Bomb Explosion Research Articles

PERSPEKTIF BANSER-NU TENTANG TOLERANSI KERAGAMAN AGAMA DALAM PERISTIWA BOM NATAL 2000

In the Qur’an there is Surat Al-Kafirun verse 6,which reads “lakum diinukum wa liyadiin,” whichmeans “For you your religion, and for me my religion.” In this letter it is sufficient to show how tolerance is in religion. This reflects how to respect the belief rights of fellow humans. Not imposing one’s will, not compelling someone to embrace a certain religion, not discrediting other religions, and respecting to practice their religion and belief. The research titled “ BANSER-NU Perspective on the Tolerance of Religious Diversity Concerning the Incident of Christmas Bombing 2000” focus on (1) How is the relationship between harmony and religious diversity tolerance? (2) What are the views of Nahdlatul Ulama and BANSER for religious diversity tolerance? (3) How did BANSER Riyanto die when securing Christmas celebrations? This research uses field research and literature review with historical sociology approaches. From the research results, obtaines the following answers: (1) Tolerance of religious diversity has an important in realizing plural community harmony in the life of the nation and state (2) BANSER is part of NU, both of which understand Ahlussunnah Wal Jamaah and there is tasamuh who are seen as Ukhuwah Insaniyah (humanity) and Ukhuwah Wathaniyah (nationalism) which are the basic principles of tolerance for religious diversity, so that NU and BANSER always try to create, maintain tolerance for religious diversity (3) BANSER Riyanto is safeguarding the 2000 Christmas celebration at Eben Haezar Church in Mojokerto, and died with a bomb explosion to save the Christmas congregation.

Imaging findings in patients after the bomb explosion in Somalia on December 28, 2019

IntroductionThis study aimed to present the radiological findings of injuries in victims as a result of a suicide bombing in Mogadishu, Somalia. MethodsOf the 82 injured cases admitted to the emergency department within the first six hours after the explosion, those who were radiologically evaluated were included in this retrospective and descriptive study. To analyze and identify the distribution of primary, secondary, and tertiary injuries, they were classified according to the body areas as head-neck, thorax, abdominopelvic, extremity, and vertebra. ResultsThe mean age (mean ± SD) of 63 patients included in the study was 28.6 ± 10.2 years. Twenty-four (38.1%) of the injured patients were female and 39 (61.9%) were male. Secondary blast injury was the most common type of injury in the study group with a rate of 39/63 (62%). The total number of bomb fragments was 235, of which 113 (47.8%) were seen in the head and neck region, followed by 86 (36.5%) in the extremities. There were 10 patients (15.9%) with lung injury and 13 (20.6%) with tympanic membrane perforation due to the primary blast mechanism. ConclusionRadiological imaging plays an important role in identifying specific findings and patterns of explosive injuries. Therefore, we consider that patients with stable hemodynamics should be radiologically examined for a fast and accurate diagnosis or treatment.

Voices from Indonesian Legislative on Religious Education Policy

Religious violent extremism remains a problem for Indonesia. Recently, three consecutive attacks carried out by violent religious extremists — a suicide bombing in front of a Cathedral Church in Makassar South Sulawesi, the discovery of several prepared high explosive bombs in Condet Jakarta, and a female lone wolf attack on the Indonesian Police Criminal Investigation Agency — shocked the public (Fakta-data di Balik Bom Bunuh Diri, 29 Maret 2021; Polisi sebut Terduga Teroris Condet & Bekasi, 2021; Teroris Penyerang Mabes Polri, 2021). It may not be surprising since there were some early indications from various studies that some Indonesian people still have religious attitudes and behaviors that are exclusive, closed, anti-citizenship, anti-state, and even pro-violence (PPIM, 2016, 2017, 2018; Puspidep, 2017, 2018). The PPIM study results (2018) show that around 58.5 percent of students tend to be religious radical, and 51.1 percent tend to be intolerant to differences within Muslim groups. Then, as many as 34.3 percent of students are intolerant to non-Muslim groups. Radical views that are intolerant toward those who are different are the first step to violent extremism. These studies are a reminder that violent extremism is a problem for all of Indonesian society. Therefore, PPIM surveyed the perceptions of the public, students, teachers, and Indonesian Members of Parliament on violent extremism.

