Internal Body Organs Research Articles

An optimization model for equitable accessibility to magnetic resonance imaging technology in developing countries

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a sophisticated and costly technology that provides highly accurate diagnoses of various medical conditions using a powerful magnetic field, radiofrequency pulses, and a computer to produce detailed pictures of internal body parts and organs. The dissemination of MRI use at medium and high-complexity healthcare facilities increases the cost of healthcare systems. It imposes accessibility challenges concerning the equitable availability of essential healthcare technology in developing countries. Despite the importance of this technology, very few studies approach this problem from multiple location–allocation perspectives. We propose an optimization model for equitable accessibility to MRI technology. We study this problem for the Brazilian National Health System at the municipality level, and recommend alternative locations, and acquire the new devices and technologies equitably throughout the country and health system. We show that while some municipalities have an oversupply, several regions in the country have no access to MRI technology. The models propose the number of new MRIs and their locations for needing municipalities considering equity principles. The results show, for instance, that the acquisition of 210 MRIs is enough to satisfy 95% of the demand for such service, with patients traveling 44 km on average in northern Brazil. We report accessibility gains from adopting the location–allocation plans developed using the optimization model proposed in this study.

Viscoelastic or Viscoplastic Glucose Theory (VGT #73): A Study on a Chain-Effect of Multiple Causes Versus Single Symptom Starting with Lifestyle Through Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancers to Longevity using a Type 2 Diabetes Patient’s Collected Data of Lifestyle and Biomarkers by Applying the VGT Energy Tool from Physics and Engineering Based on GH-Method: MathPhysical Medicine (No. 663)

The author focuses on investigating the relationships between biomedical causes and symptoms. In the medical field, it is clear that some symptoms can turn into causes for other symptoms as explained by the “m by n” matrix model in the Method Section. To date, he has applied viscoelasticity and viscoplasticity from engineering and physics to his medical research work with 72 written papers. However, most of his VGT studies are (1 x n) matrix, which is a single symptom corresponding to multiple causes. Here, he attempts to develop a “chain-effect” study of four sets of (1 x n) studies, from postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) through estimated average glucose (eAG) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) to the final estimated health age (geriatrics). The first set is PPG vs. carbs & steps, the second set is eAG vs. FPG & PPG, the third set is CVD risk vs. obesity & type 2 diabetes (T2D), and the fourth set is health age (longevity) vs. cancers risk & CVD risk. After conducting four individual VGT analyses, he further investigates a combined VGT study of longevity vs. obesity, CVD, T2D, and cancer (a 1 x 4 model). Since December 2021, the author has written and published ~70 articles using the viscoelasticity and viscoplasticity theories (VGT) from physics and engineering disciplines on chosen medical subjects. These papers aim to explore some hidden biophysical behaviors and provide a quantitative understanding of inter-relationships between a selected symptom biomarker and a few intermediate steps that include a variety of selected multiple influential factors, “causes”, or “risk factors”. The hidden biophysical behaviors and possible inter-relationships between diseases, complications, or longevity, and selected different sets of multiple risk factors are “time-dependent” which means that all of these variables are changing from time to time. This is why he utilizes VGT from physics and engineering to conduct his medical research work. His research of various biomarkers starts with fasting plasma glucose (FPG). FPG not only reveals many key facts regarding human health, such as pancreatic beta cells, but it also serves as the baseline of PPG. After knowing the PPG baseline level from FPG, the influences from both carbs/sugar intake amount (a “plus” effect) and post-meal walking steps of exercise (a “minus” effect) then enter into the equation to form the ultimate PPG level. After combining FPG and PPG, the HbA1C level can be determined. If hyperglycemic (high glucose level) conditions last for a long period, diabetes will develop. Eventually, diabetes will damage many internal organs of the human body which may result in many complications, such as CVD, stroke, chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), neuropathy, foot ulcer, bladder infection, hypothyroidism, even diabetic constipation, and diabetic skin fungal infection.

