Bolivia Research Articles

El menoscabo sobre los derechos fundamentales de la etnia Warao en Venezuela como consecuencia del VIH/SIDA y sus implicaciones en tiempos de pandemia

En este artículo, se analizó el menoscabo de los derechos humanos del pueblo Warao en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, a raíz de la epidemia de VIH/Sida que durante 2019 y 2020 ha sido confirmada entre ellos, también en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19. El trabajo se realizó bajo investigación documental cualitativa dentro de la cual se revisaron doctrina, normas jurídicas y jurisprudencia para recabar la información necesaria. Se determinó que la etnia Warao ha sido desatendida en la proliferación del VIH, comprometiendo así sus derechos a la vida, salud, entre otros. También se observó que una causa para el abandono de estas personas, se debe actualmente a la reasignación de recursos para abordar el combate al coronavirus, así que el Estado venezolano como garante de los derechos fundamentales, está en el deber de corregir esta situación, pues es directamente responsable de lo ocurrido hasta ahora a estos indígenas.

Entrevista con Maria Elena Attard Bellido

María Elena Attard Bellido é advogada boliviana, com pós-graduação e especialização em direito constitucional, processo constitucional, direitos humanos, gênero, pluralismo jurídico e direitos dos povos indígenas. Advogada do Tribunal Constitucional Plurinacional, realizou a sistematização de toda a jurisprudência constitucional no Estado Plurinacional da Bolívia. Ela é professora de pós-graduação em várias universidades na Bolívia, incluindo Universidad Andina Simón Bolivia, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés UMSA, Universidad Mayor de San Simón UMSS, Universidad Gabriel René Moreno, Universidad San Francismo Xavier de Chuquisaca USXCH, Universidad Amazónica de Pando, Universidad Juan Misael Saracho, Universidade Tomás Frías, Universidade Século XX, Universidad del Valle, Escola de Juízes do Estado, Escola de Promotores do Estado, Escola de Administração Pública. Atualmente coordena o Mestrado em Administração de Justiça com foco em direitos humanos da Universidade Chiquitana, voltado para autoridades judiciais e fiscais da Amazônia boliviana. Ela também faz parte da Clínica Jurídica para o litígio estratégico de direitos da Fundação Construir e está vinculada à rede de mulheres constitucionalistas latino-americanas.

The Bolivian trauma patient's experience: A qualitative needs assessment

BackgroundDespite a significant burden of injury-related deaths, the Plurinational State of Bolivia (Bolivia), a lower- middle-income country in South America, lacks a formalized trauma system. This study sought to examine Bolivian trauma care from the patient perspective in order to determine barriers to care and targets for improvement. MethodsInvestigators conducted 15 semi-structured interviews with trauma patients admitted at four hospitals in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia in June and July of 2016. Interviews were transcribed, translated, and analyzed through content and discourse analysis to identify key themes and perceptions of trauma care. ResultsParticipants primarily presented with orthopedic injuries due to road traffic incidents and falls. Only one participant reported receiving first aid from a layperson at the scene of injury. Of the 15 participants, 12 did not know any number to contact emergency medical services (EMS). Participants expressed negative views of EMS as well as concerns for slow response times and inadequate personnel and training. Two thirds of participants were initially brought to a hospital without adequate resources to care for their injuries. Participants generally expressed positive views regarding healthcare workers involved in their hospital-based medical care. ConclusionsThis region of Bolivia has a disorganized, underutilized, and distrusted trauma system. In order to increase survival, interventions should focus on improving prehospital trauma care. Potential interventions include the implementation of layperson trauma first responder courses, the establishment of a medical emergency hotline, the unification of EMS, the implementation of basic training requirements for EMS personnel, and public education campaigns to increase trust in EMS.

O Estado Plurinacional da Bolívia e as garantias constitucionais à reafirmação das horizontalidades geográficas

Nos primeiros anos do século XXI, ocorreu na Bolívia um conjunto de transformações políticas, jurídicas, econômicas e territoriais. Naquele momento a Bolívia promoveu uma assembleia constituinte com o intuito de refundar o Estado, colocando-o a serviço das demandas populares, principalmente na construção de um Estado integral (LINERAb, 2010), da descolonização, integração territorial e nacionalização dos recursos naturais. Nesse sentido foi fundado o Estado Plurinacional da Bolívia, como aposta de solução aos conflitos territoriais do país. Em face disso, este trabalho deseja saber quais são as garantias constitucionais promulgadas pela constituição de 2009 no processo de reafirmação das horizontalidades geográficas. Trata-se de um estudo interdisciplinar entre o Direito e a Geografia, cuja metodologia foi de pesquisa bibliográfica e análise de documentos, estruturados a partir da categoria de espaço geográfico de Milton Santos (2006) e das premissas do Novo Constitucionalismo Latino-Americano, por seus diversos expoentes, especialmente Rubén Martinez Dalmau e Roberto Viciano Pastor (2012).

