgaris&lt;/i&gt; Strain Isolated from Fish Samples

A Proteus vulgaris bacterium SR-1 was isolated from a freshly killed fish sample collected close to the point of crude oil spill in the Niger Delta region, Nigeria. Problem statement: The application of native bacterial species in bioremediation processes has long been desired, because they would be cost effective and efficient in terms of acclimation time. The ability to isolate high numbers of certain oil-degrading microorganisms from oil-polluted environment is evidence that these microorganisms are the active degraders of that environment. In this study, we reported the potential of a candidate bacterium- Proteus vulgaris SR-1 in the biodegradation of Bonny light crude oil, diesel and kerosene. Approach: To screen for oil degrading capability, the bacterium was cultivated in Minimal Salts Medium (MSM) supplemented with 1% (v/v) sterile Bonny Light Crude Oil (BLCO). Oil degradation was monitored by measurement of turbidity using a spectrophotometer and the pH, total viable counts of the culture fluids were determined at time intervals as biodegradation indices. The ability of strain to degrade diesel and kerosene oils was also studied while the level of used hydrocarbon degradation was determined using the gravimetric analysis. The bacterium was screened for presence of Plasmid DNA and implication of plasmid in hydrocarbon degradation was investigated. Results: (1) The bacterium utilize hydrocarbons as sole source of carbon and it biodegraded Bonny light crude oil, kerosene and diesel media by as much as 78, 79 and 73.8% respectively, in the presence of 1.0% NaCl (w/v) after 96 h. The total viable count after 96, 120 and 168 h of biodegradation of the test hydrocarbons range between 6.2 and 9.1 log10 c.f.u mL-1, (2) The results showed that increasing NaCl concentration in water had decreasing effect on hydrocarbon degradation. (3) pH of media decreased from 7.0 to between 3.29 and 5.02 during the reaction period while growth increases. (4) Plasmid analysis revealed the presence of a plasmid of approximately 9.1 kb in the bacterial isolate. Conclusion/Recommendations: The results of this study showed that Proteus vulgaris SR-1 is a highly adapted bacterium with great potential to biodegrade hydrocarbons and the genes responsible for hydrocarbons biodegradation could be located on the (9.1 kb) plasmid it harbors.

Toxicity of crude oil products and detergent on serum alkaline phosphatase concentration of Clarias gariepinus juveniles

The comparative effect of exposing Clarias gariepinus juveniles (100.20 + 0.8g) to diferent concentrations of crude oil products and detergent were studied. Bonny Light Crude oil (BLCO), Premium motor spirit (PMS), Dual purpose kerosene (DPK) and Ariel Enzymax Detergent (AED) were respectively applied at three concentratons, 2.00, 4.00and 6.00mi/L as well as a control experiment 0.00ml/L with no toxicant for two hours (2 hours) toxicity period. Increased serum alkaline phosphatase and low degree of toxicity were recorded in the fish samples exposed to the various pollutants than in the fish control. The comparatively low toxicity noticed within the sample fish was attributed to the reduced length o exposure to the pollutants this probably lowered the pressure of the toxicant on organs of the fish. Keywords: Clarias gariepinus , Serum alkaline phosphatase, Bonny light crude oil, Premium motor spirit, Dual purpose kerosene, Ariel enzymax detergent

Effect of crude oil extracts on early stages of African catfish &lt;i&gt;Heterobranchus longifilis&lt;/i&gt; (val.) reared under controlled condition

Eggs and larvae of Heterobranchus longifilis were exposed to extracts of different concentrations of Nigerian Bonny light crude oil and Exxon Mobil Oso off-shore condensate during a comparative toxicity experiment carried out in the Institute of Oceanography Fish Farm, University of Calabar, Nigeria. Petroleum hydrocarbon was extracted from the two oils in separate 30litre glass aquaria and the eggs and young larvae were contaminated by exposing them to three concentrations of both oils, viz: 101, 103, 102ppm for approximately 10 days. Young eggs seemed to be more sensitive from 5 to 30 hours after fertilization. Extract from 104 ppm of Bonny Light Crude and Oso condensate caused 40% and 30% mortality respectively, after 100h. Embryos contaminated with Bonny Light crude extract did not recover on transfer to clean water. Delayed development was observed in the two-highest concentrations. Heterobranchus longifilis larvae were found to have a “mean critical time” of 4.2 days in the highest concentration of Oso condensate extract when larval integument was damaged. It is concluded that Bonny light crude could be a more dangerous pollutant to juvenile fish than the Oso condensate. KEYWORDS: Heterobranchus longifilis , crude Oil extracts, Mortality, Bonny Light Crude, Exxon Mobil Oso Condensate.