A Comparative Study for Evaluating the Performance of Various Classification Techniques on Brain Tumour

Image processing methods have become consistently used approaches in a wide variety of applications with modern technology devices. Image classification and segmentation is a common topic in computer vision as well as a backbone and focal point in image processing approaches. Biometric and biomedical image processing are two of the most common examples of image processing applications that we have seen over the past two decades. in medicine, there is a great need for modern imaging technology algorithms that can be used to detect the internal organs of the human body in the process of disease diagnosis. To this end, researchers are working every day to develop new methods or improve existing methods that will help in efforts to improve human life and health. in this study, a comparative study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different types of machine learning classification algorithms on brain tumor images. According to the result obtained, the performance of the models differs in the accuracy of their classification capabilities. Different performance measurements are used during the evaluation and interpretation of the results and the results obtained are presented in the comparison table in the results section. Six classification models are used, which are mainly used in the field of Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Future studies may increase the comparison techniques by adding other classification and clustering techniques to study the effectiveness of each technique in the classification operation of medical images.

The Use of Machine Learning Algorithms in the Classification of Sound

This study is a systematic review of literature on the classification of sounds in three domains - Bioacoustics, Biomedical acoustics, and Ecoacoustics. Specifically, 68 conferences and journal articles published between 2010 and 2019 were reviewed. The findings indicated that Support Vector Machines, Convolutional Neural Networks, Artificial Neural Networks, and statistical models were predominantly used in sound classification across the three domains. Also, the majority of studies that investigated medical acoustics focused on respiratory sounds analysis. Thus, it is suggested that studies in Biomedical acoustics should pay attention to the classification of other internal body organs to enhance diagnosis of a variety of medical conditions. With regard to Ecoacoustics, studies on extreme events such as tornadoes and earthquakes for early detection and warning systems were lacking. The review also revealed that marine and animal sound classification was dominant in Bioacoustics studies.

Novel Device Used to Monitor Hand Tremors during Nocturnal Hypoglycemic Events

Diabetes is one of the lifelong diseases that require systematic medical care to avoid life-menacing ramifications. Uncontrolled diabetes can cause severe damage to most internal body organs, probably leading to death. Particularly, nocturnal hypoglycemic that occur usually at night during sleep. Severe cases of these events can lead to seizures, fainting, loss of consciousness, and death. The current medical devices lack to give the warning to reduce the risk of acquiring nocturnal hypoglycemic events because they use only for glucose monitoring during waking times. Consequently, the main goal of this work is to design and implement a new wearable device to detect and monitor tremors, which occur when a user has hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). The device can detect a frequency range of 4–12 Hz by using the accelerometer of Arduino Nano 33 BLE. It can send a signal to the phone application (app) via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). Once the phone receives a signal, the phone application can activate an alarm system to wake up the patient, call three selected contacts number, and universal emergency number. In case of the user is unresponsive, the app can provide the patient’s location, name, and date of birth to the emergency contacts numbers and universal emergency number. Additionally, the device cost is economically feasible and competitive compared to other medical devices.

A survey of image encryption algorithms for biomedical images

Biomedical imaging is a powerful tool for visualizing the body's internal organs and illnesses. Image protection is difficult in the field of biomedical imaging. Many studies have been conducted in the medical field to protect medical images. Encryption is the perfect solution for image privacy without data loss. Due to data size, redundancy, and performance limitations, traditional encryption methods cannot be directly applied to e-health medical data, especially when patient data is transferred through open channels. Thus, patients may experience a loss of confidentiality of the data content because images differ from text due to two different factors, such as loss of data and loss of privacy. Researchers have determined such protection risks and suggested several image encryption strategies for undesirable security difficulties. However, the study found that the currently offered approaches face application-specific security issues. Therefore, there is a growing demand to protect sensitive information in medical images. This paper presents a color and grayscale medical image encoding algorithm to preserve medical images. The compression and encoding performance of the proposed algorithm are analyzed and evaluated based on Mean Squared Error (MSE), Peak Signalto- Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index Metric (SSIM), statistics, diversity, and entropy analysis. Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) results show that the proposed algorithm provides high-quality reconstructed images with a good level of security during transmission.