Bomb blast: imaging findings, treatment and clinical course of extremity traumas.

BackgroundTo describe the severity and types of blast-related extremity injuries and the presence of accompanying vascular injuries (VI) and amputation, and to identify the associated factors affecting the treatment management and clinical course.MethodsThe study included 101 patients with extremity injuries caused by a bomb explosion. The radiographs and computed tomography angiographies of the patients were evaluated in terms of injury patterns, presence of penetrating fragments and fractures, and localization (upper or lower extremity) and type (open or closed) of injury. The Gustilo-Anderson classification was used for open fractures. According to their severity, open fractures classified as types 1 and 2 were included in Group 1 and those classified as type 3A, 3B and 3C in Group 2.ResultsAs a result of blast exposure, 101 (57.7%) patients had extremity injuries, of which 76 (75.2%) presented with at least one fracture. Of the total of 103 fractures, nine (8.8%) were closed and 94 (91.2%) were open. Thirty-eight (40.4%) of the open fractures were located in the upper extremities, and 56 (59.6%) in the lower extremities and pelvis. Open fractures were most frequently localized in the femur (n = 20; 21.2%), followed by the tibia (n = 18; 19.1%). The majority of patients with open fractures were in Group 1 (71.4%). The duration of hospital stay was longer in Group 2 (12.1 ± 5.8 vs. 6.3 ± 6.7 days, p < 0.0001, respectively). Mortality among patients in Group 2 (45.0%) was significantly higher than in Group 1 (8.0%) (p < 0.0001). Similarly, the injury severity score (ISS) was higher in Group 2 (median 20 vs. 9, p < 0.0001). VI was present in 13 (12.9%) of all patients, and amputation in seven (7.9%).ConclusionThe presence of severe open fractures, VI, and high ISS score can be considered as important factors that increase morbidity and mortality. In extremity traumas, through the secondary blast mechanism, contaminated-fragmented tissue injuries occur. Therefore, we believe that it will be beneficial to apply damage control surgery in places with low socioeconomic level and poor hygienic conditions.

Neurosurgery in perilous area; is there any role of specialized field hospital in the management of low velocity penetrating head injuries?

Back ground: Surgery for patient with penetrating head injury during war is debatable in literature. Field hospital with limited resources in war area could have a role in the management of this less devastating head injures patients. Methods: During a 6 months of Syrian civil war (October 2012- March 2013), 30 patients with low velocity penetrating head injuries was referred to a 3 different field hospitals managed by the same surgical team. The patient inclusion criteria were including Glasgow coma scale (GCS) ranged from 11 to 15, whom didn’t need for neuroscience intensive care unit (NICU) admission. Patients had laboratory and image before management decision. After surgery, the patient had short term admission before discharge and follow up at outpatient clinic. Results: The mean age for civil war victim was 26. ± 10.1and most of cases were males. All cases had penetrating metal shrapnel injuries from barrel bomb explosion. The majority of cases had GCS =15 (43.3%). Frontal lobe was the most frequent affected lobe (53.3%). The most frequent CT finding was contusion, edema and mass effects (60%). Surgery was reported in (83.3%) with no reported mortality. Surgical outcome was affected by pre hospital chronic illness P= 0.04 and, numbers of affected brain lobes by penetrating metal (P= 0.001). Conclusion: Surgical outcome of penetrating head injuries patients can be affected number of the affected brain lobes by penetrating metal and bone fragments. Field hospital in war area could be valid in the management of such patient.

