Body's Defense System Research Articles

Relationship of Knowledge with Readiness to Prevent the Occurrence of HIV / AIDS in Aliyah Guppi Students

One of the viruses that is currently a concern of the world community, because it is considered very dangerous for the survival of a nation is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV is a virus that paralyzes the immune system so that it causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a disease characterized by damage to the body's defense system, so that sufferers are easily attacked by a variety of severe infections and unusual cancers. AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The research design used in this study was observational analytic that is examining the relationship between variables. With a cross-sectional study approach. The population of all students of Madrasah aliyah guppi gunung Jati. The sampling method in this study uses the Nonprobability Sampling method with the sampling technique was purposive sampling with a total of 48 samples based on the sampling formula from Isaac and Michael. Knowledge about HIV / AIDS from 48 respondents can be seen that the most on good knowledge are as many as 47 (97.9%) respondents. Readiness to prevent the occurrence of HIV / AIDS is the most ready to prevent as many as 45 (93.8%) respondents. There is no relationship of knowledge with readiness to prevent the occurrence of HIV / AIDS from the proposed hypothesis known p of 1,000, when compared with an α value of 0, 05 (1,000> 0.05).

Anti-CD73 and anti-OX40 immunotherapy coupled with a novel biocompatible enzyme prodrug system for the treatment of recurrent, metastatic ovarian cancer

Approximately 75% of ovarian cancer is diagnosed once metastasis to the peritoneal cavity has occurred. A large proportion of patients eventually develop platinum-resistive tumors, which are considered terminal. In order to provide an alternative a novel fusion protein, mCTH-ANXA5, has been developed for the treatment of recurrent, metastatic ovarian cancer. The fusion protein combines annexin V (ANXA5), an ovarian tumor and tumor vasculature targeting protein, with mutated cystathionine gamma-lyase (mCTH), an enzyme that converts selenomethionine (SeMet) into toxic methylselenol, which generates reactive oxygen species and eventual tumor cell death. In order to further enhance the therapeutic efficacy, anti-CD73 and anti-OX40 immunostimulants were combined with mCTH-ANXA5, resulting in an increase of survival by 100% from 12 to 24 days post-therapy and decrease tumor burden in mice with orthotopic metastatic ovarian cancer. Further evaluation of the combination therapy revealed a strong antibody-mediated immune response, and an increased infiltration of cytotoxic T-cells along with a decrease in tumor promoting immune cells. This study demonstrates the efficacy of a synergistic, multi-drug system by attacking the tumor as well as enlisting the body's own defense system to treat the patient.

Artificial Intellegence Untuk Mendeteksi Penyakit Kelenjar Getah Bening (Lymphadennopathy) Menggunakan Fuzzy Inference System (Fis) Di Kota Batam

Health is a basic thing to be maintained in life, because with a strong health and physical man can run his life. Batam is a rapidly growing city seen from many residents who live in the city of batam, but most of them are less healthy so that the disease is easy to come, another thing that is less his expert in the lymph node and costly in his treatment. The dangerous condition that causes swollen glands is a blood infection. A person suffering from a blood infection will look very weak. And will also experience a fever that will worsen and also accompanied by a body that feels shivering. This infection is caused by a bacterial attack and someone who experienced it should be treated as soon as possible in hospital. The clear-spoken cleavage is part of the human body's defense system. output Solving production problems using the Sugeno and Sugeno fuzzy methods corrects the weaknesses of the pure fuzzy system to add a simple mathematical calculation as part of THEN. In this change, the fuzzy system has a weighted average value (Values) in the IF-THEN fuzzy rules section. The Sugeno fuzzy system also has a disadvantage, especially in the THEN part, that is, by mathematical calculations that it can not provide a natural framework for representing human knowledge in fact. This method uses the mathematical constants or functions of the input variables, and in the defuzzification process uses the centralized mean method.

Biomimetic Nanosponges for Treating Antibody-Mediated Autoimmune Diseases.

