Bold Line Research Articles

Irony and Idealism: Rereading Schlegel, Hegel, and Kierkegaard by Fred Rush

Reviewed by: Irony and Idealism: Rereading Schlegel, Hegel, and Kierkegaard by Fred Rush Nathan Ross Fred Rush. Irony and Idealism: Rereading Schlegel, Hegel, and Kierkegaard. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. Pp. xvi + 312. Cloth, $85.00. The founder of early German Romantic philosophy, Friedrich Schlegel, is a pivotal figure in the history of philosophy because of the way that he establishes many of the themes by which nineteenth-century continental thought separates itself from Kant. Yet our view of his depth and originality as a thinker has often been distorted by his proximity to Hegel, who propounded a highly polemical and reductive reading of Schlegel. One of the ways in which our view of Schlegel is distorted by Hegel's reading is our association of Schlegel with the stance of irony. While Schlegel considered irony as merely one of several fruitful ways to rethink the relation of the subject to the absolute, Hegel used a reductive reading of this notion of irony to dismiss Schlegel as an immoral and unserious figure with no binding positions or methods. Fred Rush's study, Irony and Idealism, seeks to challenge the subordinate and lesser position of Schlegel within nineteenth-century thought, first by developing a reading of Schlegel as the key, founding figure in German Romanticism, and then by advancing from this reading, first to challenge the methodological primacy of Hegel as a dialectical thinker, and second to trace the Schlegelian provenance of certain themes in Kierkegaard's philosophy. In the first main chapter, Rush constructs an argument to emphasize the originality and centrality of Schlegel as the key, founding figure in Jena Romanticism (rather than Novalis). Within the burgeoning field of Romanticism studies, this is hardly a claim that needs to be made, as most accounts already acknowledge Schlegel's founding status. (Indeed, Rush struggles to produce a single example of a scholar who would disagree with him.) The chapter demonstrates that irony is by no means the central figure in Schlegel's rich methodological vocabulary, and places more emphasis on Schlegel's use of the term Wechselerweis (reciprocal proof) and his notion that all experience is founded on regulative ideals. Schlegel challenges us to think of experience as guided by an absolute that is never given in experience and that does not and cannot exist as an object or event. Rush coins the term 'global regulativity' to describe Schlegel's epistemic method. This reading seems well suited to get us beyond a simplistic understanding of Romantic irony as an unserious, uncommitted or relativistic attitude, although it raises the question why subsequent chapters make irony into the central term of comparison. Although I agree with many of Rush's conclusions about Schlegel, his style of exegesis makes it hard to reconstruct his reading because he seldom uses Schlegel's primary texts to advance his argument. Schlegel writes in a manner that is by turns fragmentary, provocative, fascinating, self-reflexive, enigmatic and confusing. First time students as well as seasoned scholars of Schlegel need help in unpacking the primary texts and seeing how they connect. Rush rarely cites key texts at crucial phases in his argument, and engages in heavy paraphrase, often using neologisms. At many points in Rush's argument, I found myself asking: what is his evidence for that reading? What phase of Schlegel's complex development would support that interpretation? [End Page 741] The chapter on Hegel takes a bold line in reversing the customary order between Schlegel and Hegel: it works back from Hegel's well-known critique of Schlegel to develop an account that emphasizes the parallels between Hegel's dialectical method and Schlegel's irony; and then it argues that when we see the two positions in such close proximity, Schlegel has a methodological advantage. Rush argues that both irony and Hegel's dialectics involve a stance of immersing oneself in a shifting intellectual content while also maintaining a sense of distance and detachment as contradictions reveal themselves. But whereas Hegel's method allegedly involves working towards a final standpoint of closure, Schlegel makes his ironic stance into a regulative ideal that can never be achieved. In Rush's account, Schlegel's stance seems to involve greater...

(Invited) Ionic Liquids for Rechargeable Metal Batteries

The emergence of global warming driven by greenhouse gases has put tremendous emphasis on the need to develop improved large scale energy storage systems including low-cost, and high energy density batteries such as rechargeable metal batteries. Batteries in which metals such as lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and zinc (Zn) act as the electroactive species offer great potential in these applications. Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) that are, generally, non-volatile, non-flammable and thermally stable have recently been shown to enhance the electrochemical characteristics and long-term cycling of some of these metals[ 1 ]. For example, Figure 1 below compares the charging behaviour of a Li|LiCoO2 cell in conventional organic electrolyte (solid bold line) to that of RTIL (dashed line)[ 2 ]. The high rate charging behaviour is substantially improved in the latter electrolyte due to the high solubility of Li ions in the RTIL. The thermal stability of RTILs is also becoming very significant in offering improved safety with these large-scale batteries. Recent work has demonstrated the importance of functional groups in the RTIL cations and anions [ 3 ] and the role of additives[ 4 ] in influencing speciation and electrochemical behaviour. These functionalised ILs are providing a pathway towards cheaper, rechargeable batteries such as those based on zinc[ 5 ] and magnesium[ 6 ]. This talk will discuss recent work from our group, and others, in these areas. Figure 1: 1 C to 5 C charging profiles of organic liquid electrolyte [1M LiPF6, EC:DMC = 50:50 vol.%] (Solid bold line) and 3.2 mol.kg-1 LiFSI in C3mpyrFSI (Dashed line). (Reproduced from ref [ 2 ]). [1] a) M. Kar, T. J. Simons, M. Forsyth, D. MacFarlane, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 18658-18674; b) D. R. MacFarlane, M. Forsyth, P. Howlett, M. Kar, S. Passerini, J. Pringle, H. Ohno, M. Watanabe, F. Yan, W. Zheng, S. Zhang, J. Zhang, Nature Review Materials 2016 - in press.[2] H. Yoon, P. C. Howlett, A. S. Best, M. Forsyth, D. R. MacFarlane, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2013, 160, A1629-A1637.[3] M. Kar, B. Winther-Jensen, M. Forsyth, D. R. MacFarlane, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 7191-7197.[4] T. J. Simons, A. A. J. Torriero, P. C. Howlett, D. R. MacFarlane, M. Forsyth, Electrochem. Commun. 2012, 18, 119-122.[5] a) M. Kar, T. J. Simons, B. Winther-Jensen, M. Forsyth, M. Armand, D. MacFarlane, Electrochim. Acta 2014; b) T. J. Simons, M. Salsamendi, P. C. Howlett, M. Forsyth, D. R. Macfarlane, C. Pozo-Gonzalo, ChemElectroChem 2015.[6] M. Kar, Ma, Z., Chen, K, Azofra, L. M, Forysth, M, MacFarlane, D.R., Chem Comm - submmitted 2015. Figure 1