Radioactive Waste, the Last Battlefield of Science, Ethics and Law

Nuclear energy is bound to have a negative impact on the survival of human beings. Although scientists hoped to end all wars, the nuclear arms race resulted in huge amounts of warhead reserves throughout the globe. When we consider the effects of radiation exposure, a hostile attitude is common worldwide, mostly because there is no threshold in radiation exposure, and even a small degree of exposure would cause diseases. This attitude also resulted from the explosion of the atomic bomb, killing many people. The general public became worried about radiation exposure, which led to many lawsuits worldwide. In the United States of America, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) at that time, reorganized as the Department of Energy (DOE) later, encountered a problem when a military plane carrying hydrogen bombs met an accident and crashed in Spain, resulting in contamination of the immediate area. The AEC had a policy in principle that countermeasures against radiation exposure should be as limited as possible. The management of man-made radiation varies from one country to another. Countries like the USA try to find rational and universal applications for human activities, while countries like Japan try to keep utilitarianism even after the Fukushima accident. In this paper, the history of the atomic bomb deployment will be reviewed again in light of its influence on the general public, especially in the context of radiation exposure. The world is gradually shifting in accepting nuclear energy as a part of Sustainable Development Goals' (SDGs) climate change solutions. However, radioactive waste is still a significant hurdle in transitioning from fossil fuel to nuclear energy. This study will analyze past events and determine how to proceed with the radiactive waste argument to obtain the general public's reasonable understanding and acceptance.

Narrating the Blockade: Young Female Diarists and the Siege of Leningrad

Narrating the BlockadeYoung Female Diarists and the Siege of Leningrad Caroline Fernandez (bio) and David Brandenberger (bio) Alexis Peri, The War Within: Diaries from the Siege of Leningrad. 384 pp. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017. ISBN-13 978-0674971554. $29.95. "War! It's awful! This is an unprecedented war. Without seeing and hearing the explosions of shells and bombs, you'd never believe and imagine what war is. The 20th century! People are so brutal to one another in this century!!! That cursed night of 22 June! How many deaths it has brought."1 So 18-yearold Berta Zlotnikova opened her diary on 1 October 1941. At the time, Zlotnikova was working in a Leningrad factory; later, she would move on to serve in a hospital and then as a leader of a pioneer troop. In school, she had dreamed of becoming a writer or journalist, but the war, she wrote, "ruined all my hopes."2 Nazi Germany's declaration of war on the USSR on 22 June 1941 literally confronted Soviet society with an existential crisis. Within the historic northern capital of Leningrad, the war would ruin millions of lives and livelihoods before its end in 1945. In September 1941, Leningrad was surrounded by Axis forces. This blockade was not broken until 872 days later, in January 1944, and is known to this day as the longest and most destructive siege in modern history. Statistically, the consequences were horrific: Leningraders trapped in the city died at shocking rates, partly from shelling and bombing but overwhelmingly from starvation and cold, especially during the first winter of 1941–42. Ultimately, it is estimated that around 800,000 civilians died during the blockade—around 40 percent of the city's prewar population (4). [End Page 865] Statistics are often cited to evoke the enormity of the blockade and its consequences, but it is important to consider individual experience as well. Alexis Peri does just that in The War Within, a monograph in which she analyzes the unpublished siege-era diaries of 125 Leningraders (as well as a number of published ones). In this book, Peri tackles some ambitious questions: How did everyday Leningraders respond to the blockade as it occurred? Why did Leningraders keep diaries during the siege? Did the blockade, which assumes such momentous proportions in hindsight, challenge the Soviet system and the mentalité of Homo sovieticus in real time? If so, did Leningraders sense these changes as they transpired? And did the post-facto official Soviet narrative of the siege reflect ordinary people's experiences? Peri's study is significant as one of the first incisive analyses of siege-era diaries as well as for its critical comparison of the diaries' themes with those of official Soviet narratives.3 She touches on the consequences of the siege on both the individual and societal levels, considering popular perceptions of everything from food, work, sacrifice, and the self to identity, social hierarchy, and history itself. Ultimately, Peri concludes: "Diarists were forced to reckon with core concepts, practices, and narratives that shaped life in the Soviet Union. This critical examination would have made them unsuitable as the documentary basis for the regime's celebratory narratives of the siege in the postwar era" (4). Such sources ultimately allow Peri to offer a counterpoint to the official, heroic narrative of the siege, presenting a more nuanced picture of the everyday struggle of Leningraders to survive and confront the titular "war within."4 [End Page 866] This review essay surveys an array of themes detailed in Peri's book and compares them to those found in a different, smaller sample of 13 diaries kept by Leningrad women between the ages of 17 and 25 (sources not examined in The War Within, with one exception).5 In doing so, this review investigates which themes identified by Peri are truly universal and which ought to be considered more specific to her cohort of diarists. The cohort of diarists chosen for this comparative study of Peri's findings was selected purposefully. First, despite Leningrad's population skewing female during the siege, scholarship has often underrepresented women's experiences in such wartime contexts.6 Second, younger authors...