Petrografia e termobarometria de granitoides diatexíticos portadores de anfibólio da Região de São José de Ubá e São João do Paraíso (RJ)

Na região norte do Rio de Janeiro afloram rochas orto e paraderivadas neoproterozoicas de alto grau metamórfico, englobadas no Terreno Oriental da Faixa Ribeira. Dado a carência de estudos de detalhe na região, o presente trabalho contribui com novos aspectos de campo, petrografia, química mineral e geotermobarometria dos granitoides diatexíticos aflorantes na região entre São José de Ubá e São João do Paraíso, no noroeste fluminense. O litotipo é caracterizado por biotita-hornblenda gnaisses migmatíticos e protomiloníticos que são correlacionáveis a ortognaisses e granulitos do Complexo Serra da Bolívia (Domínio Cambuci da Faixa Ribeira). Dois litotipos neoformados são observados: um mesocrático, de caráter residual; e outro leucocrático, que correspondente ao leucossoma. O enriquecimento de K-feldspato no leucossoma em relação ao neossoma residual sugere baixos volumes de fusão por meio de reações de fusão envolvendo água. Aplicando-se diferentes geotermobarômetros, foram obtidas como condições de equilíbrio para o pico metamórfico 6,8 Kbar e 672–680°C (fácies anfibolito superior). Tais valores destoam dos encontrados na literatura para ouras rochas da região, reforçando a ideia de que os domínios do Terreno Oriental da Faixa Ribeira apresentam evoluções metamórficas distintas, em diferentes níveis crustais.

La teoría fundamentada en busca de un modelo educativo Qulla-Aymara

El presente estudio se fundamenta a partir de la concepción del yati (sabe) del mundo qulla (aymara). El hallazgo de elementos de un proceso cognoscitivo propio de los qulla (aymaras) convoca a la sistematización de un nuevo paradigma educativo con bases filosóficas propias, con una epistemología emergida del pensamiento de los qulla (aymaras) a partir de su idioma aymara. La reestructuración de un modelo educativo intra e intercultural intraeducativo e intereducativo es de vital importancia en estos momentos de revolución educativa de nuestro Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. El YATI conlleva distintos significados y significantes en el proceso aprendizaje. A través del discurso de los aymara hablantes de tres regiones (CariquimaChile, Tacna-Perú y Ingavi-Bolivia) se ha podido evidenciar un continuum de códigos y las redes del software de Atlas.ti ha podido sistematizar los códigos, las parte del YATI a través de
 redes semánticas en torno al yati ‘sabe’ los cuales son; amta-recuerdo, amuyu-pensamiento, lup’i-razonamiento y lura-hacer. El estudio ha podido aproximar a una secuencia lógica de eventos sincronizados para acceder a un proceso cognoscitivo a partir de su significancia propia del idioma Qulla-Aymara y un intento de poder dar pautas de cómo debe entenderse el proceso yati ‘sabe’ en el mundo andino de la región de los Aymaras, como una propuesta de método del Proceso Aprendizaje Aymara PÄ.

Венесуэла: траектория развития рабочего движения

The article is devoted to the labor movement in Venezuela and the in-fluence on it of the Communist International. The origin and evolution of independent trade unions, their social activities are considered. The tactics and forms of struggle for the rights of workers and the effective-ness of these actions in different historical periods of the Latin Ameri-can country are analyzed. Despite the opposition of the authorities, their desire to limit or control trade unions, they have become an important factor in political life. At the same time, the author concludes that there is a strong ideological polarization of the syndicates, which weakens their opportunities. This disunity is used by governments which are seeking to monopolize the decision-making process. In addition, the current state of trade unions in the Bolivarian Republic and the attitude of the administrations of U. Chavez and N. Maduro towards them are touched

Features of the Confrontational Interaction Between the EU and Venezuela

The article deals with the relations between the European Union and Venezuela in the source of an acute political and economic crisis. The author analyzes the various spheres of interaction between Brussels and Caracas, examines the evolution of the position of the EU. The main attention is paid to the policy of sanctions, to the EU's involvement into the negotiation process between the chavistas and the opposition, the humanitarian aid provided to the population of the Bolivarian Republic. The European Union faces difficult options. A de-escalation of tension with the government of Nicolas Maduro may strengthen the role of the EU in Venezuela. On the other hand, this policy could complicate the EU's relations with the United States and the opposition movements, which have united around the figure of Juan Guaido and have decided to boycott the parliamentary elections. The article is based on the latest factual data and sources that have not yet been introduced into scientific field