When Tobacco Was King: Families, Farm Labor, and Federal Policy in the Piedmont by Evan P. Bennett (review)

Reviewed by: When Tobacco Was King: Families, Farm Labor, and Federal Policy in the Piedmont by Evan P. Bennett Eldred E. Prince (bio) When Tobacco Was King: Families, Farm Labor, and Federal Policy in the Piedmont. By Evan P. Bennett. (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2014. Pp. x, 152. $74.95 cloth) Evan Bennett has given us a well-written and thoroughly researched essay on bright leaf tobacco culture in the Old Belt of North Carolina and Virginia since the Civil War. The volume examines family labor models that developed after emancipation, stabilized under the Federal Tobacco Program introduced in the 1930s, and faded with mechanization, out-migration, and the general retreat of tobacco culture since the 1970s. Following the Civil War, freedpeople and white yeomen alike were attracted to rising tobacco prices and improving access to markets. But tobacco farming was very labor intensive, and every leaf was handled several times in the complex of tasks ending on the warehouse floor. With an eye ever on the bottom line, small farmers needed to reduce overhead any way they could. Perhaps family labor was not inevitable, as the author suggests, but it was cheap and readily available to small farmers. Spouses and children had to be housed, fed, and clothed anyway, and helping with the tobacco crop was expected as a contribution to the family’s living standard. Family labor patterns persisted into the twentieth century. Old Belt families earned the respect of their communities through their work ethic and farming skills. Indeed, family labor often ranged to other tasks such as tending a vegetable garden and caring for animals. While sharecropping and tenancy increased regionwide, especially in the cotton country, the Old Belt tobacco region was an exception. By 1920, a solid majority of tobacco growers owned the farms they worked. And this distinction was not limited to whites. Black proprietorship reached 67 percent in some Old Belt counties. One of the book’s greatest strengths is the analysis of work routines common to bright tobacco culture in the early twentieth century. The author includes not only technical descriptions of the tasks but their social aspects as well. Another important asset is the [End Page 117] excellent summary of agrarian activism in the Old Belt. Hoping to reform a biased marketing system, Old Belt tobacco growers joined successively the Grange, the Knights of Labor, the Farmers’ Alliance, and the National Farmers’ Union. With a deft hand, Bennett guides the reader through this often-confusing series of organizations and explains their successes and failures. In the chapter titled “Cooperation,” Bennett discusses the rise and fall of the Tri-State Tobacco Growers Cooperative, the most important reform movement in the tobacco country between the 1880s and the 1930s. Seeking to strengthen their inherently weak marketing position, reform-minded growers in the Carolinas and Virginia mounted a vigorous campaign to organize tobacco farmers as a counterweight to manufacturers and warehousemen. Supported by the Cooperative Extension Service and leading publications such as The Progressive Farmer, the Tri-State crossed boundaries of race and gender to an extent remarkable for the 1920s. While the Tri-State never achieved its full potential, it did raise tobacco prices for a few years. The New Deal drew a bold line across the page of southern agriculture, dividing the history of bright tobacco into “before” and “after.” Acreage allotments helped to balance supply with demand, and price supports ensured that even mediocre farmers could profit from every leaf they could urge from their allotment. After World War II, mechanical and chemical technologies increased yields, but ever larger crops threatened to overwhelm the tobacco commodity program. Quota reductions fell hardest on small farmers, hastening their exit from the culture. As tobacco farming became more capital intensive, historic family labor patterns gave way to migrant labor. By the 1980s, growing health concerns and rising leaf imports weakened domestic producers further. The final chapter, “Buyout,” discusses the endgame of the venerable tobacco commodity program in the 1990s and early 2000s. Consumer groups asked why government should continue to subsidize a commodity that posed a serious public-health hazard. Compromises such as the No-Net-Cost Act, which shifted program costs to...