Collapse resistance of steel frames in two-side-column-removal scenario: Analytical method and design approach

So far analytical methods on collapse assessment of three-dimensional (3-D) steel frames have mainly focused on a single-column-removal scenario. However, the collapse of the Federal Building in the US due to car bomb explosion indicated that the loss of multiple columns may occur in the real structures, wherein the structures are more vulnerable to collapse. Meanwhile, the General Services Administration (GSA) in the US suggested that the removal of side columns of the structure has a great possibility to cause collapse. Therefore, this paper analytically deals with the robustness of 3-D steel frames in a twoside- column-removal (TSCR) scenario. Analytical method is first proposed to determine the collapse resistance of the frame during this column-removal procedure. The reliability of the analytical method is verified by the finite element results. Moreover, a design-based methodology is proposed to quickly assess the robustness of the frame due to a TSCR scenario. It is found the analytical method can reasonably predict the resistance-displacement relationship of the frame in the TSCR scenario, with an error generally less than 10%. The parametric numerical analyses suggest that the slab thickness mainly affects the plastic bearing capacity of the frame. The rebar diameter mainly affects the capacity of the frame at large displacement. However, the steel beam section height affects both the plastic and ultimate bearing capacity of the frame. A case study on a sixstorey steel frame shows that the design-based methodology provides a conservative prediction on the robustness of the frame.

Manufacturing of Thermal and Acoustic Insulation From (Polymer Blend/Recycled Natural Fibers)

These works study the characterization of thermal and acoustic insulation behavior of Polymer Blend/Recycled Natural Fibers. Acoustic insulation is an important property in design criterion in buildings and used to avoid the damage caused by the sounds of the explosion of rockets and bombs. This work is done through reinforcing 80% epoxy resin EP with 20% polycarbonate PC with two different recycled natural fiber RNF (hemp fiber H.F., cornhusk fiber C.H.F) at various weight fractions of (2,4,6) %, the samples, were formed by hand lay-up then the acoustic and thermal insulation tests carried out. The results show that altering both kinds of RNF can improve acoustic insulation. Also, it could be noticed that sound insulation efficiency can improve with increasing RNF weight fraction. Finally, the optimum results got at 6% hemp composite that shows better acoustic insulation than cornhusk composites. The thermal conductivity improved by increasing the fiber weight fraction. The maximum value of thermal conductivity for composite samples with (H.F., C.H.F) fibers at (6% wt) equal to (0.71609W/m. Kº) and (0.73686W/m. Kº), respectively. The composite samples with C.H.F. fibers have slightly higher thermal conductivity value than composite samples with H.F.

Thoracoabdominal injuries after a bomb explosion: blast injuries and their clinical effects.

