Bone Marrow Extract Research Articles

Stimulation of protein--chondroitin sulfate synthesis by normal and osteoarthritic articular cartilage.

AbstractA stimulatory effect on 35S uptake of rat costal cartilage by a commercial cartilage and bone marrow extract known as Rumalon was confirmed. In addition, the preparation was found to increase35S incorporation in vitro into chondroitin sulfate by human articular cartilage from the knee joint, both normal and osteoarthritic sites. This effect was limited to young rats, but no age limitation in effect was found with human cartilage. In other in vitro studies, the augmented 35S incorporation into chondroitin sulfate was found in fractions eluted from Dowex‐1 columns; a stimulation of incorporation of 3H‐serine into protein‐polysaccharide was also found in the same fraction. The effects of 3H‐serine and 35S uptake were augmented by addition of amino acids to the incubation medium and were inhibited by puromycin. In addition, increased incorporation of 3H‐uridine into RNA was observed in the same system.

Studies on the heterogeneity of cell populations in amphibian presumptive epidermis, with reference to primary induction

The cell composition of the presumptive epidermis of Triturus pyrrhogaster gastrula was tested by means of isoelectric electrophoresis. Dissociated cells from the epidermis were electrophoretically divided into three zones; the cell numbers in the three zones in a cathode-to-anode direction, corresponded to 35, 41, and 24%, respectively, of the original cells. Epidermal cells neuralized by acidified Holtfreter's solution and cells dissociated from the forebrain of tail-bud embryos yielded electrophoretically a layer of cells at a position corresponding to a cathodal cell layer of the presumptive epidermis. Epidermal cells mesodermalized by bone marrow extract, and cells dissociated from dorsal blastoporal lip, were distributed electrophoretically into two layers at the levels corresponding to the two anodal cell layers of the presumptive epidermis. By means of neuralizing and mesodermalizing treatments, about 38 and 66% of the original dissociated cells of presumptive epidermis were recovered, respectively. Each of these percentages corresponds very closely to that of the cathodal zone and the two anodal zones in the original cell spectrum. These findings suggest the possibility of an originally inhomogeneous developmental potency for each cell species in the presumptive epidermis, and a selective killing effect of neuro-inducing substances on cell species which are destined to form mesodermal tissues and, conversely, a selective destruction by mesoderm-inducing substances of cell species destined to form neural tissue.

Influence of a cartilage bone marrow extract on mucopolysaccharide metabolism of cells cultured in vitro.

Influence of a cartilage bone marrow extract on mucopolysaccharide metabolism of cells cultured in vitro.

Effect of bone-marrow on regeneration of liver of x-irradiated rats.

The effect of bone marrow extracts on liver regeneration in normal and x- irradiated rats was examined. Results show that treatment with bone marrow extracts decreases the number of deaths caused by irradiation. Under the effect of x radiation the loss of weight in the hepatic regenerate remained significant even when the liver was protected during irradiation of the whole body. When the liver was exposed to radiation and the bone marrow was protected, the weight of the liver regenerate was greater than the weight of liver regenerate exposed during irradiation of the whole body. Regeneration of iiver continued with maximum intensity after the injection of bone marrow suspensions. Bone marrow extract exposed to irradiation in vitro was ineffective. Possible mechanisms involved in the ineffectiveness of x-irradiated bone marrow are discussed. (C.H.)

Study of autosensitization in radiation sickness by Hoigne's method.

A method for preparing autoallergen solutions was developed (the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and intestine water extracts and lysates of erythrocytes) to stage the reaction according to the Hoigne method with the blood plasma of irradiated animals. As established, when tissue allergen solutions were added in increasing concentrations to the blood plasma of nonirradiated animals a constant and uninterrupted reduction of the optic density, i.e. negative reaction was seen. Beginning from the 3rd day after irradiation with lethal doses of γ-rays (Co60) or X-rays, blood plasma acquires the ability to become bound with tissue antigens; this is manifested in the delayed optic density reduction of the medium, or even in its increase, which, according to Hoigne is evaluated as a positive reaction. The authors hold that the data obtained point to an early development of autosensitization in the irradiated organism.

Effects of cartilage and bone marrow extracts on tissue cultures in vitro.

Effects of cartilage and bone marrow extracts on tissue cultures in vitro.

Myeloperoxidase activity in bone marrow extracts from tumor-bearing mice.

Myeloperoxidase activity in bone marrow extracts from tumor-bearing mice.

Colorimetric analysis with N, N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine of the uptake of intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase by various tissues of the rat.