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by overactive immunity, where the body's defense system launches an attack against itself. If left unchecked, this can result in the destruction of healthy tissue and significantly affect patient well-being. In the case of type II autoimmune hypersensitivities, autoreactive antibodies attack the host's own cells or extracellular matrix. Current clinical treatment modalities for managing this class of disease are generally nonspecific and face considerable limitations. In this Topical Review, we cover emerging therapeutic strategies, with an emphasis on novel nanomedicine platforms. Specifically, the use of biomimetic cell membrane-coated nanosponges that are capable of specifically binding and neutralizing pathological antibodies will be explored. There is significant untapped potential in the application of nanotechnology for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, and continued development along this line may help to eventually change the clinical landscape.

Эколого-биологическая характеристика Lactobacillus acidophilus

<p>Lactobacillus acidophilus - homofermentative lactobacillus, specializing in living in the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts of mammals and birds. It accompanies a person from birth and throughout his life, providing a whole range of useful services, the main one of which is active participation in the body's defense system against the harmful action of undesirable microorganisms (preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria and restraining populations of opportunistic microbes at a safe level) . It is this property of the acidophilus rod that explains its wide practical use in various probiotic products and preparations of dietary, medical and agricultural purposes.<br />Although the acidophilus rod is known and purposefully used for a long time, it still ha the great potential for the research. The use of gene-molecular approaches has made it possible to clarify the systematic position of L. acidophilus in the family of lactobacilli and to identify a group of closely related species, often indistinguishable by traditional physiological and biochemical identification methods. Today, the efforts of researchers are focused on elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which antagonistically active strains of L. acidophilus carry out a bactericidal and bacteriolytic effect on harmful microbes. Disclosure of these mechanisms will not only allow more efficient selection and use of strains of L. acidophilus, but also create a new class of antibiotics that are more effective and have less side effects than existing ones.<br />This review is devoted to the description of the probiotic microorganism Lactobacillus acidophilus. In the article the biological and ecological properties of the acidophilus rod are described in detail, examples of practical use of this microorganism in various branches of the national economy are given.</p>

Aging and anti-gerontological effects of algae

Today, a new urban living, chemicals that are being used in working conditions and anthropogenic activity has brought environmental pollution. It is known that chemicals cause metabolismal, cytotoxic and mutagenic damage on living things. There is a relationship between the mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals activities. The most common cause of death, heart disease and cancer in Turkey, this situation creates obstacles to people's complete genetic life. Aging, leading to progressive and irreversible decrease in body functions and meanwhile remodeling, is defined as a natural part of the complex life cycle between birth and death. There are many theories trying to explain the aging process of living organisms in gerontology science. Somatic mutation theory, telomerase activity theory, the theory of free radicals, the theory of genetic aging, immunology and endocrine theory, calorie restriction theory are some of them. Nowadays, the view which explains the aging with chronic and cumulative effects of the free oxygen radicals is one of the leading theories. According to this theory, small but all imperfections in antioxidant system during the period of life cause aging. Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms with an odd (unpaired) number of electrons and can be formed when oxygen interacts with certain molecules during the respiration in the cell. Once formed, these highly reactive radicals, such as dominoes, can damage cellular molecules such as DNA by chain reactions. The accumulation of these damages can lead to diseases such as cancer and accelerate aging. Antioxidants are closely related to the prevention of cellular damage, which is a common pathway to cancer, aging and various diseases. In addition to the body's own antioxidant defense system, antioxidants must also be taken with foods to prevent free radical damage. Therefore, some varieties of algae growing in importance every day and antioxidant compounds obtained from them by the technology have been offered to commercial enterprises by the market as nutritional supplements. It is known that some algae contain valuable antioxidants and the anti-gerontological role of these algae rich in antioxidants is an important issue. Some positive results were obtained on animal model species about longevity by dietary addition of antioxidants derived from the algae. The purpose of this study is to draw attention to the future anti-gerontological potentials of algae because of their rich antioxidant content.