WOUND HEALING EFFICACY OF HONEY, ALOE VERA, AND TURMERIC

Skin naturally acts as a body's protective layer and external environmental factors that can harm internal body organs are protected by it.So, maintaining skin integrity is vital for normal physiological functioning.In our daily lives, the bodies of both animals and humans are subjected to various forms of violence, some of which are severe enough to destroy the skin's continuity.A wound is a breakdown in the continuity of the skin. When the skin's continuity is disrupted, the body's interior organs are exposed.There's a risk of death in this case.There's a risk of death in this case. The skin's immediate response to a wound is the first step in the healing process, which begins automatically after the injury has been inflicted.It is possible to speed up this process in a variety of ways, including keeping the wound free of bacterial infection, moisture, and dirt.A number of antiseptic dressings are available for this purpose, and when applied topically,they help to speed up the healing process of wounds.They protect the wound from contamination by microorganisms and speed up the healing process.Among these are Aloe vera, honey, and turmeric, all of which have considerable wound healing capabilities.Turmeric, honey, and Aloe vera are all considered good for promoting wound healing.They are involved in the prevention of platelet aggregation, myocardial infarction, tumour formation, inflammatory cytokine release, oxidative stress, and metastasis.Several studies have demonstrated that they play a critical function in the promotion of wound healing. Their use for wound dressing has proven to be a successful method. The primary goal of this review is to summarise previous scientists' findings with authentic concluding verse for the use of Aloe vera,Turmeric and Honey that are safe, readily available, and less expensive.

Toxicity of fluoxetine hydrochloride on some selected vital organs of pregnant mice Mus musculus

The current study intends to look at the impact of the fluoxetine hydrochloride on specific tissues lung and pancreas of mature pregnant mice. The two doses used during the study were 45,75mg/kg b.w. from the 7th to the 17th day of pregnancy. Experimental animals received fluoxetine orally at a dosage of 45mg/kg b.w. The findings indicate variable pathologic changes in the lungs. At the dose of 75 mg/kg b.w. hyperplasia of pneumocytes occurred. In the pancreas, there were no detectible lesions at the dose of 45mg/kg b.w. while at the dose of 75 mg/kg b.w. the severity of tissue lesions was seen. In conclusion, antidepressants may stimulate oxidative injury throughout the body's internal organs, particularly if taken at high doses during pregnancy. Consequently, these lesions have a great impact on the heath of both fetus and pregnant mice since the most common lesions were observed in fetus which cause abortion which effect on the health of pregnant mice.

Spinal Microglia and Astrocytes: Two Key Players in Chronic Visceral Pain Pathogenesis.

Chronic visceral pain (CVP) is one of the common symptoms of many diseases triggered by underlying diseases of the internal organs of the human body. Its causes include vascular mechanisms, mechanical factors, persistent inflammation, and unexplained functional mechanisms. Although the pathogenesis is unclear, more and more research has begun to shift from the neuronal aspect to the glial cells in recent years. Some data highlight that the spinal glial cells, particularly the microglia and astrocytes, play an essential role in CVP. Based on this, we highlight the mechanisms of microglia and astrocytes in CVP concerning the release of cytokines, chemokines, and neuroactive substances and alterations in intracellular signaling pathways during the process. Finally, because CVP is widespread in various diseases, we present future perspectives targeting microglia and astrocytes for treatment.

Comprehensive Analysis of State-of-the-Art CAD Tools and Techniques for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

It has been seen that in the last one decade, AI/ML/DL has been considered a core research area in healthcare as we know that kidney is one among the important internal body organs helps in regulation of the fluid within the body such that it relieves the body from the existence of the waste in the body. it is difficult to detect early on by normal clinical process. Many researchers have focused their work to identify the kidney disease or classify the kidney disease using computational technology because of the mortality rate is very high in kidney patients. Primary focus of this paper is review the current research work based on computational advancement in the area of kidney disease and also identify the gaps or future scope to identify and predict the kidney disease at earlier stage.