Modelo didáctico para la enseñanza de la metodología de la investigación científica

Hablar de la enseñanza de la metodología de la investigación científica en la formación profesional es hablar de la formación en y para la producción y difusión de conocimiento científico, a través de la investigación científica y la interacción social universitaria. Asumiendo que esta es la misión de la Universidad, desde la denominada sociedad del conocimiento, en Bolivia se nos remite al modelo educativo que se ha propuesto encarar como política estatal denominado Socio Comunitario Productivo (MEC, 2009) 
 Lo dicho no resulta novedoso, puesto que el Sistema de la Universidad Boliviana, en su VIII Congreso Nacional (CEUB, 1995) resuelve asumir el paradigma productivo, como respuesta a una de las mayores preocupaciones de la sociedad con referencia a la calidad de la Educación Superior cual es la producción del conocimiento desde la investigación, manifestando con ello que es su responsabilidad crear las bases de un nuevo poder, que es el conocimiento y la racionalidad científica. Si bien esta resolución empieza a concretarse con la creación de Institutos de Investigación, la inclusión de la asignatura de Metodología de la Investigación en los Planes Curriculares de todas las Carreras y la implementación de modalidades de titulación que impliquen tanto la investigación cuanto la interacción social, no se ha avanzado en la difusión de trabajos de investigación realizados por los estudiantes durante su formación profesional. Esto quiere decir que tampoco se han desarrollado procesos de enseñanza aprendizaje orientados a la formación de competencias para la producción y difusión de conocimiento científico.

Evaluation of compliance with the Code of Ethics by the accountant in companies of the Libertador Municipality of the State of Merida, Venezuela

This research focuses on the evaluation of compliance with the Code of Ethics for Accounting Professionals, by the public accountant in companies in the Libertador municipality of the Merida state of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Methodologically, the study has a quantitative design, which starts from the paradigm of the holistic cycle of research, passing through the perceptual and apprehensive levels; as well as, for the comprehensive and integrative levels, since from the description to the evaluation. Among the results, highlight that the public accountant in companies includes examples with the Code of Ethics for Accounting professionals, as this performs improper arrangements for financial information; In addition to sometimes, it also alters the result of the exercise. These events could be motivated in most cases by pressure and threats of intimidation by the employer and the almost non-existent complaints before the Disciplinary and Prosecutorial Court of the College of Public Accountants of the Merida State in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Keywords: Ethics, the Code of Ethics for Accounting Professionals, public accountant, employer. URL: https://revistas.uta.edu.ec/erevista/index.php/bcoyu/article/view/950

O contato warao-espanhol

Em uma recente publicação, “El contacto warao-español. Consideraciones sobre el proceso de aculturación léxica de la lengua nativa del delta del Orinoco”, Andrés Romero-Figueroa apresenta um estudo no âmbito sociolinguístico dos processos do contato linguístico e da aculturação lexical entre o Warao e o espanhol. O Warao e uma língua falada por uma população originária que ocupa uma vasta extensão da região delta do rio Orenoco, Nordeste da República Bolivariana de Venezuela e norte das guianas ocidentais, enquanto o espanhol é o idioma oficial da nação venezuelana. O estudo do autor mostra o impacto assimétrico de mudanças lexicais exercidas na respectiva língua indígena e as principais estratégias linguísticas implementadas pelos falantes warao na adaptação de conceitos alheios à cultura autóctone que foram introduzidos desde o período da chegada espanhola a esta parte do continente americano.

THE EVOLUTION OF BILATERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS THE BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY

In the early 21st century, the Latin American region was one of the essential vectors of Belarusian foreign policy. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela was noted for being the first country of Latin America which established close ties with the Republic of Belarus. The purpose of the article is to study the dynamics of the bilateral relations between Belarus and Venezuela at the present time, to determine the peculiarities of the cooperation between the states, and to identify the factors which affect the interrelation between the countries. The theoretical and methodological base of the research includes the following methods: analysis, synthesis, chronological, predictive and event analysis, etc. The paper contains the analysis of the evolution of Belarusian-Venezuelan relations at the present time. In particular, the authors study the progress of the relations between the countries and preform the complex analysis of their trade and economic cooperation, indicate the key top-level meetings which had a substantial impact on the development of the partnership, examine the legislation which was the starting point for establishing collaboration and partnership. Moreover, the authors found that the top-priority directions of Belarusian-Venezuelan relations were energy industry, construction, and agriculture as well as science and technology. The article stresses that the years 2007 – 2012 were the pinnacle of the bilateral relations intensity, preceding the gradual decline and the factual freeze of a series of projects, which is attributed to the political situation in Venezuela. The active dialogue between the states was renewed only in January 2019, yet no transition to the active phase of the cooperation can be observed. The authors concluded that in the present circumstances of its foreign policy, Belarus considers Venezuela, as well as the rest of Latin American countries, as the states of so-called “far arc,” prioritizing the development of the ties with the Russian Federation within the framework of CIS and the Eurasian Economic Community. Furthermore, Belarus’s support for N. Maduro can cause complication and worsening of relations between the country if H. Guaido wins in the Venezuelan internal conflict. Therefore, it is highly improbable that any significant progress in the bilateral cooperation between the states will be made before the Venezuelan internal political crisis is resolved.

Advances and challenges in the implementation of a comprehensive fire management policy in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

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Community Forest Brigades and their implementation as part of a new vision in the integrated fire management in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

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Pluralismo jurídico y el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia: la “etnización” de la jurisdicción indígena en el ejemplo de los guaraní

The article analyses the recognition of the “indigenous jurisdiction” (“indigenous justice”) in the Plurinational State of Bolivia. In the context of current Latin American reforms on indigenous rights, Bolivia’s relevance is due to the following reasons: (1) Bolivia is considered the Latin American country with the highest proportion of indigenous population. (2) The Bolivian State has recognised indigenous rights in a particularly broad way. (3) In Bolivia, laws have been passed to make these rights effective. In view of this, however, it is argued that the reforms to recognize the indigenous jurisdiction should be analyzed as a contradictory process of “ ethnicization” of indigenous legal practices. While they define this jurisdiction as an expression of ethnicity and culture, they ignore both its socio-economic foundations and the specific characteristics of politically fragmented societies. I will use empirical material to discuss some of the implications of this ethnicization in the example of the Guarani of Bolivia. As will be seen, the legislation on indigenous jurisdiction, on the one hand, is inserted into government projects to codify and structure “cultural authenticity”. On the other hand, its application changes local legal practices and implies ambivalent processes of adaptation on the way to building autonomy.

Legal Nature of the Community Councils in Venezuela

The 21st century is a historical milestone for new ways of managing public affairs, as a result of the political, social and economic transformations that were generated in various countries in South America, in which Venezuela is the protagonist with the approval of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic in December 1999; based on the organization of society for participation in decision-making on matters of collective interest. In this perspective, the Community Councils arise. Therefore, they constitute the interest of the investigation to characterize the applicable legal regime in Venezuela, according to the theoretical contributions and the institutional devices that comprise them. It is a descriptive investigation, with a documentary design. The findings reveal: since the constitutional precepts, regulations for community organization and participation were created, referring to the Communal Councils, which have been the subject of discussion about the nature of their actions, based on the legal nature; it is evident that its praxis responds to features of a mixed legal nature, that is, constitutional and community. It is concluded that the Communal Councils must advance in the legal recognition of the actions related to certain competences of the public administration, to build the administrative and legal bases for an innovative community development community management.

Safer Anesthesia from Education (SAFE) Pediatric Anesthesia in Guatemala

Introduction 25% of Latin America’s diverse population of 650M people is under the age of 16. Perioperative child mortality ranges from 0.4-15.9/10,000 anesthetics, with higher rates among less developed countries (Bolivia and Honduras). In contrast, U.S. perioperative child mortality is 6.8/10,000. The SAFE Paediatric Anesthesia Course (SAFE Paeds), developed by Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland and the World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists (WFSA), has been successfully administered to anesthesia providers in Africa and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Society for Pediatric Anesthesia, in partnership …

Pueblos expoliados culturalmente: el jesuita Oscar Dreidemie y la Colección arqueológica de la Universidad del Salvador proveniente de Medanitos y otros pueblos de Catamarca (Argentina)