STATUS KELENGKAPAN IMUNISASI HEPATITIS B PADA USIA 0-6 BULAN DENGAN KEJADIAN HEPATITIS B

Immunization is a process to make the body's immune defense system against invading microorganisms (bacteria and viruses) that can cause infections before these microorganisms have a chance to invade our bodies. Hepatitis B immunization is the immunization to prevent the body less susceptible to hepatitis B virus. The purpose of this study was to identify whether there is the Relationship Between Hepatitis B Immunization Status Completed At Age 0-6 Month With Events Hepatitis B in the Work Area Puskesmas Perawatan Simpang Empat Kecamatan Simpang Empat Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu.This research method is analytical survey and cross sectional approach for studying the dynamics of the correlation between risk factors and the effects of the approach, observation or data collection at once at a time (point time approach), the sampling technique is taken with total sampling technique that met the inclusion criteria and exclusion of mothers with babies were recorded in the register Puskesmas Simpang Empat Kecamatan Simpang Empat Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu. The data obtained were analyzed using chi-square test with significance of 0.05. Chi-Square test results obtained there is a significant relationship between the completeness status of hepatitis B immunization (P = 0.005) with the occurrence of Hepatitis B, for the conclusion in this study found no relationship between the completeness status of hepatitis B immunization with Hepatitis B in Puskesmas Simpang Empat Kecamatan Simpang Empat Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu. It is hoped that no more infants are immunized against the completeness of incomplete hepatitis B immunization to reduce the incidence of hepatitis and reduce infant mortality

Gut sensor halts viral attack

Intestinal infection with rotavirus is a major cause of diarrhoea in infants, and can be fatal. The identification of immune sensor proteins that detect and restrict this viral infection now illuminates the body's defence system. See Letter p.667 Rotaviruses cause severe and often fatal gastroenterological illnesses in young children. The mechanism by which such enteric viruses are detected and restricted in vivo is largely unknown. Richard Flavell and colleagues report how the inflammasome receptor Nlrp9 helps to defend against enteric viruses, via RNA helicase Dhx9, by interacting with double-stranded viral RNA. This interaction triggers gasdermin-D-dependent pyroptotic cell death of infected cells and secretion of IL-18. This innate immune signalling functions uniquely in intestinal epithelial cells and could reveal useful targets in the modulation of viral defences.

Effects of aerobic exercise and pomegranate extract on antioxidant markers in women postmenopausal with type 2 diabetes

: Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise and pomegranate extract on antioxidant markers in women postmenopausal with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The statistical population of this study was the postmenopausal diabetic women of Babol City, North of Iran, who were referred to the Diabetes Association of the city. Among them, 33 subjects were selected randomly and divided into four groups: Control- Water (CW), Control-Pomegranate extract (CPE), Training-Water (TW) and Training- Pomegranate extract (TPE). The experimental group training plan consisted of 6-week aerobic exercise training, three times a week for at least 45 minutes per session. Consumer groups of pomegranate extract drank 150 ml of pomegranate extract every day for 6 weeks. Before and after this interventional study, blood sampling was performed from the brachial vein in a sitting position in a fasting state. The antioxidant markers of GPX, SOD, GSH and TAC were measured in the specimens. Results: The results showed that aerobic exercise training with the consumption of pomegranate extract significantly increased the levels of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, plasma glutathione and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in women with type 2 diabetes compared to the control group (P 2 diabetes in Training-Pomegranate extract groups had the highest levels of the antioxidants. Conclusion: Our finding showed that aerobic exercise training associated with the consumption of pomegranate extract improve the body's antioxidant defense system by increasing the levels of plasma antioxidants.

Medical robots go soft [News

The inside of the human body is mostly squishy (that's a technical term), and our soft innards don't always fare well when hard objects are placed inside. Not only can sharp edges damage organs and blood vessels, but the body's defense system can also surround the foreign object with scar tissue and interfere with its intended function. So researchers are working on soft robots that may be better tolerated within the body, permitting machines to make intimate contact with human tissue without jeopardizing safety. These three experimental bots are designed for different purposes-two are implants, one is a potential surgical tool- but they all showcase a gentler kind of robotics, enabled by new materials and flexible actuators.