New light on the 1824 William Smith Northumberland County map: A joint work by Smith and Phillips

Smith's geological map of Northumberland probably was the most challenging of his 21 county maps to complete. It combined at least two earlier sets of data together with additional fieldwork in 1821 by his nephew John Phillips. This account focuses on two extant pre-publication maps and relates them to the published version. The earliest is a Smith field map drawn onto an Andrew Armstrong base map dated 1769 and the other is a pre-publication map drawn by an unknown hand onto a John Cary 1821 base map, possibly for use by Phillips as a reference map during his 1821 field work. There were significant gaps in the compilation of field data into a final master map caused by misfortunes ranging from Smith's wife's deteriorating mental state, his debt problems, brief incarceration, and a devastating fire at the Cary print works. Advancing old age also encouraged Smith to increasingly draw on the assistance of John Phillips for the final Northumberland field work. This was Phillips' first important piece of solo field mapping and was carried out late in 1821. His itinerary was designed in liaison with Smith who was concurrently working in Cumbria. Unfortunately, Phillips' field reference map misinterpreted Smith's inland Whin Sill outcrops drawn on the 1769 Armstrong base map. Consequently, Phillips in1821 did not recognise their significance and failed to include them in the 1824 published map. Nevertheless, Phillips did solve Smith's geological problems in the southwest of the county where the Hartley Burn (Midgeholme) coalfield appeared to be out of sequence along its unexposed southern margins. This was correctly interpreted as a major fault contact and was indicated by a dashed line on the 1824 published map. This is believed to be the first fault line to be drawn on any Smith map and fits closely to the northern master fault of the Alston Block now known as the Stublick Fault. Phillips also identified the northerly extension of the Burtreeford Disturbance into the area. This is also marked by a bold dashed north-south line along the valley of the River East Allen. A third (unnamed) fault-line with a northwest-southeast trend in the West Allen valley was identified on the basis of truncated mineralisation within deep mines in the High Chapel area.

Deep Ambivalence and Wild Objects: Toward a Strange Environmental Rhetoric

Carl Herndl and Stuart Brown argue that the complexity of environmental rhetoric is such that its concerns are embedded in both our lived experiences and across many intellectual endeavors. To think through environmentalism, they suggest, is to think through rhetoric, and both entail crossing boundaries. Environmentalism and its concomitant rhetorics, however, frequently draw a bold line between humans and nonhuman nature, and so long as rhetoric remains wedded to the human and the human alone, environmental rhetoric will continue to miss the mark. A strange environmental rhetoric, which blurs the line between humans and nonhumans, calls for more relations and not less—not a removal of humans from the environment, but another way of comporting ourselves with environments.

監察剖検所見からみた院外心肺停止死因臨床診断の課題(Difficulty making a clinical diagnosis of cardiopulmonary arrest based on postmortem medical examination findings)

