Atypical Case of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) in A Native Shepherd Dog in Duhok Province, Iraq

Shivan N Hussein ,Mohammed S Shukur ,Mariam I Yassin ,I K Zangana

doi:10.21608/javs.2021.72493.1076

Abstract

A typical case of a 7-years-old Kurdish male shepherd dog was referred with two weeks history of lethargy, restlessness, anorexia and severe emaciation. Physical examination of the dog revealed generalized lymphadenopathy, strong pale mucous membrane, systolic murmur of the heart, vomiting, bloody diarrhea and fever. Hematological abnormalities indicated moderate to marked leukocytosis characterized by 89% neutrophilia with a left shift to progranulocytes and 1.6% presumptive myeloid blasts, marked thrombocytopenia, marked non-regenerative normocytic hypochromic anemia and dysplasia in platelets and neutrophils. The histopathological examination revealed excessive infiltration with neoplastic myeloid cells that invaded all the internal organs. Bone marrow analysis revealed marked hypercellularity with a predominance of immature cells, marked myeloid 6.2%, dysplasia of neutrophils lineage and rare erythroid progenitors and numerous megakaryocytes. Enlargement of superficial and visceral lymph nodes and internal body organs, especially liver and spleen were observed in the autopsy after animal euthanasia. Our results confirmed that this dog was suffering from chronic myeloid leukemia. Statistically, there was a significant difference (P 0.05) was found between the mean values of leukocytic ratio in peripheral circulation and bone marrow. This is the first case report study that has been recorded in a native shepherd dog in a rural area around Duhok province/ Iraq.

Highlights

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), known as “chronic myelogenous leukemia," is a form of leukemia that starts in the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow
In a study of blood leukemia of a 2year-old male afghan dog, severe enlargement of the liver (530 g) and spleen (310 g) with slight enlargement of superficial and visceral lymph nodes was recorded (Holscher et al, 1978). This is the first report of chronic myelogenous leukemia in dogs recorded in Iraq
The number of Myeloid blasts and leukocytes count in bone marrow is greater than in peripheral blood, as CML starts in pluripotent stem cells of bone marrow

Summary

Introduction

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), known as “chronic myelogenous leukemia," is a form of leukemia that starts in the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow. When a pluripotent steam cell undergoes malignant transformation and clonal myeloproliferation, it leads to striking overproduction of immature granulocytes in the bone marrow and accumulating these cells in the blood (Thrall et al., 2012). A similar translocation has been described in Raleigh's dogs (Cortes et al, 2012; Breen and Modiano, 2008). This type of leukocyte cancer commonly occurs in middle and old-aged dogs and resembles the cat and human type of leukemia

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Discussion

Conclusion