Antibacterial Resistance of Bacteria in Biofilms

A biofilm is a slimy layer composed of bacteria embedded in a self produced hydrated polymer mixture consisting of polysaccharide, protein and DNA. These sessile communities and their inherent resistance to antimicrobial agents, disinfectant chemicals, components of body's defense system causes chronic bacterial infections. The mechanisms of resistance in biofilms are different from now familiar plasmids, tansoposons and mutations that confer innate resistance to individual bacterial cells. Eg: s taphylococcal infections related to foreign bodies is due to bio film formation. Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients is caused by biofilm growing mucoid strain. Nutrients and oxygen that exist in the biofilms are the gradients that are associated with decreased bacterial metabolic activity and increased doubling times of cells. These gradients are responsible for some of tolerance of antibiotics. Early aggressive antibiotic prophylaxis and chronic suppresive therapy can be given to prevent bio film formation.

Impact of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on total antioxidant capacity in chronic periodontitis patients

Aim:The aim of this study was to determine the utility of plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as marker of periodontal disease by estimating TAC of periodontally healthy and chronic periodontitis patients and the impact of scaling and root planning on total antioxidant status of periodontitis patients.Materials and Methods:Blood plasma samples were collected from randomly selected eighty individuals (40 periodontally healthy controls and 40 chronic periodontitis patients), with an age range of 20–45 years and were analyzed for TAC by ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Scaling and root planing was performed in periodontitis patients, and TAC level was measured again after 3 weeks. Data were analyzed with t-test, using SPSS software (PSAW, Windows version 18.0).Results:The mean plasma TAC was significantly lower (792.33 ± 124.33 μmol/L, P < 0.001) in chronic periodontitis patients compared to healthy control (1076.08 ± 193.82 μmol/L). Plasma TAC level increased significantly (989.75 ± 96.80, P < 0.001) after scaling and root planing.Conclusions:An inverse relationship exists between plasma TAC and severity of chronic periodontitis suggesting disturbed oxidant-antioxidant balance in chronic periodontitis. Scaling and root planing resulted in the restoration of TAC to normal levels. These results are important from the perspective of including antioxidants in periodontal therapy regime to boost up body's antioxidant defense system and to reduce oxidative stress-mediated periodontal tissue damage. We concluded that TAC can be used as a biomarker to evaluate the health of periodontium.

Clinical and pharmacological aspects of using hormone-like effects of micronutrients during menopause

Estrogen deficiency is the main cause of menopausal symptoms of varying intensity. Administration of vitamin and mineral supplements is a part of nonhormonal drug therapy and an etiopathologically substantiated method of therapy. Improving energy supply in cells and increasing the level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) can alter receptor sensitivity and amplify expression of estrogen effects without increasing their synthesis. Vitamins A and D affect gene transcription resulting in changes in synthesis of proteins which realize various biological potentials. The vast majority of women surveyed (70-80%) in the territory of the Russian Federation suffer from poly-hypovitaminoses, no matter their age, season, place of residence or professional affiliation. Additional supplementation with micronutrients has a positive effect on the body's defense system by stimulating non-specific resistance reactions, and that is key for the prevention of various diseases in the period of waning reproductive function.

Mannose Binding Lectin: A Potential Biomarker for Many Human Diseases

The innate immune system plays a modulatory role in producing an inflammatory response during microbial infection and tissue regeneration. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a predominant constituent of the innate immune system which initiates one of the complement activation, the lectin pathway. The activation of the complement system is also associated with many human diseases. We, therefore, try to summarize herewith the prognostic value of early detection of serum mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and measurement of its levels. The variant alleles and single nucleotide substitutions in MBL2 gene associated with MBL polymorphism are responsible for an increased risk of infection. Based on the currently available evidence, the role of MBL in humans is a double facet; sometimes its presence is associated with deterioration of the pathological condition while in other cases it is an important part of the body defense system. The importance of the determination of serum MBL as a diagnostic biomarker is duly addressed and then substitution of plasma-purified or recombinant MBL which can be a potential therapeutic for the treatment of human diseases is also highlighted. We have summarized in this article the pivotal roles of MBL in the early pathophysiology of various diseases and shown that MBL serves as a novel therapeutic target.