【背景及び目的】院外心肺停止（Cardiopulmonary arrest以下CPA）症例は臨床経過が不明な場合が多く，たとえ目撃があっても不十分な病歴しか得られない。蘇生行為中の限られた検査所見により臨床的死因推定が行われているのが現状であり，死因不明症例が数多く存在する。当院の位置する神戸市は監察医制度の対象地域であり，CPA症例の解剖実施率は高い。臨床的死因推定と監察医の解剖所見の相違は散見され，救急医が行う死因推定の妥当性は明らかでない。今回我々は自験例から，臨床的死因推定と死因不明症例の検証を行った。【対象と方法】2010年4月から2011年3月までの12か月間を対象期間とし，同期間に当院へ搬送された連続223症例のCPAについて臨床的死因推定と兵庫県監察医務室での解剖所見を後方視的に比較検討した。【結果】223症例中151症例が監察医務室で検案され，うち100症例で行政解剖が行われた。解剖が実施された100症例中，臨床的に死因が推定できなかったものは36％，心原性が20％であった。この臨床的死因推定不能症例の解剖結果では，43％が心原性疾患と最多であり，外因性25％，大動脈疾患11％，消化器疾患7％，呼吸器疾患4％，肺塞栓症3％，脳血管障害2％，不明1％，その他4％であった。臨床的死因推定と解剖所見との不一致例は17％存在した。【考察】臨床的死因推定がなされた場合の解剖所見との一致率は83％であり，その妥当性は高かった。死因が臨床的に推定できない場合の解剖結果は非心原性が57％を占め，臨床経過が似る大動脈解離や肺塞栓の割合も少なくない。臨床的死因不明症例においては解剖を実施せずに正確な死因特定を行うことは困難である。【結語】臨床的死因推定の妥当性は高いが，臨床的死因不明症例では解剖によるさらなる死因究明が望ましい。 Background: The clinical history of a patient with cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) who is transported to the emergency department is commonly unknown. Even if a witness is present, the patient’s available clinical history is usually limited. Clinicians presume the cause of death from results of limited tests performed during active resuscitation, which leaves many causes undetermined. Kobe city has a medical examiation system in which, autopsies are performed at a high rate. However, because of many differences between clinical and autopsy diagnoses, the validity of clinical diagnosis is currently unclear. In this study, we evaluated the clinical diagnosis of CPA against autopsy findings and investigated cases of unknown cause of death. Patients and Method: We reviewed the records of patients with CPA who were transported to our hospital between April 2010 and March 2011 and compared the differences between clinical and autopsy diagnoses in the Medical Examiner’s Office of Hyogo Prefecture. Results: Over the study period, 151 subjects underwent postmortem examination or autopsy; of them, postmortem examination alone was performed in 51, while postmortem examination plus autopsy was performed in 100. A total of 36% of the autopsy cases had an unknown cause of death. Causes of death confirmed by autopsy included cardiogenic disease in 43%, exogenous factors in 25%, aortic disease in 11%, digestive disorder in 7%, respiratory disease in 4%, pulmonary embolism in 3%, cerebrovascular disease in 2%, unknown in 1%, and other in 4%. Of those subjects with a clinical diagnosis, 17% had a different autopsy diagnosis. Discussion: The rate of agreement between clinical diagnosis and autopsy diagnosis was 83%, which demonstrates that clinical diagnoses are generally reliable. Moreover, considering the possibility of preceding endogenous disease in drowning or asphyxiation cases, led to even greater accuracy. When the clinical diagnosis was unknown, non–cardiac CPA was diagnosed at a rate of 57%. Because aortic dissection and pulmonary embolism are commonly clinically similar to cardiogenic CPA, it is difficult to identify an individual’s cause of death without an autopsy. Conclusion: Findings in this study show that clinical diagnosis has high validity. If an individual’s clinical diagnosis is unknown, an autopsy is recommended. 院外心肺停止（Cardiopulmonary arrest以下CPA）症例は基礎疾患や臨床経過が不明な場合が多く，たとえ目撃があるCPA症例であっても不十分な病歴しか得られない。不十分な病歴や蘇生行為中の限られた身体所見・検査所見により臨床的死因推定が行われているのが現状であり，臨床的に死因が推定困難な症例も多く存在する。 神戸市は総人口が約150万人の都市であり，その大部分が監察医制度の対象地域となっている。年間死亡数は約1万4千人であり，そのうち救急搬送されるCPA患者は約900～1,000人／年である。2010年の兵庫県監察医務室による検案数は1,685件であり，解剖数は1,130件であった 1。 当院は神戸市の中核病院として年間約250人のCPA症例を受け入れている。我々は当院に搬送され監察医制度により検案・行政解剖が行われた症例について監察医と救急医による合同カンファレンスを定期的に開催し，臨床所見と解剖所見のすり合わせを行ってきた。実際には臨床的に心原性と判断した症例が脳神経疾患や感染症であったなど，臨床的な死因推定と解剖所見の相違点が散見される。 一方，院外CPA症例の記録集約としてウツタイン様式 2が世界的にも使用されている。ウツタイン様式では死因は心原性と非心原性に大別され，原因不明の場合は除外診断として心原性に分類することになる。しかし，除外診断によって心原性に分類することへの妥当性は不明である。 本研究の目的は，原因不明のCPA患者の多くを解剖している当院の症例を用い，臨床的死因不明患者の死因究明と臨床的死因推定の妥当性を検討することである。 2010年4月から2011年3月の12か月間に当院へ搬送されたCPA患者連続223症例を対象とし，カルテレビューにより臨床的死因推定と解剖所見を比較検討した。 死因分類については，心原性疾患・脳血管障害・消化器疾患・呼吸器疾患・大動脈疾患・肺塞栓症・外因性・その他・不明に分類すると定義した。臨床的死因推定は，診療した救急医により病歴・蘇生中の検査（血液検査：血算・一般生化学 トロポニンT 胸部レントゲン 超音波検査）により総合的に判断されたものであり，死亡時画像診断Autopsy imaging（以下Ai）は原則として実施していない。 臨床的に死因が推定されるが特定には至っていない症例，もしくは臨床的に死因が不明な症例は監察医制度にのっとり監察医により検案が行われた。