1. A method is described for the colorimetric determination of peroxidase with N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine. The amount of red pigment formed by peroxidase is proportional to the concentration of enzyme and to the time of incubation during the first 40 to 90 seconds. The influence of the concentration of enzyme, N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine, H(2)O(2), the time of incubation, pH, the temperature, and the possible interference by oxidizing and reducing agents of tissues has been tested. 2. The method has been used to follow the uptake of intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase by 18 different tissues of the rat over a period of 30 hours. The highest concentration of the injected tracer enzyme was found in extracts of kidney, liver, bone marrow, thymus, and spleen. Considerable amounts were taken up by pancreas, prostate, epididymis, and small intestine. Lower concentrations were found in extracts of lung, stomach, heart, and skeletal muscle, aorta, skin, and connective tissue. No uptake was observed by brain and peripheral nerve tissue. 3. Tissue homogenates containing high concentrations of the injected peroxidase, in general also showed high or average activity of acid phosphatase. 4. Six hours after intravenous administration, the liver contained 27 per cent, the kidney 12 per cent, and the spleen, 1.4 per cent of the injected dose. 5. Approximately 20 per cent of the injected peroxidase was excreted in the urine during the first 6 hours, and the concentration of peroxidase in blood serum and urine fell exponentially during this time. After 6 hours, only low concentrations were excreted in the urine but low enzyme activity was still detectable after 30 hours. Approximately 6 per cent of the injected dose was excreted in the feces from 6 to 20 hours after administration. 6. After feeding through a stomach tube, low concentrations of peroxidase were found in blood serum and urine. Considerable variations in the extent of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract were observed in individual rats.

On the enzymic formation and the isolation of polyphosphates of adenine deoxyribosides

By means of paper chromatography it has been shown that extracts of red bone marrow and preparations of myokinase contain enzymes which catalyze the formation of two additional deoxyribose compounds from mixtures of either deoxy-AMP and ATP or deoxy-GMP and ATP. Two of the products of the reaction between deoxy-AMP and ATP have been prepared in mg quantities by column chromatography. The analysis of the compounds obtained suggest that they are the deoxyribose analogs of ATP and ADP.

Action of blood plasma and bone marrow extracts from leukemia patients on cultures of leucocytes from normal blood

Action of blood plasma and bone marrow extracts from leukemia patients on cultures of leucocytes from normal blood

Biosynthesis of nucleic acid purines. II. Role of hypoxanthine and xanthine compounds

1. 1. Soluble extracts of rabbit bone marrow have been shown to convert C 14-labeled inosine and inosinic acid readily to compounds of adenine and guanine. No reaction occurred in the absence of added DPN. Free hypoxanthine-8-C 14 was utilized to an insignificant extent. 2. 2. Evidence has been presented indicating that inosine was phosphorylated to inosinic acid, and a compound tentatively identified as xanthosine phosphate was shown to be formed from inosinic acid with little change in specific activity. Xanthosine labeled with C 14 was converted to guanine. 3. 3. Addition of DPN was necessary to convert hypoxanthine and xanthine to the corresponding amino purines, reactions in which no oxidation of the purines was involved. DPN added to dialyzed extract oxidized inosinic acid to the xanthine level, but formation of adenine or guanine occurred only when boiled bone-marrow juice was added in addition to DPN.

Biosynthesis of nucleic acid purines. I. Formation of guanine from adenine compounds in bone marrow extracts

1. 1. The conversion of C 14-labeled adenine to guanine, which has previously been observed only in intact cells, has been found to occur in soluble extracts of rabbit bone marrow. 2. 2. The yield of guanine was increased 10–20-fold by using adenosine or adenosine 5′-phosphate as precursors in place of free adenine. 3. 3. The synthesis of guanine from adenine riboside or ribotide occurred only in the presence of added DPN. 4. 4. Inosine was an intermediate between adenosine and guanine. Evidence was presented that adenosine 5′-phosphate also passed, in part at least, through a hypoxanthine compound in its conversion to guanine.

Studies on the pathogenesis of fever. I. The effect of injection of extracts and suspensions of uninfected rabbit tissues upon the body temperature of normal rabbits.

Injection of extracts or suspensions of various rabbit tissues was found to be without effect upon the body temperature of normal rabbits. Occasionally, extracts of bone marrow produced transient fever, and saline extracts of acute inflammatory lesions of the Shwartzman and Arthus types were found to produce fever when injected intravenously. Suspensions or extracts of polymorphonuclear leukocytes collected from sterile peritoneal exudates contain a heat-labile substance which produced fever whereas those of erythrocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes failed to do so. The cell-free supernatant fluid of sterile peritoneal exudates obtained at the stage when polymorphonuclear leukocytes predominate also proved capable of producing fever.

The encephalopathy produced by extracts of eosinophils and bone marrow.

The encephalopathy produced by extracts of eosinophils and bone marrow.

ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF BLOOD COAGULATION ACCELERATORS CONTAINED IN THE BONE MARROW EXTRACT

Journal Article ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF BLOOD COAGULATION ACCELERATORS CONTAINED IN THE BONE MARROW EXTRACT Get access HONG RIH-GHING HONG RIH-GHING Department of Biological Chemistry, Kumamoto Medical CollegeKumamoto Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Biochemistry, Volume 40, Issue 5, September 1953, Pages 493–500, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a126392 Published: 01 September 1953 Article history Received: 22 June 1953 Published: 01 September 1953

Substances in Bone-Marrow Extract accelerating Coagulation of the Blood

THOUGH previously it has been known that bone marrow contains a hormone-like substance which has an accelerating action upon the blood coagulation1, its chemical nature has remained unclarified. We have now investigated this problem. Bone marrow from long tubular bones of domestic fowls, after removal of lipids with alcohol, acetone and ether, was extracted with physiological saline and then the extract was deproteinized with sulphosalicylic acid. After removal of excess sulphosalicylic acid with calcium carbonate, the filtrate was concentrated to a small volume. This filtrate showed a remarkable accelerating action on the blood coagulation.

Effects of Fibro-histiocytic System Extract on Bacteria

Comparative measuring experiments on the bactericidal power of the subcutaneous tissue, bone marrow and spleen extracts and the blood serum were made by a subcutaneous injection of a suspension of dead bacilli coli and a hypodermal insertion of a wick containing the bacilli. The following results were obtained.1. Three days after the subcutaneous injection of the bacilli suspension, bactericidal substance appeared a little stronger in the bone marrow than in the subcutaneous tissue; it appeared far stronger in the spleen but had not appeared in the blood serum. It was produced in the spleen for a long time but was lost early in the subcutaneous tissue and the bone marrow.2. Three days after a subcutaneous insertion of a wick containing dead bacilli, bactericidal substance appeared in the subcutaneous tissue at the same rate as in the case of subcutaneous injection. At this stage, it was not seen in the bone marrow, spleen and serum. Two weeks later, the bactericidal substance began to increase in the blood serum. Three weeks later, it was a little stronger in the bone marrow and even stronger in the spleen. At this time, the bactericidal substance in the subcutaneous tissue did not increase too much, and was weaker than that in the spleen, and a little stronger than that in the bone marrow. Therefore, compared with the subcutaneous injection, the bactericidal substance was produced longer locally. In the subcutaneous insertion of a wick containing dead bacilli, it was produced later in the spleen and the bone marrow, Little difference was seen in the amount of bactericidal substance in the blood serum in the two cases.3. The ratio of the numbers of fibrocytes, fibrohistiocytes, histiocytes, monocytes and leucocytic cells in the subcutaneous tissue to that of reticulum cells and their derivative cells in the spleen was 1:5.8 in volume.4. 3, 5 and 9 days after the subcutaneous injection of bacilli, the bactericidal power of a unit of volume of the subcutaneous tissue cell bodies was remarkably stronger than that of the spleen.5. The fibrohistiocytes and histiocytes in the subcutaneous tissue strongly increased and their total volume came at last to occupy more than half of the total volume of all connective tissue cells. Therefore, these cells are presumed to be the main producer of bactericidal substance.

Leucogenic Bone Marrow and Leucocyte Extracts

Leucogenic Bone Marrow and Leucocyte Extracts

ENCEPHALOPATHY FOLLOWING INJECTIONS OF BONE MARROW EXTRACT

Monkey bone marrow extract when injected intracerebrally into guinea pigs or rabbits produces a distinctive encephalopathy. The Purkinje cells are severely affected, especially those at the periphery of the cerebellum. Nuclear alterations first appear, with well marked intranuclear acidophilic inclusion bodies. Similar inclusions appear at a little later stage in the ectodermal glia. The affected cells later become necrotic and usually disappear. The reaction is essentially glial and non-inflammatory, and hence is called encephalopathy rather than encephalitis. A hyaline necrosis of cerebral blood vessels, especially at the base of the brain, is described. Small areas of softening may appear in the cerebellum as a result, but this is considered a secondary process, independent of the Purkinje cell loss. There may also inconstantly be found a loss of cerebellar granule cells and a selective necrosis of the hippocampal pyramidal cells. Secondary and reparative reactions are described. Similar changes are produced by extracts of lymph nodes from Hodgkin's disease, and by leucocytic cream of human blood. A tentative explanation of the pathogenesis is suggested, and similarities to certain virus diseases are pointed out.

Studies on the Growth of Tissues in Vitro

ABSTRACT Tissue extracts have been made from several organs of growing and adult fowls, and the growth-promoting properties of these extracts have been tested on periosteal fibroblasts growing in vitro. The growth-promoting properties are most pronounced in brain extract and diminish in the sequence : thyroid, thymus, testis, ovary, bone marrow, liver, kidney and muscle extracts. Extracts made from the spleens of adult cocks were found to be far more efficient growth-promoting agents than extracts made from the spleens of young birds. The growth-promoting power of a tissue extract cannot always be correlated with the age of the tissue from which the extract was made, with the rate of growth of that tissue, nor with its nuclear content.