Pengaruh Taurin Terhadap Aktivitas Enzim Superoksida Dismutase, Malondialdehida dan Histologi pada Hati Mencit (Mus musculus) Jantan yang Diberi Herbisida Glifosat

Glyphosate herbicide widely used by farmers in Indonesia. As a result of exposure to herbicides, the production of free radicals or ROS exceeds the body's defense system called oxidative stress. Therefore, the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the body decline and thus can cause tissue damage and certain organ dysfunction. ROS can be suppressed by administration of antioxidants. One source of the antioxidant is taurine. Taurine has a protective effect against oxidation and free radical capture in a variety of cells and tissues against toxic oxidant component. This study aims to determine the effect of taurine in the liver of mice induced herbicide glyphosate on the activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehida (MDA), changes in morphology and structure of liver histology. The research used completely randomized design (CRD). Mice were divided into three treatment groups such as, control group (K0), a group of glyphosate (K1) at a dose of 25 mg /kgBW/day orally for 25 days, and a group of taurine+glyphosate (K2) at a dose of taurine 7800 mg/kgBW/day + glyphosate dose 25 mg/kgBW/day orally for 25 days. Each treatment consisted of 8 mice as replication. Results of analysis with one ways ANOVA (P<0.05) followed by the Tukey test showed taurine dose of 7800 mg/kgBW/day can reduce liver cells of male mice that were treated by the herbicide glyphosate but it not be able to increase the levels of SOD and to decrease MDA levels.

The role of the level of biochemical markers of inflammation and protective systems of the organism in blood serum and in seminal fluid in patients with chronic prostatitis

Chronic prostatitis is one of the most common urological diseases. The most socially active groups of the population suffer the most from chronic prostatitis. Most complications of this disease lead to the most undesirable consequences: a decrease in potency, a pain syndrome that complicates the daily activities of patients, dysuria and the possibility of exacerbation of the inflammatory process, which manifests itself in a sharp increase in the exudative reaction, even before the abscess. The article discusses the results of observations of patients with chronic prostatitis in healthy men aged 20-45 years without somatic diseases. Studies were conducted to determine the role of the level of biochemical markers of inflammation of the body's defense systems in blood serum and in semen in patients with chronic prostatitis.

Free Radical Scavenging Activity of (Alsophila Glauca J. Sm)

Free radical induced oxidative stress that influences the occurrence of various degenerative diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease and premature aging. In the case that body's antioxidant defense system does not have excessive antioxidants, additional natural antioxidant via food or other nutrients intake is needed. Stems of ferns are known to contain phenolic compounds that are known to have antioxidant activity. A study has been carried out to determine antioxidant potential of stems of ferns of western Borneo origin compared to quercetin as positive control. Initially, material was macerated gradually with wasbenzen followed by methanol. The extract obtained was filtered and evaporated to dryness to give dried wasbenzen extract and methanol extract respectively. Antioxidant properties of extracts were performed by DPPH on TLC. Active (wasbenzen) extract was then partitioned with 80% methanol to give soluble and insoluble fractions. Active (insoluble) fraction was further fractionated by vacuum liquid chromatography using a gradient mobile phase with increasing polarity (wasbezen: chloroform). Fractions obtained were tested antioxidant activity, and isolation was done by preparative TLC. The purity of isolated antioxidant compound was confirmed by TLC, and antioxidant potential was measured spectroscopically with DPPH method. This compound displayed antioxidant activity, but its value was lower than that of quercetin used as a positive control (IC50 178.4 v / s 2.17 microg / mL)

PENERAPAN STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN QUESTION STUDENT HAVE (QSH) PADA MATERI SISTEM PERTAHANAN TUBUH UNTUK MENGETAHUI HASIL BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK

The study was based on a preliminary study at the school, which shows the lack of a wareness of the students to learn and repeat the subject matter presented so that the material obtained is easily for gotten, in addition regarded biology lessonfull of scientific studies that are difficult to pronounce and in memorized. Problems a rising from the necessary existence of the selection of appropriate learning strategies. One of the alternative learning strategies that have Student Question (QSH). The purpose of the study to determine the learning out comes of students in the material of the body's defense system by using strategies have student Question (QSH). This study uses the Pre-Experimental Design using the class as a class experiment(treatment). The populationin this study are all students of class XI Science SMAN 1.The sampling technique used is the purposive sampling technique. Retrieved sample of class XI Science 1 with a sample size of 24 students. Data processing is performed by the comparative analysis of the normality test, Z test, and find the value of N-Gain. Cognitive learning out comes of students achieved an average of 80.54 with KKM 75. Further analysis of the data, based on the calculation of the expected frequency table for thenormality teston the pretest and posttest pretest values obtained x2 count: 2.8893 and x2 countand posttest: 2.4180. When compared with the table valuex2 = 7.81 mean pretest and posttest data is normally distributed. The next step is to test the Z, then the values obtained posttest = Z count: -0.56 and Z tables: -1.65. In this case the Zcount > -Z table, then Ho is rejected and Ha accepted. And N-Gain value in this study is 0:56 in medium category, thus it can be said that the implementation of student learning strategies have Question (QSH) can improve the learning out comes of students.

Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants.

Redox homeostasis is maintained by the antioxidant defense system, which is responsible for eliminating a wide range of oxidants, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxides, and metals. Mitochondria-localized antioxidants are widely studied because the mitochondria, the major producers of intracellular ROS, have been linked to the cause of aging and other chronic diseases. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants have shown great potential because they cross the mitochondrial phospholipid bilayer and eliminate ROS at the heart of the source. Growing evidence has identified mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, such as MitoQ and tiron, as potentially effective antioxidant therapies against the damage caused by enhanced ROS generation. This literature review summarizes the current knowledge on mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and their contribution to the body's antioxidant defense system. In addition to addressing the concerns surrounding current antioxidant strategies, including difficulties in targeting antioxidant treatment to sites of pathologic oxidative damage, we discuss promising therapeutic agents and new strategic approaches.

Intestinal Microbiota in Premature Children — the Modern State of the Problem (Literature Analysis)

The problem of intestinal microbiota influencing the health of early aged children has become especially relevant over the past few years. On one hand, this is due to the significant worsening of the human environment ecology, on the other — due to the high prevalence of digestive disorders in children, especially premature ones. The introduction of modern high-informative molecular-genetic research methods (PCR-amplification with gene sequenation) made it possible to reveal the primary stage of human colonization by bacteria even at the stage of fetal ontogenesis and to thoroughly decode the microbiota structure in newborns and first-year babies. It is established, that the mothers microbiota has a direct effect on the quantity and quality of the child’s microbiota. The mother’s microbiota depends not only on her possessing inflammatory, but also metabolic diseases (obesity). There is also a direct correlation between the children’s microbiota and the wway they were born (microbiota is better in cases of natural birth), and these differences are prevalent after a number of months after birth. One of the main factors affecting microbiota after birth from the very first day is nutrition. Most studies earnestly confirm the role of breastfeeding in contributing to an optimal microbiocenosis in the child. Antibacterial therapy, being received by either the mother or the child has a negative effect on the colonization of the intestines by symbiont microbes. The negative impacts on the micro flora are especially significant for premature children especially those born with a very low and extremely low body mass. The ontogenesis of these children is most severed by malicious factors (infections followed by the necessity of a massive antibacterial therapy, hypoxia, surgical birth, forced artificial feeding) in connection with a general immaturity, including not yet fully-fledged body defense systems. Directive microbiota correction in premature children is an important condition for prevention and treatment of such severe diseases as sepsis necrotizing enterocolitis. For this reason, the usage of probiotics is considered as one of the promising practices of practical neonatology. The article contains an example of studying the effectiveness of probiotic therapy in premature babies with a combined perinatal pathology.