Atypical Case of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) in A Native Shepherd Dog in Duhok Province, Iraq

A typical case of a 7-years-old Kurdish male shepherd dog was referred with two weeks history of lethargy, restlessness, anorexia and severe emaciation. Physical examination of the dog revealed generalized lymphadenopathy, strong pale mucous membrane, systolic murmur of the heart, vomiting, bloody diarrhea and fever. Hematological abnormalities indicated moderate to marked leukocytosis characterized by 89% neutrophilia with a left shift to progranulocytes and 1.6% presumptive myeloid blasts, marked thrombocytopenia, marked non-regenerative normocytic hypochromic anemia and dysplasia in platelets and neutrophils. The histopathological examination revealed excessive infiltration with neoplastic myeloid cells that invaded all the internal organs. Bone marrow analysis revealed marked hypercellularity with a predominance of immature cells, marked myeloid 6.2%, dysplasia of neutrophils lineage and rare erythroid progenitors and numerous megakaryocytes. Enlargement of superficial and visceral lymph nodes and internal body organs, especially liver and spleen were observed in the autopsy after animal euthanasia. Our results confirmed that this dog was suffering from chronic myeloid leukemia. Statistically, there was a significant difference (P 0.05) was found between the mean values of leukocytic ratio in peripheral circulation and bone marrow. This is the first case report study that has been recorded in a native shepherd dog in a rural area around Duhok province/ Iraq.

Joint contractures responsive to immunosuppressive therapy in a girl with childhood\u2010onset systemic sclerosis double\u2010seropositive for rare anti\u2010nucleolar autoantibodies: a case report

BackgroundSystemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) is an autoimmune connective tissue disease that affects the skin and subcutaneous tissue, in addition to the internal organs of the whole body. Onset in childhood is uncommon; however, both patients with childhood-onset and adult-onset SSc are positive for anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs).Detection of SSc-related anti-nuclear antibodies is often useful for predicting clinical features, disease course, and outcomes.Case presentationA 5-year-old Japanese female manifested gradually progressive abnormal gait disturbance, regression of motor development, Raynaud’s phenomenon, and the shiny appearance of the skin of the face and extremities at age 2. On admission, she presented a mask-like appearance, loss of wrinkles and skin folds, puffy fingers, moderate diffuse scleroderma (18/51 of the modified Rodnan total skin thickness score), and contracture in the ankle and proximal interphalangeal joints. Grossly visible capillary hemorrhage on nail fold and severe abnormal capillaroscopy findings including bleeding, giant loop and disappearance of capillaryconsistent with the late phase in SSc. A skin biopsy showed fibrous thickening of the dermis, entrapment of an eccrine sweat glands, and thickened fiber. Chest high-resolution computed tomographic scanning demonstrated patchy areas of ill-defined air-space opacity and consolidation predominantly involving the posterior basilar aspects of the lower lobes presenting withinterstitial lung disease. Positive ANA (1:160 nucleolar and homogeneous nuclear staining by indirect fluorescent antibody technique) and double-seropositive for anti-Th/To and anti-PM-Scl antibodies were identified. She was diagnosed with diffuse cutaneous SSc based on the Pediatric Rheumatology European Society/American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Provisional Classification Criteria for Juvenile Systemic Sclerosis and was successfully treated with immunosuppressive agents, including methylprednisolone pulses and intravenous cyclophosphamide.ConclusionsWe experienced the first case of juvenile SSc with anti-PM-Scl and anti-Th/To antibodies. ILD was identified as a typical feature of patients with these autoantibodies; however, diffuse cutaneous SSc and joint contraction were uncharacteristically associated. The case showed unexpected clinical findings though the existence of SSc-related autoantibodies aids in determining possible organ involvement and to estimate the children’s outcome.

Lesion detection in brain MRI using PSO based segmentation

In modern clinical diagnosis image processing plays a significant role. Digital imaging of vital organs, their processing and analysis is one of the most important areas of research and development to get maximum accuracy in diagnosis. Especially now a days it is an integral part of medical diagnosis. The different techniques applied is begins with radiology to ultra-sonograph, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) etc. in many preliminary clinical diagnosis images of the effected organ is the one of effective way of diagnosis-process. The different state of the art digital imaging equipment is introduced to capture and render the images of the internal body organs of the patient to carry the diagnostic process more accurate. To gather more relevant diagnostic data, the electronically captured digitized images need to be fine-tuned digitally. The various methods and techniques involved in fine tuning the images are – cleaning the image by removing the noise, separating different shades by segmenting the image and getting the threshold-point etc. Segmenting an image is a method to separate the marked area of an image from the rest of image to single out the marked-area more conspicuously. There are many unique techniques evolved to execute the segmentation operation, one of them is - Image Thresholding. There are many innovative implements are also introducing to execute the steps of image thresholding. Here we use a recent introduced Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) tool to segment the brain MRI to detect the brain-lesions using image thresholding technique.