当院かかりつけ患者であり既知の疾患による死亡と判断した症例，もしくはかかりつけ医と連絡がとれて既知の疾患による死亡と判断できる症例，明らかに死因が特定できる症例は死亡診断書を作成している。 期間内対象患者223症例の内訳は，男性134例（平均年齢65.6〈2～96〉歳），女性89例（平均年齢69.0〈0～99〉歳）であった。223症例中，監察医制度にのっとり検案・解剖された症例は151症例（検案のみ51症例・解剖あり100症例：解剖実施率66％）であった（Fig. 1）。 Description of databases. Cases framed by a bold line represent the number of data in this study. CPA; cardiopulmonary arrest. 解剖が実施されず検案のみとなるのは，縊頸・多発外傷など明らかな外因死の症例，家族の同意が得られない症例などである。解剖未実施の症例は，監察医務室にて病歴・検査所見などの臨床情報や検案所見に基づいて死体検案書が作成された。検案のみの51症例中，明らかな外因死は28症例（55％），死体検案書に家族の不承諾が解剖未実施の理由と明記されているものが12症例（24％），明らかな外因死でないが解剖未実施理由の明記がないものが11症例（21％）であった。 検案のみの51症例の臨床的死因推定の結果内訳は，外因性31症例（61％），消化器疾患3症例（6％），大動脈疾患2症例（4％），心原性疾患2症例（4％），呼吸器疾患1症例（2％），その他1症例（2％），不明11症例（21％）。検案結果は外因性30症例（59％），心原性疾患8症例（17％），消化器疾患4症例（8％），大動脈疾患1症例（2％），その他2症例（4％），不詳5症例（10％）であった。 解剖が実施された100症例の臨床的死因推定は，不明が36症例（36％）と最多であり，外因性25症例（25％），心原性疾患20症例（20％），消化器疾患7症例（7％），大動脈疾患5症例（5％），脳血管障害2症例（2％），呼吸器疾患2症例（2％），肺塞栓症1症例（1％），その他2症例（2％）であった（Table 1）。 一方，実際の解剖所見では43症例（43％）が心原性疾患と最多であり，外因性が25症例（25％），大動脈疾患11症例（11％），消化器疾患7症例（7％），呼吸器疾患4症例（4％），肺塞栓症3症例（3％），脳血管障害2症例（2％），不明1症例（1％），その他4症例（4％）であった（Table 1）。 臨床的死因が推定できなかった36症例での解剖結果の内訳は，心原性疾患16症例（44％），大動脈疾患5症例（14％），外因性3症例（8％），呼吸器疾患2症例（5.5％），脳血管障害2症例（5.5％），消化器疾患2症例（5.5％），肺塞栓症2症例（5.5％），不明1症例（3％），その他3症例（8％）であった（Table 2）。 非心原性疾患か心原性疾患について，臨床的死因推定と解剖所見の不一致症例は11症例（17％）であった。 臨床的死因推定が非心原性疾患であった44症例のうち解剖所見で心原性疾患であったのは9症例（20％）あり，内訳は脳血管障害2症例（症例1～2），感染症2症例（症例3～4），消化器疾患（症例5～6），外因性（症例7～9）であった（Table 3）。 症例1では鼾をかいて入眠している状態からCPAに至っているため，症例2では歩行中の突然死であったがトロポニンTが陰性であったため，脳血管障害が疑われた。症例3では発見時に34度の低体温とレントゲンにて肺炎像を認めたため，症例4ではCPAに至る前に悪寒を訴えておりレントゲンにて肺炎像を認めたため，感染症が疑われた。症例5ではCPA直前に黒色水様便を認めていたため，症例6では下腹部痛を訴えてからCPAに至っておりレントゲンにて腸管拡張を認めたため，消化器疾患が疑われた。症例7～9では，いずれも浴槽内で顔が水面に浸かった状態で発見されたCPAであり，蘇生行為中の胸部レントゲン所見・エコー所見からは死因を示唆する所見は認めなかったため溺水・窒息と判断された。 臨床的死因推定が心原性疾患であった20症例のうち解剖所見で非心原性疾患であったのは10％（2症例）であり，内訳は大動脈疾患と消化器疾患がそれぞれ1症例であった（Table 1）。 症例10では車内にてCPAの状態で発見され，PEA時の心電図モニター波形でST上昇を認めるがFAST陰性とレントゲンでの縦隔拡大を認めないことから心原性が疑われたが大動脈解離であった。症例11では，蘇生中のレントゲンにて肺水腫を認めたことから心原性が疑われたが，肝硬変が死因であった。 監察医制度がある地域は東京23区内・横浜市・名古屋市・大阪市・神戸市の5都市のみであり，それ以外の地域での院外CPA症例に対する承諾解剖実施率は多くの地域で1％以下 3である。ほとんどの場合は臨床的要因から死因推定しているのが現状だが，この推定の妥当性は不明である。解剖が行われた院外CPA症例での臨床所見と解剖所見の相違についての報告は散見され，山下ら 4は解剖結果により58症例中25例（43％）で新たな所見が得られたと報告している。また，石田ら 5は解剖が行われた院外CPA症例で，20症例中7症例（45％）において解剖結果で直接死因が判明したと報告している。滝ら 6は解剖が行われた院外CPA症例において，24症例中17症例（71％）で死因が明確になった，もしくは訂正されたと報告した。しかしこれらの報告 4, 5, 6での解剖実施率は13％～20％程度と多くの院外CPA症例が存在するなかで解剖が実施された少数であり，解剖が実施された背景など選択バイアスが存在し全体を反映しているとはいえない。 本研究の意義は監察医制度による高い解剖実施率（66％）にある。さらに，確定診断に至る決定的な証拠がないかぎり，臨床的な死因推定が行われている症例も監察医制度にて検案・行政解剖が実施されることである。 その結果，決定的な確定診断に至る証拠がない院外CPA症例は全て検案・行政解剖が実施されており，一般的な院外CPA症例の実態を反映していると考えられる。 本研究での臨床的死因推定ができた64症例での解剖所見との一致率は，心原性か非心原性かで判断した場合は83％（診断一致症例：53症例/臨床的死因推定可能症例：64症例）であり比較的高かった。臨床的には非心原性を疑ったが解剖所見では心原性と判断した症例は9％存在するが，その3分の１は入浴中の溺水や窒息症例であった。臨床的に外因死が疑われる状況であっても，内因性疾患が先行した可能性は考慮すべきである。臨床的には心原性が疑われたが解剖所見では非心原性と判断された症例は2％のみであった。以上のことから，死因推定可能であった場合の臨床的死因推定の妥当性は比較的高く，入浴中の溺水や窒息症例において先行する内因性疾患に留意することで，さらなる精度の向上が期待できる。 ウツタイン様式では臨床的死因不明患者は除外診断として心原性に分類されるが，本研究結果では臨床的死因不明患者のうち非心原性が56％であった。特に，心原性と同様に病歴では急性発症や突然死となりうる大動脈疾患や肺塞栓症が多いことは注目に値する。中尾ら 7の報告でも，監察医制度で解剖が実施されたうち10％が大動脈疾患・2％が肺塞栓であったことからも，これらの疾患は一定の頻度で存在していると推察される。ウツタイン様式に従い除外診断で心原性疾患とすると，心原性疾患20％に不明症例36％が追加されるため，結果的に56％が心原性疾患に分類される。しかし，解剖結果では臨床的死因不明の56％（非心原性疾患20症例/臨床的死因不明36症例）が非心原性疾患であり，解剖結果全体では心原性疾患が43％となるためウツタイン様式での統計結果と大きな差を認めた。ウツタイン様式による心原性分類の23％が実際には非心原性であったことは死因統計としても無視できない数字である。このことからも臨床的に死因推定困難な場合は積極的に解剖を行うことが必要であろう。 本研究の限界として非解剖症例の存在による最終確定診断の妥当性の問題と，Aiを実施した場合の臨床診断率の向上が考慮されていない点が挙げられる。 解剖実施率は66％であったが，解剖実施されなかった理由は家族の同意が得られないほかは，多発外傷や縊頸など明らかな外因死が大多数を占めていた。このため非解剖症例で，臨床的にも死因が不明な患者は22％と少ない。検案のみの症例の検案結果は臨床情報に大きく影響され，診断根拠が臨床情報であることが大多数である。そのため，解剖を行って診断を得た場合には臨床診断との不一致を認めた可能性がある。しかし，非解剖症例での内因性症例の割合は38％と少なく，解剖が実施されたとしても本研究の結果への影響は少ないと考える。 また，当院ではAiは原則として実施しておらずこれを行った場合の影響は不明である。CTを用いたAiによって診断が可能な割合は3割にとどまるといわれており，特に大動脈解離や肺塞栓といった血管病変では単純CTでは評価困難である 8。造影剤を注入後に胸骨圧迫を行い造影CTを撮影することで血管病変を指摘する試みがなされているが，現時点では発展途上の技術である 8。 今後，Aiの普及・発展により臨床的死因推定の精度がより改善し，解剖を行わなくとも確定診断に至る症例も増加すると期待できるが，Aiと解剖の適応は今後の課題である。 臨床的死因推定が不明の場合は非心原性も多いため解剖を積極的に考慮すべきである。臨床的に死因推定された場合は精度も高く信頼にたりうる。 本論文の要旨は第16回日本臨床救急医学会総会（2012年6月熊本）にて発表した。 なお本論文における利益相反はない。