Nigerian Bonny Light Crude Oil Disrupts Antioxidant Systems in Testes and Sperm of Rats

Nigerian Bonny light crude oil (BLCO) is commonly used by the local population in folklore medicine for the management of various forms of gastrointestinal problems and male reproductive capacity. The study investigated the effects of BLCO on the antioxidant systems of the testes and epidydimal sperm in rats by oral exposure to 0, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg BLCO for 7 days. In testes and sperm, BLCO treatment at all doses significantly (p<0.05) decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, whereas it markedly increased glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities as well as increased glutathione (GSH), hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in all treatment groups. Although epididymal sperm number (ESN), daily spermatozoa production (DSP), and sperm motility were significantly decreased, total sperm abnormalities were significantly increased without affecting sperm viability at all dose levels compared with controls. The adverse effect of BLCO on TSN was noted at the 800 mg/kg dose only. Histopathology results showed treatment-related lesions of the testes characterized by severe congestion of interstitial vessels, decreased germinal epithelium, and increased number of vacuolization. These results suggest that exposure to BLCO, such as its use in ailment management, may promote infertility by altering the function of the testes and sperm, particularly by way of induction of oxidative stress.

Effect of Bonny Light Crude Oil Pollution of Soil on the Growth of dayflower (Commelina benghalensis L.) in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

The effect of Bonny Light Crude oil pollution of soil and successive plantings in the same soil at 4 – week intervals on the growth of dayflower (Commelina benghalensis L.) was investigated. The factorial sets of treatments were two levels of oil pollution (0 and 50 mg/g) and 5 successive plantings. Characters assessed were mean plant height, leaf area per plant and mean dry matter weight. At each of the 5 croppings mean plant characters assessed were significantly higher (P = 0.05) at 0 mg/g oil pollution than at the 50 mg oil/g soil pollution level. In the Control treatments, a declining trend in plant growth was observed from the 1st to the 5th crop. In contrast, in the oil-treated soils, an increasing trend was observed. @JASEM

Co-induction of regenerative DNA, Proteins and Glucose-6-phosphate activity after treatment of Partially-Hepatictomized rates with Bonny Light Crude Oil

Co-induction of regenerative DNA, Proteins and Glucose-6-phosphate activity after treatment of Partially-Hepatictomized rates with Bonny Light Crude Oil

Alterations in Glutathione Reductase, Superoxide Dismutase and Lipid Peroxidation of Tadpoles (Xenopus laevis) Exposed to Bonny Light Crude Oil and its Fractions

We determined the effects of sub-lethal levels of Bonny Light crude oil (WC) and its water soluble (WSF) and insoluble (WIF) fractions on malondialdehyde (MDA) and stress enzymes in tadpoles (Xenopus laevis) following two and 4 weeks exposure at different concentrations. We observed that the treatment of tadpoles with WC, WSF, or WIF decreased the weight of tadpoles, increased MDA levels, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) at lower concentrations of exposure and decreased the enzymes at higher doses of exposure. We found that the WC had a lesser negative effect on the parameters of tadpoles compared to the WSF. Longer exposure of tadpoles to WC, WSF, or WIF even at lower concentrations resulted in a negative effect on MDA, SOD, and GR activities The study shows that sub-lethal contaminations with WC, WSF, or WIF induces membrane lipid peroxidation and reduce the ability of tadpoles to produce SOD and GR which may have metabolic costs.

Bioluminescent hydrocarbonclastic bacteria of the Niger Delta

Utilization of three petroleum hydrocarbons (Mobil SAE 40 Engine Oil, Diesel and Bonny light Crude Oil) by four bioluminescent bacteria (Vibrio harveyi, V. fisheri, Photobacterium leiognathi and P. Phosphoreum isolated from the Bonny estuary in the Niger Delta, Nigeria was investigated. Microbial utilization was monitored for an 8-week period using mineral salt medium containing the hydrocarbon sources as sole carbon source. Results showed that bioluminescent bacteria were widely distributed in the brackish and marine waters of the Niger Delta, representing 7.5-18.72% and 0-2-5% of the total heterotrophic bacteria of the marine and brackish water systems, respectively. A hydrocarbon loss of 100% by week 7 for all four-test organisms was observed. These results indicated that the bacteria were capable of utilizing the hydrocarbon sources as sole sources of carbon and energy. Increased phosphate concentrations (0.03-0.05 g/ml) in marine aquatic systems were also observed to stimulate increases in bacterial population and the intensity of luminescence of the bacteria. The study revealed that increasing phosphate levels in phosphate depleted marine waters would encourage the growth of hydrocarbonoclastic bioluminescent bacteria which could serve as a potential tool for the remediation of petroleum polluted marine systems of the coast of the Niger Delta. Physiochemical analyses of water from the Bonny estuary (marine) and from Isaka (brackish) environments revealed that phosphate levels in the marine system was 0.04 mg/l while in the brackish environment no phosphate was recorded (0 mg/l).