Inflammation Spreading: Negative Spiral Linking Systemic Inflammatory Disorders and Alzheimer's Disease.

As a physiological response to injury in the internal body organs, inflammation is responsible for removing dangerous stimuli and initiating healing. However, persistent and exaggerative chronic inflammation causes undesirable negative effects in the organs. Inflammation occurring in the brain and spinal cord is known as neuroinflammation, with microglia acting as the central cellular player. There is increasing evidence suggesting that chronic neuroinflammation is the most relevant pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), regulating other pathological features, such as the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylation of Tau. Systemic inflammatory signals caused by systemic disorders are known to strongly influence neuroinflammation as a consequence of microglial activation, inflammatory mediator production, and the recruitment of peripheral immune cells to the brain, resulting in neuronal dysfunction. However, the neuroinflammation-accelerated neuronal dysfunction in AD also influences the functions of peripheral organs. In the present review, we highlight the link between systemic inflammatory disorders and AD, with inflammation serving as the common explosion. We discuss the molecular mechanisms that govern the crosstalk between systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation. In our view, inflammation spreading indicates a negative spiral between systemic diseases and AD. Therefore, “dampening inflammation” through the inhibition of cathepsin (Cat)B or CatS may be a novel therapeutic approach for delaying the onset of and enacting early intervention for AD.

Intracavity antenna for multichannel radiothermograph

The development of an intracavitary multichannel diagnostic radiothermograph based on monolithic integrated circuits will allow creating a medical device that allows diagnosing diseases of internal organs of the human body. Purpose: to consider the option of constructing a diagnostic intracavity antenna with several measurement channels for a multichannel radiothermograph built on the basis of monolithic integrated circuits. A variant of constructing a multichannel radiothermograph for intracavity thermometry, implemented in the form of an intracavity antenna with five channels, a microwave switch and a microwave single-channel radiometer, is proposed. The intracavity antenna allows you to measure the temperature at five points of the biological cavity. The antennas are switched using a multi-channel switch integrated with the microwave radiometer. The conducted theoretical studies confirm the possibility of using multichannel microwave radiometry in medicine for intracavitary thermometry The basis for creating a model of a multichannel microwave radiothermograph based on monolithic integrated circuits for intracavitary examination is laid.

A Deep Composite Predict Network for Eye Disease

Different areas of eyes reflect different states of internal organs of human body. That can assist to detect the disease internal organs, facilitate the prevention and cure by analyzing the image of human eyes. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm, Deep Composite Predict Network (DCP-Net), combined deep learning technique with traditional Chinese medicine theory, which can segment interesting areas of the human eyes, detect the disease eyes texture and then predict internal lesion organ. Aimed at helping doctors to diagnose quickly. The proposed algorithm consists three sub-modules, i.e., multiple segmentation sub-module, fast detection sub-module and predict eye disease module. The multiple segmentation module is solved by the improved retraining U-network, which can obtain an accurate eye to segment interesting areas. The fast detection module is based on enhanced Yolo framework. The predication disease method combined Chinese traditional theory with computer vision technology. Finally, our network can accurately detect the disease of human eyes and predict lesions of internal organs, which can help doctors quickly diagnose lesion organs by human eyes.

An automatic framework for endoscopic image restoration and enhancement

Despite its success in the field of minimally invasive surgery, endoscopy image analysis remains challenging due to limited image settings and control conditions. The low resolution and existence of large number of reflections in endoscopy images are the major problems in the automatic detection of objects. To address these issues, we presented a novel framework based on the convolutional neural networks. The proposed approach consists of three major parts. First, a deep learning (DL)-based image evaluation method is used to classify the input images into two groups, namely, specular highlights and weakly illuminated groups. Second, the specular highlight is detected using the DL-based method, and the reflected areas are recovered through a patch-based restoration operation. Lastly, gamma correction with optimized reflectance and illumination estimation is adopted to enhance the weakly illuminated images. The proposed method is compared against the existing ones, and the experimental results demonstrate that the former outperforms the latter in terms of subjective and objective assessments. This finding indicates that the proposed approach can serve as a potential tool for improving the quality of the endoscopy images used to examine internal body organs.