El jesuita Oscar Dreidemie Alonso (1903-1969) realizó varias campañas arqueológicas en el pueblo de Medanitos y alrededores (departamento Tinogasta, Catamarca) entre los años 1949 y 1952, en ellas se abocó a la excavación de contextos funerarios y a la conformación de una colección de objetos arqueológicos. Todos los materiales fueron transportados fuera de Catamarca. Asimismo, existen indicios de que sus viajes de exploración en el Noroeste argentino llegaron hasta la frontera con Bolivia, muy posiblemente siguiendo el recorrido de la Ruta Nacional Nº 40 y realizando acopio de objetos para su colección. Actualmente, una parte está depositada en el Museo Jesuítico Nacional de Jesús María, donde Dreidemie fue director (1946-1969); mientras que otra se encontraba perdida, dado que el jesuita la trasladó a una institución que no existe desde hace décadas, como es el laboratorio arqueológico anexo al Observatorio de Física Cósmica de San Miguel, Buenos Aires, donde se desempeñaba como Jefe de Publicaciones (1948-1957). Luego de intensas y diversas gestiones se logró ubicar a la colección perdida, actualmente depositada en el Campus Nuestra Señora del Pilar de la Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Buenos Aires, junto con otros materiales de las Expediciones Arqueológicas del Instituto de Arqueología (USAL), cuyo paradero también se desconocía. En este trabajo damos cuenta del derrotero de la colección Dreidemie hasta llegar a la USAL, de las características de los materiales, del aporte que realizan a los proyectos de investigación (Proyecto Arqueológico Chaschuil-Abaucán y Proyecto Arqueológico Yocavil) y de las consecuencias de la expoliación de elementos identitarios en la elaboración de la historia de los pueblos.

Assessing Evo’s Bolivia: Inclusion, Ethnicity, and Class

This essay reviews the following works: When Movements Become Parties: The Bolivian MAS in Comparative Perspective. By Santiago Anria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. xxi + 275. $34.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781108427579. Between the Andes and the Amazon: Language and Social Meaning in Bolivia. By Anna M. Babel. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2018. Pp. xii + 265. $60.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780816537266. Domesticating Democracy: The Politics of Conflict Resolution in Bolivia. By Susan Helen Ellison. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2018. Pp. xiii + 281. $25.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780822371083. Latin America since the Left Turn. Edited by Tulia G. Falleti and Emilio A. Parrado. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018. Pp. vii + 376. $69.95 hardcover. ISBN: 9780812249712. Coca Yes, Cocaine No: How Bolivia’s Coca Growers Reshaped Democracy. By Thomas Grisaffi. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2019. Pp. vii + 261. $25.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781478002970. USAID in Bolivia: Partner or Patron? By Lawrence C. Heilman. Boulder, CO: First Forum Press. Pp. xiii + 345. $85.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781626374362. Beyond Indigeneity: Coca Growing and the Emergence of a New Middle Class in Bolivia. By Alessandra Pellegrini Calderon. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2016. Pp. xiv + 205. $55.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780816533107. The Indigenous State: Race, Politics, and Performance in Plurinational Bolivia. By Nancy Postero. Oakland: University of California Press. Pp. xii + 228. $34.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780520294035. Along the Bolivian Highway: Social Mobility and Political Culture in a New Middle Class. By Miriam Shakow. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014. Pp. ix + 259. $65.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780812246148. Reshaping the Political Arena in Latin America: From Resisting Neoliberalism to the Second Incorporation. Edited by Eduardo Silva and Federico M. Rossi. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2018. Pp. xi + 403. $32.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780822965121. Political Networks and Social Movements: Bolivian State-Society Relations under Evo Morales, 2006–2016. By Soledad Valdivia Rivera. New York: Berghahn Books, 2019. Pp. vi + 271. $135.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781789202199.

Study of Psychomotor Development and Environmental Quality at Shelter Homes for Children Aged 0 to 2 in the Department of Chuquisaca (Bolivia).

Children in situations of destitution who become institutionalized commonly display developmental disorders, including delayed growth. The aim was to evaluate the environmental quality of the casas cuna of the Department of Chuquisaca (Plurinational state of Bolivia) in children aged 0 to 2 years old after receiving an early stimulation program based on psychomotor therapy. Thirty-six children who were institutionalized at shelter homes in the Department of Chuquisaca were selected to receive sessions of psychomotricity over a five-month period. The Infant/Toddler Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (IT-HOME) scale and the Attachment During Stress Scale (ADS) were used. The adult−child relationship with factors of responsiveness (−0.89; p = 0.037), acceptance (0.57; p = 0.024), organization (−1.03; p < 0.001), learning material (−2.57; p < 0.001) and involvement (−1.92; p < 0.001) scored below expectations, showing that environmental indicators are a poor stimulation for children growing up in shelter homes. Improvements were found in the children’s development after receiving this therapy. In conclusion, an early stimulation program based on psychomotor therapy over five months provided favorable results for the acquisition of skills for communication, motor development and social skills, which positively affect the psychomotor development.