To report the types and effects of injuries to the thoracoabdominal region caused by blast and emphasize the importance of the early detection of primary blast injuries. Of the 98 patients injured as a result of a bomb explosion, 31 with thoracoabdominal injuries were included in the study. The demographic and laboratory data, operations performed, and radiological findings were obtained from the electronic records of the patients. The injuries caused by the explosion were divided into four categories as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The patients with a new injury severity score (NISS) of ≥ 16 were considered to have critical injuries. While mortality developed in 16 (51.6%) of 31 patients included in the study, 15 (48.4%) were discharged after treatment. The mean ages of the patients in the mortality and survivor groups were 29.6 ± 4.5 and 31.1 ± 10.7years, respectively (p > 0.005). When the two groups were examined, the rate of hypovolemic shock and NISS score were significantly higher in the mortality group (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) and the pH of the patients in the mortality group was more acidic (7.18 ± 0.13 vs. 7.34 ± 0.13, p = 0.002). One patient in the survivor group required surgery after the explosion due to missed primary blast injuries. To make the best use of resources in terrorist attacks and mass casualties that place a huge burden on health systems, it is important to evaluate patients with the highest index of suspicion for concealed blast injuries in terms of hospitalization and observation. In addition, health systems need to develop a cost-effective strategy considering the possibility of delayed-onset blast injuries.

Representations of Death in Rawi Hage’s Beirut Hellfire Society

The aim of this paper is to explore the representations of death in Beirut Hellfire Society, a novel written by the Lebanese author, Rawi Hage, and published in 2018. The novel indulges in immoral and varied casts like the de-romanticizing subjects in Cormac McCarthy’s Blood Meridian which help illustrate the realities of life during wartime. All the characters portrayed in Beirut Hellfire Society are colorful and complicated vignettes. They span the four seasons following the death of Pavlov’s father, who is killed in a bomb explosion when he is in the middle of digging a grave. In this novel, Hage portrays the dilemma that people faced during the Lebanese civil war and the meaninglessness of death. He deliberately presents a striking description of death that overflows in the city of Beirut throughout the civil war and links it to a myriad of aspects associated to it; mourning, burials, funeral dancing, lunacy, a sense of humor and jokes regarding death, and above all, cremation, to personify the abundant death and destruction that pervaded Beirut on that period of Lebanon’s history with its utmost horrible and devastating face. Pavlov, a twenty years old undertaker, and his father are extraordinary characters and members of the “Hellfire Society,” a secretive organization of infidels, hedonists, idolaters, in which the members cremate people at their own request. Hellfire Society is a mysterious, rebellious and anti-religious sect that arranges secret burial for those who have been denied it because the deceased was a homosexual, an atheist, and an outcast or abandoned by their family, church and state. With death front and centre, Rawi Hage’s Beirut Hellfire Society is a treatise on living with war. In short, it is a novel that practically defines iconoclasm and registers the horrible, prevalent, and immeasurable shocking death that ensues as a real consequence of war and its atrocities.

Analysis of Selected Assets against the Extraordinary Loads

The current security situation in the world creates pressure to improve the pro-tection of critical infrastructure assets against negative events, such as bomb attacks, industrial accidents, explosions, or fire. The research at the Faculty of Security Engineer-ing is focusing on such extraordinary loads. The present paper analyses selected assets against extraordinary load and describes their experimental testing.

Numerical study on the case effect of a bomb air explosion

When considering the bomb explosion damage effect, the air shock wave and high-speed fragments of the bomb case are two major threats. In experiments, the air shock wave was studied by the bare explosives superseding the real cased bomb; in contrast, the bomb case influence was ignored to reduce risk. The air explosion simulations of the MK84 warhead with and without the case were conducted. The numerical simulation results showed that the bomb case significantly influenced the shock wave generated by the bomb: the spatial distribution of shock wave in the near field changed, and the peak value of shock wave was reduced. Breakage of the case and kinetic energy of the fragmentation consumed 3 and 38% of the explosion energy, respectively. The increasing factors of the peak overpressure induced by the bare explosive on the ground and in the air were 1.43–3.04 and 1.37–1.57, respectively. Four typical stages of case breakage were defined. The mass distribution of the fragments follows the Mott distribution. The initial velocity distribution of the fragments agreed well with the Gurney equation.