Improving CT Image Tumor Segmentation Through Deep Supervision and Attentional Gates.

Computer Tomography (CT) is an imaging procedure that combines many X-ray measurements taken from different angles. The segmentation of areas in the CT images provides a valuable aid to physicians and radiologists in order to better provide a patient diagnose. The CT scans of a body torso usually include different neighboring internal body organs. Deep learning has become the state-of-the-art in medical image segmentation. For such techniques, in order to perform a successful segmentation, it is of great importance that the network learns to focus on the organ of interest and surrounding structures and also that the network can detect target regions of different sizes. In this paper, we propose the extension of a popular deep learning methodology, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), by including deep supervision and attention gates. Our experimental evaluation shows that the inclusion of attention and deep supervision results in consistent improvement of the tumor prediction accuracy across the different datasets and training sizes while adding minimal computational overhead.

Organ Histopathology and Hematological Changes Associated With Heat Exposure in Australian Desert Birds.

An inability of the body to appropriately respond to extreme temperatures will result in pathological changes to vital organs and adverse hematological changes. Mild heat exposure of a bird to a temperature above the zone of thermoneutrality can induce subclinical heat stress, which may be a precursor to illness. The ability to identify subtle changes that may be associated with subclinical heat stress can be important in early diagnosis and treatment of heat stress in birds. Pathological changes to internal body organs, post-heat exposure, were microscopically examined in 13 budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), 15 zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), and 8 diamond doves (Geopelia cuneata) as model species for the bird orders Psittaciformes, Passeriformes, and Columbiformes, respectively. There was mild to moderate congestion of the lungs of 28/36 birds examined, including all of the budgerigars and diamond doves. In 8/15 zebra finches no significant lung congestion was noted. Interstitial and pulmonary hemorrhage was in observed in one diamond dove. The most common hepatic pathologic change identified was micro- and macro-vesicular hepatocellular vacuolation (4/15 zebra finches, 5/13 budgerigars, and 8/8 diamond doves). There was mild to moderate congestion in the kidneys of 1/15 zebra finch, 2/ 13 budgerigars, and 4/8 diamond doves, as well as in the gastrointestinal tract of 1/15 zebra finch and 7/8 budgerigars. Budgerigars showed a decrease in hematocrit and a significant change in the numbers of heterophils and lymphocytes following heat exposure. The basophil population of cells remained relatively stable in both budgerigars and diamond doves. These findings indicate avian species differences in body organ and hematological changes following exposure to similar elevations in environmental temperatures.

Review Effect of Aloe vera on Wound Healing

Skin acts as a protective barrier of body. It keeps the internal body organs safe from external environmental conditions which can prove harmful for them. So, maintenance of skin integrity is very important for normal functioning of body. In our daily life body of both animals and humans encounter to different types of violence, some of them are of such a severity that they break the skin continuity. This breakage of skin continuity is termed as wound. Whenever, the skin continuity is broken, internal organs of body are exposed. This is a dangerous situation and can be fatal for life. Immediate response of skin after wound is the start of wound healing process which starts automatically. This process can be assisted in a number of ways by keeping the wound free from bacterial contamination, moisture and dirt. For this purpose a variety of antiseptic dressings are available which when applied topically support wound healing process. They prevent wound to be contaminated by any micro-organism and reduce wound healing time. Aloe vera is one of them, it possess significant wound healing properties. Herbs have been integral to both traditional and non-traditional forms of medicine dating back at least 5000 years. Herbal medicines, especially in wound management involve disinfection, debridement and provision of a suitable environment for aiding the natural course of healing. The super focus of this review is to summarize the findings of earlier scientists with authentic concluding verse for utilization of herbal medicines (Aloe vera) being safe, readily available and cheaper.