Comment on “Buoyancy frequency profiles and internal semidiurnal tide turning depths in the oceans” by B. King et al.

Comment on “Buoyancy frequency profiles and internal semidiurnal tide turning depths in the oceans” by B. King et al.

Crossing the Red Line: Public Intimacy and National Reputation in Saudi Arabia

In July 2009, the Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation (LBC) aired via satellite an episode of the talkshow Bold Red Line titled “Sexual Pleasure,” in which a Saudi man bragged about his sexual exploits. A wave of protest broke out in Saudi Arabia clamoring for the punishment of the man who would heretofore be known as the “LBC sex braggart.” Saudi authorities brought suit against him and prosecuted two Saudi women who worked for LBC. Drawing on a rich corpus of primary, Arabic-language source—119 articles, most from Saudi newspapers—this article uses the Bold Red Line controversy and Lauren Berlant's work on the “intimate public sphere” to analyze the articulation of patriarchy and nationalism in Saudi public discourse. The controversy, we conclude, reflects how the redefinition of political-economic issues in moral terms depends on an intentional re-articulation of the private-public nexus.

Improvements of Electrical and Electrochemical Activities at Nb-SnO2 Supports by Aggregation and Pt Loading as Fuel Cell Cathode Catalysts

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are highly attractive power generation systems for fuel cell vehicles and residential co-generation systems. Platinum-based catalysts supported on carbon are important cathode catalysts for PEFCs, but the degradation of the carbon support in the high potential range is a key issue to be solved. Tin oxide (SnO2) is one of the good candidates for alternative non-carbon support with high electrical conductivity and stability in the high potential range.1 We have succeeded the synthesis of a Nb-doped tin oxide (Nb-SnO2) support with an aggregated network structure, like carbon black (CB), by a flame oxide-forming method.2-4 In this research, we evaluate the electrical conductivity and electrochemical activity of the Pt supported Nb-SnO2 with such unique morphology (Pt/ Nb-SnO2) by rotating disk electrode (RDE) and membrane electrode assembly (MEA). The obtained particles (crystallite size, 10-20 nm; specific surface area, 40-100 m2/g) were partially sintered with nearest neighbors and constructed an aggregated network structure with primary pore (diameter < 30 nm) and secondary pore (diameter > 30 nm). We evaluated the level of necking between nanoparticles with “Necking Index” (NI=SBET/SXRD) defined by the fraction of a specific surface area of particles measured by BET method (SBET) to that of the particles estimated from the mean crystallite size determined by the XRD method (SXRD). The apparent electrical conductivity (σapp.) of the support increased with decreasing NI, (Fig. 1, bold line), which rely on both the decrease of contact resistance by development of the necking among the particles and the change of microstructure from a closed-packed aggregate type to a chain-like aggregate type. Some particles exhibited a deviation from the simple correlation curve to higher conduction values even though the NI was nearly the same (Fig. 1: dotted line). The electrical conductivities of corresponding Nb-SnO2 increased with increasing their primary pore volumes due to a development of ramification of the chain-like aggregated structure with improvement of the electron conducting paths (Fig. 2). Moreover, we found that σapp. of Pt/ Nb-SnO2 catalysts were more than two orders of magnitude higher than those of the corresponding supports.The kinetically controlled current density (j k,Pt) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at 0.80 V of Pt/Nb-SnO2 (17 wt%, Pt particle size, 3.0 nm) increased with increasing σapp. and exceeded that of commercial Pt supported on carbon black catalyst (Pt/CB) (Fig. 3). The single serpentine pattern cell (Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI) standard cell) with Pt/Nb-SnO2 also showed superior performance to that with Pt/CB.This work was supported by funds for the “HiPer-FC Project” of NEDO, Japan.