Alternative Leadership in Flexible Surge Capacity—The Perceived Impact of Tabletop Simulation Exercises on Thai Emergency Physicians Capability to Manage a Major Incident

Flexible surge capacity aims to activate and utilize other resources than normally are surged in a community during the primary and secondary surge capacity. The presence of alternative leadership, skilled and knowledgeable in hospital and prehospital emergency management, is invaluable. Thai emergency physicians work at both levels, emphasizing their important role in emergency management of any source in a disaster-prone country. We aimed to investigate Thai emergency physicians’ ability in terms of knowledge and preparedness to manage potential emergencies using tabletop simulation exercises. Using an established method for training collaboration, two training courses were arranged for over 50 Thai emergency physicians, who were divided into three teams of prehospital, hospital, and incident command groups. Three scenarios of a terror attack along with a bomb explosion, riot, and shooting, and high building fire were presented, and the participants’ performance was evaluated regarding their preparedness, response and gained knowledge. Two senior observers followed the leadership characteristic in particular. Thai physicians’ perceived ability in command and control, communication, collaboration, coordination, and situation assessment improved in all groups systematically. New perspectives and innovative measures were presented by participants, which improved the overall management on the final day. Tabletop simulation exercise increased the perceived ability, knowledge, and attitude of Thai emergency physicians in managing major incidents and disasters. It also enabled them to lead emergency management in a situation when alternative leadership is a necessity as part of the concept of a flexible surge capacity response system.

Low-Dose Radiation Exposure with 56MnO2 Powder Changes Gene Expressions in the Testes and the Prostate in Rats.

To investigate the biological effects of internal exposure of radioactive 56MnO2 powder, the major radioisotope dust in the soil after atomic bomb explosions, on male reproductive function, the gene expression of the testes and the prostate was examined. Ten-week-old male Wistar rats were exposed to three doses of radioactive 56MnO2 powder (41–100 mGy in whole body doses), stable MnO2 powder, or external 60Co γ-rays (2 Gy). Animals were necropsied on Days 3 and 61 postexposure. The mRNA expressions of testicular marker protein genes and prostatic secretory protein genes were quantified by Q-RT-PCR. On Day 3 postexposure, the testicular gene expressions of steroidogenesis-related enzymes, Cyp17a1 and Hsd3b1, decreased in 56MnO2-exposed groups. Germ cell-specific Spag4 and Zpbp mRNA levels were also reduced. On postexposure Day 61, the Cyp11a1 gene expression became significantly reduced in the testes in the group exposed to the highest dose of 56MnO2, while another steroidogenesis-related StAR gene mRNA level reduced in the 60Co γ-rays group. There were no differences in Spag4 and Zpbp mRNA levels among groups on Day 61. No histopathological changes were observed in the testes in any group following exposure. Expression in the prostatic protein genes, including CRP1, KS3, and PSP94, significantly decreased in 56MnO2-exposed groups as well as in the 60Co γ-rays group on Day 61 postexposure. These data suggest that the internal exposure to 56MnO2 powder, at doses of less than 100 mGy, affected the gene expressions in the testis and the prostate, while 2 Gy of external γ-irradiation was less effective.

Influence of Coronavirus Pandemic on Security Threats in Niger Delta Region, Nigeria