The Arabidopsis PEPR pathway couples local and systemic plant immunity

Recognition of microbial challenges leads to enhanced immunity at both the local and systemic levels. In Arabidopsis, EFR and PEPR1/PEPR2 act as the receptor for the bacterial elongation factor EF-Tu (elf18 epitope) and for the endogenous PROPEP-derived Pep epitopes, respectively. The PEPR pathway has been described to mediate defence signalling following microbial recognition. Here we show that PROPEP2/PROPEP3 induction upon pathogen challenges is robust against jasmonate, salicylate, or ethylene dysfunction. Comparative transcriptome profiling between Pep2- and elf18-treated plants points to co-activation of otherwise antagonistic jasmonate- and salicylate-mediated immune branches as a key output of PEPR signalling. Accordingly, as well as basal defences against hemibiotrophic pathogens, systemic immunity is reduced in pepr1 pepr2 plants. Remarkably, PROPEP2/PROPEP3 induction is essentially restricted to the pathogen challenge sites during pathogen-induced systemic immunity. Localized Pep application activates genetically separable jasmonate and salicylate branches in systemic leaves without significant PROPEP2/PROPEP3 induction. Our results suggest that local PEPR activation provides a critical step in connecting local to systemic immunity by reinforcing separate defence signalling pathways.

SAT0024 Use of Biologic Drugs and Clinical Effectiveness of Care of Early RA in Two Clinics with Different Treatment Tradition in Their T2T Approach

BackgroundIn early RA, EULAR recommends a conventional monotherapy (with MTX) as the 1st DMARD and an addition of a biologic drug in case of inefficacy. Due to high medication costs,...

Should monitoring of vancomycin be delayed? A case of likely nephrotoxicity occasioned by morbid obesity and minimal monitoring

Should monitoring of vancomycin be delayed? A case of likely nephrotoxicity occasioned by morbid obesity and minimal monitoring

Development of a Novel Composite Material with Carbon Nanotubes Assisted by Self-Assembled Peptides Designed in Conjunction with β-Sheet Formation

A novel composite material is developed with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and artificially designed peptides, and its chemical and physicochemical characteristics are evaluated with an aim toward biomedical application. The peptides were designed to form a β-sheet structure that would be suitable for wrapping SWCNTs. The complex of SWCNTs and peptide (SWCNT-peptide) showed good dispersibility in aqueous media and was considerably stable even in the absence of an excess amount of peptide in the media. The formation of SWCNT-peptide was confirmed by its performance in water, atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observation, and molecular modeling. The possibility of introducing various functions to SWCNT-peptide was also demonstrated by several methods, such as introduction of special amino acids, chemical modification, and additional complex formation based on electrostatic interaction. These results suggest the potential of the SWCNT-peptide complex as a molecular platform on which a desirable structure and/or function can be constructed for biomedical and industrial application.

Genetic markers for CslF6 gene associated with (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan concentration in barley grain

The amount of (1,3;1,4)-β-D glucan accumulated in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cell walls is an important consideration for grain end-use. One of the major genes responsible for (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan biosynthesis is HvCslF6, which was analyzed in this study to determine the allelic variation between low (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan (∼3.3%) cultivar CDC Bold and high β-glucan (∼5.2%) line TR251. The CDC Bold HvCslF6 allele showed 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and two indels when genomic region downstream of the ATG start codon was compared to TR251 allele. Both indels added 16 nucleotides to HvCslF6 first intron of CDC Bold and a single SNP in the third exon altered alanine 590 codon in the CDC Bold sequence to a threonine codon in TR251 allele. Genetic markers were developed for five polymorphic sites and confirmed useful to select low and high β-glucan lines in a previously characterized CDC Bold/TR251 mapping population and a novel F5 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a Merit/H93174006 (4.8 and 5.3% (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan) cross. An analysis of parental lines of six populations segregating for β-glucan concentration validated association between the TR251 HvCslF6 haplotype and high (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan concentration in populations showing a (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 7H.

Mitotic spindle orientation can direct cell fate and bias Notch activity in chick neural tube.

Inheritance of apical membrane is proposed to maintain vertebrate neural stem cell proliferation. However, evidence for this is contradictory. Using direct clonal analysis and live imaging in chick neural tube, we show that divisions that separate apical and basal components generate an apical daughter, which becomes a neuron, and a basal daughter, which rapidly re-establishes apico-basal polarity and divides again. Using a recently described real-time reporter of Notch activity, we confirm progenitor status and demonstrate that division orientation can influence Notch signalling. In addition, we reveal loss of apical complex proteins on neuronal differentiation onset, suggesting that removal of this inherited complex is part of the neuronal differentiation mechanism. These findings reconcile contradictory data, link asymmetric division to Notch signalling dynamics and identify apical complex loss as a new step towards neuronal differentiation.

P3-S3.06 Quantifying lactobacillae species with real time PCR methods for HIV prevention trials

BackgroundThe vaginal flora plays an important role in the defence against HIV infection. It is thus important to assess the impact on the vaginal milieu of products that are developed...