Coronavirus pandemic is among the contemporary threats facing humanity. The devastations from its impact on means of livelihood of the people across the world have amounted to a disaster. This informed the seriousness given to its fight, which by far outweighs that given to fight other existing threats such as natural disasters, climate change and terrorism. This diversion of efforts towards the fight against coronavirus pandemic may have slowed down measures to contain prevailing security threats, with the implication of leading to their escalation or causing emergence of new ones. Whether or not there has been an increase or decrease in security threats/risks following the pandemic is a course for concern and a gap in knowledge. This study intends to breach this gap. Utilizing data from ACLED, this research examines the security threats/ risks experienced in Niger Delta region of Nigeria amidst the outbreak of coronavirus. Descriptive statistics and GIS were used in analyzing the data. The research compared security threats before and during the pandemic, and found that the prevailing threats were violence against civilians (ie, rape, abduction and sea piracy), agitations (ie, protests and riots), battles (ie, clash by armed gangs /government forces) and bomb explosions. The study further found that violence against civilians and agitations by residents were high during the pandemic than before as a result of restriction of movements imposed by government and inadequate provision of succor and palliatives to residents. The high agitations such as protests and riots are assessed to increase community transmission of the coronavirus in the region. It was concluded that the area remains at high risk of community transmission of the virus due to agitations and of the security threats due to the huge impact of the pandemic on the people. It is recommended that government makes adequate provision and proper distribution/allocation of palliatives to cushion its effect, stimulate the economy and shorten the length of recovery from the disaster.

Terrorist attack training exercise-What can be learned? : Baden-Württemberg counterterrorism exercise (BWTEX)

There is arisk of terror attacks in the Federal Republic of Germany, which might increase in the future. Atimely comprehensive strategy for treatment and care of alarge number of casualties helps minimize chaos and improve the outcome of patients. Adequate training is vital for successful implementation of an emergency plan. Therefore, the effectiveness of training should be assessed and evaluated; however, data collection capabilities for training events are extremely limited, so that publications on the topic are almost impossible to find. This study aimed to collect data from asimulated terrorist attack in order to draw conclusions from aclinical point of view concerning the improvement of preclinical and clinical management, taking interface problems into consideration. On 19 October 2019 the Ministry of the Interior, Digitalization and Migration of Baden-Württemberg conducted alarge-scale simulation of aterrorist attack in the city center of Constance, called the Baden-Württemberg counterterrorism exercise (BWTEX). The simulation included an explosion of acar bomb as well as the use of firearms by terrorists. The large scale of the simulation with the high number of participants in combination with close cooperation between military and civil forces was unprecedented. The police force, the armed forces, civil protection forces, air rescue teams and staff from Constance, Friedrichshafen and Sigmaringen regional hospitals in southwest Germany worked together to treat simulated injuries to victims of the attack. The following parameters were recorded when the injured patients arrived at the hospital: prehospital triage time, prehospital triage score, initial treatment and quality of documentation on site as well as triage time, triage score, injury severity scale (ISS) score based on the specified injury pattern, treatment, and quality of documentation on hospital arrival. Out of atotal of 84 "injured patients" 55 were admitted to hospital and 80% were triaged at the scene. Injured patients of triage category1 (TK1 red: life-threatening injury, immediate treatment) arrived at the hospital 198 ± 50 min after the attack, injured patients of triage category2 (TK2 yellow: severely injured, urgent treatment) after 131 ± 44 min and injured patients of triage category3 (TK3 green: slightly injured, non-urgent treatment) arrived after 157 ± 46 min. There was no significant difference in terms of arrival time at the hospital between the triage scores (r = 0.2) or between the ISS scores (r = 0.43). The authors assume that approximately 44% of TK1 patients would have died due to avoidable time delays. Prehospital medical documentation was insufficient in 78% and insufficient in 65% in the hospitals. Amass casualty incident resulting from aterrorist attack differs greatly from aconventional mass casualty incident. The scene of the attack has to be evacuated as quickly as possible, which means that alarge number of patients arrive untreated at the nearest hospitals. The setting up of treatment facilities in city centers and areas close to the city seems to be counterproductive because the time delay may result in higher mortality rates of victims. The particularities of mass casualties caused by aterrorist attack have to be incorporated into terrorist attack training.