Lipid transport function is the main target of oral oleoylethanolamide to reduce adiposity in high-fat-fed mice

We evaluated the biological basis of reduced fat gain by oleoylethanolamide (OEA) in high-fat-fed mice and sought to determine how degradation of OEA affected its efficiency by comparing its effects to those of KDS-5104, a nonhydrolyzable lipid OEA analog. Mice were given OEA or KDS-5104 by the oral route (100 mg/kg body weight). Sixty-eight variables per mouse, describing six biological processes (lipid transport, lipogenesis, energy intake, energy expenditure, endocannabinoid signaling, and glucose metabolism), spanning gene expression of biochemical and physiological parameters were examined to determine the primary target whereby OEA reduces fat gain. Although KDS-5104 but not OEA was resistant to fatty acid amide hydrolase hydrolysis, OEA was degraded by an unidentified hydrolysis system in the liver. Nevertheless, both compounds equally decreased body fat pads after 5 weeks (20%; P < 0.05). The six biological functions constructed from the 68 initial variables predicted up to 58% of adipose fat variations. Lipid transport appeared central to the explanation for body fat deposition (16%; P < 0.0001), in which decreased expression of the FAT/CD36 gene was the component most related to adipose depots. Lipid transport appears to be a determinant player in the OEA fat-lowering response, with adipose tissue FAT/CD36 expression being the most relevant bioindicator of OEA action.

The Tensile Reduction Effects of Silicone Gel Sheeting

The Tensile Reduction Effects of Silicone Gel Sheeting

Laryngeal Tube® pilot balloon kinking in the presence of a bite block

To the Editor, Supraglottic airway devices are being developed with increasing frequency following the overwhelming success of the Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA). The LMA, the ProSeal Laryngeal Mask Airway (PLMA), the Laryngeal Tube (LT), the Laryngeal Tube with integrated suctioning (LTS) and the Esophageal Tracheal Combitube (OTC) are currently the most evaluated and widespread supraglottic airway devices. The Laryngeal Tube (VBM Medizintechnik, Sulz, Germany) is a relatively new supraglottic device designed to secure a patent airway during either spontaneous breathing or controlled ventilation. The manufacturer’s standard LT has since been redesigned and modified to incorporate a suction port. The standard LT consists of an airway tube with a small distal cuff attached at the tip and a larger balloon proximal cuff located at the middle part of the tube (Fig. 1). The cuffs are inflated through a single pilot tube and balloon through which inflation pressure can be monitored. There are three black lines on the tube close to a standard 15 mm connector to indicate adequate depth of insertion when aligned with the teeth. The device is inserted while the patient’s head and neck are placed either in the sniffing position or in a neutral position. The tip of a well-lubricated LT is placed against the patient’s hard palate behind the upper incisors. The device is then advanced through the centre of the mouth until either resistance is felt or the device is almost fully inserted. The LT is inserted properly when the second bold black line on the tube has just passed between the upper and lower incisors. A bite block is inserted when ventilation is adequate, and the LT is secured in its wedge. Both are fixed in place with an elastic strap supplied with the device set. Once it is correctly placed with the bite block and the provided elastic strap, the LT will maintain its intended position after insertion. We have used the LT extensively for 3 years in at least 250 cases conducted under general anesthesia in all age groups. The device is used routinely to maintain the patient’s airway, either during spontaneous breathing or controlled ventilation. Although the cuff deflator is applied correctly, we have noted each time that the pilot balloon cuff is not deflated immediately before the LT is removed. We have observed that the pilot balloon tube continually slips and tightens in the groove between the LT shaft and the M. Singh, MD (&) Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India e-mail: manpreetdawar@hotmail.com

Erratum

New PhytologistVolume 183, Issue 4 p. 1222-1222 Free Access Erratum This article corrects the following: Causes and consequences of variation in leaf mass per area (LMA): a meta-analysis Hendrik Poorter, Ülo Niinemets, Lourens Poorter, Ian J. Wright, Rafael Villar, Volume 182Issue 3New Phytologist pages: 565-588 First Published online: April 16, 2009 First published: 10 August 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02972.xCitations: 2AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat New Phytologist 182 (2009), 565–588. Since its publication, the authors of Poorter et al. (2009) have brought to our attention that there is an error in Fig. 5(j), where all the data below the y= 1 line are absent. The correct panel (j), and the full legend to Fig. 5, are printed below. Fig. 5 Characterization of the response in leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA) of plants grown in a range of environmental conditions: (a) daily photon irradiance (DPI); (b) red : far-red ratio (R/FR); (c) UV-B; (d) CO2 concentration; (e) ozone; (f) nutrient availability; (g) water availability (drought stress); (h) waterlogging; (i) submergence; (j) temperature; (k) salinity; (l) soil compaction. Data are a compilation of the literature. For each environmental factor a reference condition was chosen (indicated by arrows), and all data from different species were normalized to that condition. For more information see Appendix A5. The shaded area indicates the interquartile range (between the 25th and the 75th percentile) of the observed ratios in that part of the response curve. The bold continuous line within the shaded area indicates the median value. Dashed lines indicate the median value for a specific subgroup of species and are labelled in the graph. Generally, species were classified with respect to their original habitat to grow at high, intermediate or low levels of the environmental factor studied. The total number of observations present in each part of the response curve is indicated at the top of each graph. The y-axis is logarithmic to correct for the fact that ratios are logarithmic by nature. We apologize to our readers for this mistake. Reference Poorter H, Niinemets U, Poorter L, Wright IJ, Villar R. 2009. Causes and consequences of variation in leaf mass per area (LMA): a meta-analysis. New Phytologist 182: 565– 588. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume183, Issue4September 2009Pages 1222-1222 ReferencesRelatedInformation