Sex determination by mandibular ramus – a digital panoramic study

Sex determination becomes the main part in the procedure of identification of a person by forensic investigator in a case of mishaps, chemical and nuclear bomb explosions, natural disasters, crime investigations and ethical studies. In human remains, next to pelvis, mandible is used as the best key for the sex determination. Aim of the study was to evaluate the sex dimorphism in measurements of mandibular ramus by using orthopantamographic (OPG) images. The retrospective study was conducted using digital OPG images of 175 males and 175 females between age group of 20 and 60. The measurements were taken by using tools fetched with “APL software v8.1”. Discriminant analysis was done using SPSS (version 23) software. Statistically significant relationships were found between sex and maximum ramus breadth (p=0.000), minimum ramus breadth (p=0.024), condylar height (p=0.000), projective height (p=0.000), coronoid height (p=0.000). Furthermore, condylar height showed highest sex differentiation in its measurements (Wilks’ lambda = 0.659), followed by Projective height. The study revealed higher identification rates for males (77.1%) and females (73.7%) with a total accuracy rate of 75.4% (Table 5.0). These results justify that the above said parameters can produce reliable results in sex determination from OPG. According to our results there is a relationship between maximum ramus breadth, minimum ramus breadth, condylar height, projective height, coronoid height. From all the parameters condylar height was found to be more reliable to determine sex.

Head and neck injuries after a bomb explosion: Diagnostic findings and treatment approaches.

To identify the types and severity of head, face and neck (HFN) injuries, which occurred as a result of a bomb explosion and reached serious life-threatening levels, using radiological imaging methods, and to discuss the options of treatment at the time of presentation. Of the 16 patients brought to the emergency department, 14 with HFN injuries were included in the study. Computed tomography (CT) and radiography scans were performed at the time of presentation in all patients, except for one. The injuries were divided into three groups according to their localization as head, face, and neck. A subgaleal hematoma was seen in 10 of 11 (78.5%) patients with head injuries. Eight (57.1%) of nine patients with facial injury had fractures and/or ocular injury in the orbital wall, and seven (50%) patients had maxillofacial bone fractures. Among ocular trauma cases, open-globe injuries were detected in three patients (21.4%), closed-globe in two (14.2%), and both types in three (21.4%). Of the five (35.7%) patients with secondary blast injuries in the neck, three (21.4%) had laryngeal trauma (Zone 2) due to shrapnel, localized in the false vocal cord, epiglottis, and thyrohyoid membrane, respectively. Emergency surgery was performed on a patient with a specific laryngeal injury. We consider that in patients presenting to the emergency department with blast HFN injuries, after providing airway patency and hemodynamic stability, CT and CT angiography should be performed because these modalities guide the treatment accurately and promptly.

Bomb Explosion: Ocular Effects of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Mechanisms.

PurposeTo report the type and severity of ocular injuries sustained by the survivors of a bomb-loaded explosion that occurred in Mogadishu, Somalia on December 28, 2019.Patients and MethodsThe recorded data included age, gender, wounded eye, initial examination of ocular injuries and associated systemic injuries, initial visual acuity, anterior and posterior segment examinations. The type of injury (open vs closed globe), the injured zone of the globe, and the presence of a relative afferent pupil defect were evaluated in all cases where possible.ResultsAfter the explosion, ocular injuries were detected in 28 of 114 patients in our hospital. Thirty-two eyes of 28 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 32.4±6.7 years. The number of open-globe injuries was more than that of closed-globe injuries (26 vs 6; 81.25% vs 18.75%, respectively). Zone 1 was the most affected zone in open-globe injuries (18/26 eyes, 61.6%), followed by Zone 3 in six (23%) patients and Zone 2 in four (15.4%) patients. Sixteen open-globe injuries were laceration type (61.5%) and 10 (38.5%) were rupture type. An intraocular foreign body was detected in eight (30.8%) eyes with open-globe injuries. A total of 28 patients had 11 (39.3%) isolated eye injuries, whereas 17 (60.7%) had concomitant systemic injuries.ConclusionThe frequency of blast-related ocular injuries is increasing. Today, the increase in the use of vehicle-borne improvised explosives in terrorist-related explosions leads to more frequent and serious ocular injuries.